60-673: Sambhaji (Sambhaji Bhonsle, Marathi pronunciation: [saːmˈbʱaːdʑiː ˈbʱos(ə)le] ; c.14 May 1657 – 11 March 1689), also known as Shambhuraje , was the second Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire , ruling from 1681 to 1689. He was the eldest son of Shivaji , the founder of the Maratha Kingdom. Sambhaji's rule was largely shaped by the ongoing wars between the Marathas and the Mughal Empire , as well as other neighbouring powers such as
120-519: A brief succession war with his aunt Tarabai , Rajaram's widow who claimed the throne for her own son, Shivaji II. The Mughals kept Yesubai captive to ensure that Shahu adhered to the terms of his release. She was released in 1719 when the Marathas became strong under Shahu and Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath . Many films and television shows based on Sambhaji's life have been produced in India. These include: Notes Citations Chhatrapati Chhatrapati
180-509: A local rebellion in 1844, Panhala was taken by the British. More than 7 km of fortifications define the approximately triangular zone of Panhala fort. The walls are protected for long sections by steep escarpments, reinforced by a parapet with slit holes. The remaining sections have 5–9 m high ramparts, strengthened by round bastions. Unfortunately, the East Gate called Char Darawaja, through which
240-509: A plan by Diler Khan, the Mughal viceroy of Deccan, to arrest him and send him to Delhi. Upon returning home, Sambhaji was put under surveillance at Panhala . When Shivaji died on 5 April 1680, Sambhaji was still held captive at Panhala fort. At that time, Soyrabai , Shivaji's ambitious widow and Sambhaji's step-mother, along with influential courtiers such as Annaji Datto and other ministers conspired against Sambhaji, to prevent him from succeeding
300-500: A ruse, sending a party of his people to the Siddis, claiming to be defectors. They were allowed into the fort and planned to detonate the gunpowder magazine during a coming Maratha attack. However, one of the female defectors became involved with a Siddi man and he uncovered the plot, and the infiltrators were executed. The Maratha then attempted to build a stone causeway from the shore to the island, but were interrupted halfway through when
360-529: A series of forts along the Ghats . Much like his father Shivaji's Karnataka campaign, Sambhaji attempted in 1681 to invade Mysore , then a southern principality ruled by Wodeyar Chikkadevaraja . Sambhaji's large army was repelled, as had happened to Shivaji in 1675. Chikkadevraja later made treaties and rendered tribute to the Maratha kingdom during the conflicts of 1682–1686. Chikkadevraja however began to draw close to
420-510: A skirmish at Sangameshwar in February 1689. Sambhaji's positions were spied upon by the officials close to him, who conveyed this information to Muqarrab Khan . Accounts of Sambhaji's confrontation with the Mughal ruler and following torture, execution and disposal of his body, vary widely depending on the source, though generally all agree that he was tortured and executed on the emperor's orders.The captured Sambhaji and Kavi Kalash were taken to
480-531: A small retinue and left Sajjangad with the aim of reaching Pedgaon, the Mughal cantonment. Sambhajiraje came to Mahuli and there bade farewell to his servants on the confluence of Krishna and Venna. Diler khan sent Ikhlas Khan Miyana and Ghairat Khan with a four-thousand strong force to receive Sambhajiraje. These two Khans met Sambhajiraje around four kos towards Supa's south, around Morgaon. From there, Sambhajiraje went to Kurkumbh. Diler Khan had gone there especially for him. But he then returned home when he learned of
540-530: A treasonable letter against Sambhaji in which they promised to join Akbar, to whom the letter was sent. Akbar gave this letter to Sambhaji. Enraged, Sambhaji executed the conspirators on charges of treason. For five years, Akbar stayed with Sambhaji, hoping that the latter would lend him men and money to strike and seize the Mughal throne for himself. Unfortunately for Sambhaji, giving asylum to Akbar did not bear fruit. Eventually, Sambhaji helped Akbar flee to Persia . On
600-479: A year. After Shivaji returned from his South campaign (Dakshin digvijay), he stationed Sambhaji at Sajjangad, hoping to improve the latter's attitude. Sambhaji although revered the Math and their practices, was not adept at following that disciplined routine. A liaison was already established between Sambhaji and Diler Khan, now the sole person in charge of Mughal affairs in south Dakhan. On 13 Dec 1678, Sambhaji took with him
660-540: Is Budhbhushanam written in Sanskrit , and three other books, Nayikabhed , Saatsatak , Nakhshikha which are written in Hindustani language. In Budhbhushanam , Sambhaji wrote poetry on politics. In the book, Sambhaji writes about dos and don'ts for a king and discusses military tactics. The first few shlokas are praises for Shahaji (his grandfather) and his father Shivaji. In Budhbhushan , Sambhaji considers Shahji to be
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#1732858291839720-455: Is Panhala. These caves are mentioned in the Karvir Puraan as tirths (holy water). Panhala is located at 16°49′12″N 74°7′12″E / 16.82000°N 74.12000°E / 16.82000; 74.12000 . It has an average elevation of 754 metres (2473 feet). Panhala is connected via train and bus to Kolhapur and Sangli . Kolhapur is about 21 km away while Sangli
780-509: Is a royal title from Sanskrit used to denote a king. The word "Chhatrapati" is a Sanskrit language compound word of chhatra ( parasol or umbrella ) and pati ( master/ lord /ruler ). This title was used by the House of Bhonsle , between 1674 and 1818, as the heads of state of the Maratha Confederacy . The states of Satara and Kolhapur came into being in 1707, because of
840-475: Is about 60 km. Kolhapur Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Train Terminus is just 20 km away. Sangli railway station is 60 km. Buses right from railway station to Panhala fort or you can also hire taxi or auto from Kolhapur to Panhala fort. You can also get plenty of auto rikshaw and taxi from Sangli railway station to Panhala. As of 2001 India census , Panhala had a population of 3450. Males constitute 57% of
900-666: Is the largest of all the Deccan forts. The strategic importance of Panhala, guarding one of the principal routes through the Western Ghat, can be judged from its long and varied history. Built between 1178 and 1209, it first served as the headquarters of the Shilahara ruler Bhoja II, and subsequently passed into hands of the Yadavas . It was a favorite outpost of the Bahamanis of Bidar ; Mahmud Gawan,
960-719: The Abyssinians of Janjira , Wadiyars of Mysore and the Portuguese Empire in Goa . After Sambhaji's execution by Aurangzeb , his brother Rajaram I succeeded him as the next Chhatrapati and continued the Mughal–Maratha Wars . Sambhaji was born at Purandar fort to the Maratha Emperor Shivaji , and his first wife, Saibai , who died when he was two years old. He was then raised by his paternal grandmother Jijabai . At
1020-614: The Indian state of Maharashtra . Panhala is the smallest city in Maharashtra and being a Municipal Council the city is developing rapidly. The city sprawls in the Panhala fort commands a panoramic view of the valley below. The main historical attraction here is the Panhala fort. There are many places of interest, each with its share of haunting anecdotes. The history of Panhala is closely linked with
1080-641: The Siddis , Muslims of Abyssinian descent settled in India, over the control of the Konkan coast. Shivaji was able to reduce their presence to the fortified island of Janjira . Sambhaji continued the Maratha campaign against them, while at that time the Siddis formed an alliance with the Mughals. At the start of 1682, a Maratha army later joined by Sambhaji personally, attacked the island for thirty days, doing heavy damage but failing to breach its defenses. Sambhaji then attempted
1140-623: The succession dispute over the royalty. Shahuji , the heir apparent to the Maratha Kingdom, captured by the Mughals at the age of nine, remained their prisoner at the death of his father Sambhaji , the elder son of Shivaji the founder of the Maratha Kingdom , in 1689. The dowager Maharani Tarabai (wife of Rajaram I ) proclaimed her son Shivaji II , as Chhatrapati under her regency. The Mughals released Shahu under certain conditions in 1707, and he returned to claim his inheritance. He defeated
1200-505: The Mane, Shirke, Jagdale, and Yadav.There were also cases like that of the Jedhe family where one brother joined Mughal service, and the other stayed loyal to Sambhaji. In the 1687 Battle of Wai , the key Maratha commander Hambirrao Mohite was killed and troops began to desert the Maratha armies. Sambhaji and 25 of his advisors were captured by the Mughal forces of Ganoji Shirke and Muqarrab Khan in
1260-608: The Maratha Capital that led to Mughal invasions of Konkan (1684) . The Mughals were badly defeated due to the Maratha strategy and the harsh climate of the region. These failures forced Aurangzeb to look away from the Maratha Empire and search for success against the Qutb Shahi dynasty and Adil Shahi dynasty . Under Sambhaji (1680–89) the Marathas ranged up and down western India. The Marathas under Shivaji came into conflict with
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#17328582918391320-521: The Maratha army attacked decisively, however, if the Mughals were too strong in numbers then the Marathas used to retreat. This proved to be a very effective strategy as Aurangzeb's generals were not able to capture the Maratha territories for a period of three years. Aurangzeb then decided to attack the Maratha capital Raigad Fort directly from the North and the South directions. He made a pincer attempt to surround
1380-469: The Marathas under Sambhaji fought alongside the Mughals under Muazzam against the Sultanate of Bijapur . Sambhaji was married to Jivubai in a marriage of political alliance and as per Maratha custom, she took the name Yesubai . Jivubai was the daughter of Pilaji Shirke, who had entered Shivaji's service following the defeat of Deshmukh Suryaji Surve who was his previous liege. This marriage thus gave Shivaji
1440-482: The Mughal Emperor and ceased to follow his treaties with the Marathas. In response, Sambhaji invaded Mysore in 1686, accompanied by his Brahmin friend and poet Kavi Kalash . During his short reign, Sambhaji faced Mughal efforts to bring Many Maratha Deshmukhs on their side, particularly after the demise of Bijapur and Golconda in 1686–87.The Deshmukh families that joined the Mughal service during Sambhaji's reign were
1500-608: The Mughal army moved to menace Raigad. Sambhaji returned to counter them and his remaining troops were unable to overcome the Janjira garrison and the Siddi fleet protecting it. Having failed to take Janjira in 1682, Sambhaji sent a commander to seize the Portuguese coastal fort of Anjadiva instead. The Marathas seized the fort, seeking to turn it into a naval base, but in April 1682 were ejected from
1560-499: The Mughal army. A few days after Sambhaji's death, the capital Raigad Fort fell to the Mughals. Sambhaji's widow, Yesubai, son, Shahu and Shivaji's widow, Sakvarbai were captured; Sakvarbai died in Mughal captivity. Shahu, who was seven years of age when captured, remained prisoner of the Mughals for 18 years from February 1689 until Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb 's death in 1707. Shahu was then set free by Emperor Muhammad Azam Shah , son of Aurangzeb. After his release, Shahu had to fight
1620-556: The access of the region of Konkan coastal belt. Yesubai had two children, daughter Bhavani Bai and then a son named Shahu I , who later became the Chhatrapati of the Maratha empire. Sambhaji's behaviour, including alleged irresponsibility and addiction to sensual pleasures, led Shivaji to imprison his son at Panhala fort in 1678 to curb his behaviour. Sambhaji escaped from the fort with his wife and rejoined Diler Khan in December 1678 for
1680-511: The age of nine, Sambhaji was sent to live with Raja Jai Singh I of Amber as a political hostage to ensure compliance of the Treaty of Purandar that Shivaji had signed with the Mughals on 11 June 1665. As a result of the treaty, Sambhaji became a Mughal mansabdar . He and his father Shivaji attended the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb 's court at Agra on 12 May 1666. Aurangzeb put both of them under house arrest but they escaped on 22 July 1666. However,
1740-657: The agricultural activity in the Maratha state. Agriculture was the backbone of the rural Maratha economy. He encouraged people to cultivate more and more land. The government of Sambhaji gave promises of safety to the Marathas who gained independence from the Mughals and asked them to carry out their previous work of cultivation in their territories. It also called back the people who had absconded because of their inability to pay taxes and asked them to carry on their previous work of cultivation. Sambhaji in his letter of 3 June 1684 addressed to Hari Shivdev (Subhedar and Karkun of Tarf Chaul), directed his Peshwa Nilkantha Moreshwar to bring
1800-506: The agricultural land of the villages confiscated by the government under cultivation which otherwise would have remained uncultivated. He also asked Hari Shivdev to distribute fifty khandis of grain which were being sent to him from Sagargad, among the cultivators. Sambhaji tried to increase the income (revenue) from these agricultural activities. He also made efforts to cultivate more wasted or barren lands. P. S. Joshi states that Sambhaji, his ministers and officers took interest in supporting
1860-660: The city and set its ports ablaze. Sambhaji then withdrew into Baglana , evading the forces of Mughal commander Khan Jahan Bahadur. In 1681, Aurangzeb's fourth son Akbar left the Mughal court along with a few Muslim Mansabdar supporters and joined Muslim rebels in the Deccan. Aurangzeb in response moved his court south to Aurangabad and took over command of the Deccan campaign. The rebels were defeated and Akbar fled south to seek refuge with Sambhaji. Sambhaji's ministers including Annaji Datto, and other ministers took this opportunity and conspired again to enthrone Rajaram again. They signed
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1920-439: The colony and taking its forts. The situation for the colonists became so dire that the Portuguese viceroy, Francisco de Távora, conde de Alvor went with his remaining supporters to the cathedral where the crypt of Saint Francis Xavier was kept, where they prayed for deliverance. The viceroy had the casket opened and gave the saint's body his baton, royal credentials and a letter asking the saint's support. Sambhaji's Goa campaign
1980-423: The council of eight ministers. According to P. S. Joshi, Sambhaji was a good administrator who gave impartial justice to his subjects. Maharashtra witnessed severe drought during the reign of Sambhaji (1684–88). Sambhaji had to take several administrative measures to tackle the situation. Sambhaji continued Shivaji's policies by helping poor farmers. Shankar Narayan Joshi has stated that his approach against famine
2040-504: The cultural and religious activity in the state. They honoured and encouraged learning by granting land, grains and money to scholars. Sambhaji was sophisticated, educated and well-versed in a few languages besides Marathi. Keshav Pandit was employed for Sambhaji's education. Keshav Pandit, alias Keshav Bhatta of Shringarpur, was an erudite scholar in the Nitishastra and Sanskrit language and literature. He seemed to have deeper knowledge of
2100-611: The different forms of Sanskrit literature, Hindu jurisprudence and the Puranas. He also seems to have made Sambhaji familiar with the famous works of different sciences and music written by ancient scholars in the Sanskrit language. Keshav Pandit composed Dandaniti on Maratha jurisprudence and also composed the Sanskrit biography of Sambhaji's brother titled 'Shri Rajaramacharitra' detailing his early campaigns and escape to Jinji . Sambhaji composed several books during his lifetime. The most notable
2160-570: The emperor and the Islamic prophet Muhammad during interrogation and was executed for having killed Muslims. The ulema of the Mughal Empire sentenced Sambhaji to death on-allegations of the atrocities his troops perpetrated against Muslims-in Burhanpur, including plunder, killing, dishonour and torture. Maratha accounts instead state that he was ordered to bow before Aurangzeb and convert to Islam and it
2220-401: The fort by a detachment of 200 Portuguese. This incident led to a larger conflict between the two regional powers. The Portuguese colony of Goa at that time provided supplies to the Mughals, allowed them to use the Portuguese ports in India and pass through their territory. In order to deny this support to the Mughals, Sambhaji undertook a campaign against Portuguese Goa in late 1683, storming
2280-431: The fort of Bahadurgad at Pedgaon in-present-day Ahmednagar district, where Aurangzeb humiliated them by parading them wearing clown's clothes and they were subjected to insults by Mughal soldiers. Accounts vary as to the reasons for what came next: Mughal accounts state that Sambhaji was asked to surrender his forts, treasures and names of Mughal collaborators with the Marathas and that he sealed his fate by insulting both
2340-577: The history of the Maratha empire , and with its founder, Chatrapati Shivaji Raje . Panhala is the only fort where Shivaji spent more than 500 days, other than his childhood homes. It was Maratha State capital until 1782 and in 1827 it became part of the British Empire . This imposing fort, 20 km northwest of Kolhapur, is built on an outlying spur of the Sahyadris , rising more than 400 m above plain, and
2400-477: The incarnation of Indra and Shivaji to be the incarnation of Vishnu that saved the earth and restored righteousness. Kavindra Paramanand Govind Newaskar of Poladpur composed Anupurana , a partially-completed Sanskrit biography on the life of Chhatrapati Sambhaji up to the birth of Shahu I as a sequel to his father's Sanskrit biography Shivabharata . Hari Kavi, also known as Bhanubhatta composed Haihayendra Charitra as well as its commentary, Shambu Vilasika on
2460-455: The invasions and the Maratha forces promptly engaged the numerically strong Mughal army in several small battles using guerilla warfare tactics. However, Sambhaji and his generals attacked and defeated the Mughal generals whenever they got an opportunity to lure the Mughal generals into decisive battles in the Maratha stronghold territories. Sambhaji had devised a strategy of minimising the losses on his side. If there used to be an opportunity, then
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2520-556: The latter to move south with the Mughal army. Bahadur Khan was in charge of the fort of Burhanpur who later entrusted Kakar Khan with the same. Kakar was performing the duty of collecting jizya tax from the Hindu citizens of Burhanpur. The Jizya was collected and stored at the Burhanpur fort. Sambhaji plundered and ravaged Burhanpur in 1680. His forces completely routed the Mughal garrison and punitively executed captives. The Marathas then looted
2580-450: The orders of Sambhaji. Hari Kavi also authored Subhashitaharavalli and composed the Sanskrit biography Shambhuraja Charitra on Sambhaji's life and romance in 1684. The Maratha Kingdom was put into disarray by Sambhaji's death and his younger half-brother Rajaram I assumed the throne. Rajaram shifted the Maratha capital far south to Jinji , while Maratha guerrilla fighters under Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav continued to harass
2640-478: The other hand, Aurangzeb after coming to Deccan never returned to his capital in the north. In 1682, the Mughals laid siege to the Maratha fort of Ramsej , but after five months of failed attempts, including planting explosive mines and building wooden towers to gain the walls, the Mughal siege failed. Aurangzeb tried attacking the Maratha Empire from all directions. He intended to use the Mughal numerical superiority to his advantage. Sambhaji had prepared well for
2700-672: The population and females 43%. Panhala has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 88%, and female literacy is 76%. In Panhala, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. Arboretum Site is R. S. No. 457 & 466 located along famous Teen Darwaja to Mangeshkar bungalow road. Area under plantation is 2.56 hectares. There are more than 3000 individuals of flowering plants. The planted species include trees (158 sps), shrubs (87 sps), grasses (7 sps), Perennial Herbs (19 sps), bamboos (6 sps), orchids (3 sps), palms (5 sps), climbers (33 sps), ferns (6 sps), pines (9 sps), cycads (2 sps). The activity itself
2760-408: The powerful prime minister, encamped here during the rainy season of 1469. By the beginning of the 16th century Panhala was absorbed into the kingdom of Bijapur . The Adil Shahis were responsible for strengthening and rebuilding the ramparts and gateways. The fort was raided by Shivaji in 1659, but it was not until 1673 that he was able to occupy it permanently. After Sambhaji 's death in 1689, it
2820-528: The regent at the Battle of Khed and established himself at Satara, forcing her to retire with her son to Kolhapur. By 1710 two separate principalities had become an established fact. Shivaji II and Tarabai were soon deposed by the other wife of Rajaram, Rajasbai . She installed her own son, Sambhaji II , as the new ruler of Kolhapur. Sambhaji II signed the Treaty of Warana in 1731 with his cousin Shahuji to formalize
2880-557: The road passes on arrival at fort, was demolished by the British. The fort has another satellite fort visible. It is said that there were wells full with Ghee to cure the soldiers. The well-known poet Moropant stayed here . Nearby are the Sambhaji temple, Someshwar temple, Teen Darwaza, and Raj Dindi, Sajja Kothi, Ambabai Temple, where Shivaji used to seek blessings before venturing on expeditions. Pavankhind, where Baji Prabhu Deshpande laid down his life to cover Shivaji's escape. Panhala
2940-474: The throne. In a rush, they installed Soyrabai's son, and Sambhaji's half-brother, Rajaram , then aged ten, on the throne on 21 April 1680. Upon hearing this news, Sambhaji plotted his escape and took possession of the Panhala fort on 27 April after killing the fort commander. On 18 June, he acquired control of Raigad Fort . Sambhaji formally ascended the throne on 20 July 1680. Rajaram, his wife Janki Bai and mother Soyarabai were imprisoned. Soon after, when there
3000-508: The two separate seats of Bhonsle family. This is the list of the initial Maratha Chhatrapatis. This is the list of the Chhatrapatis of Satara . This is the list of the Chhatrapatis of Kolhapur . Panhala Panhala (Pronunciation: [pənʱaːɭa] ) is a city and a Hill station Municipal Council (3177 feet above sea level) 18 km northwest of Kolhapur , in Kolhapur district in
3060-430: The two sides reconciled and had cordial relations during the period 1666–1670. During the period between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb initially refused but later officially recognized the title of Raja that Shivaji assumed, on behalf of the Mughal Empire, after being pressed by Prince Mu'azzam . Aurangzeb looked upon the friendship of Prince Muazzam and Shivaji and Sambhaji with great suspicion. By mediation of Muazzam, Sambhaji
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#17328582918393120-626: Was also restored to the Mughal mansabdar rank of 5,000 cavalry. Shivaji then sent Sambhaji with general Prataprao Gujar to take service under Prince Mu'azzam who was the Mughal viceroy at Aurangabad with Diler Khan as his deputy. Sambhaji visited prince Muazzam at Aurangabad on 4 November 1667 and was then granted rights to territory in Berar on the pretext of revenue collection. After a short stay, Sambhaji returned to Rajgad while representative Maratha officers continued to stay in Aurangabad. In this period,
3180-504: Was another conspiracy attempt against Sambhaji with the help of Prince Akbar , Aurangzeb's fourth son, some of Soyarabai 's kinsmen from the Mohite clan and some of Shivaji's ministers such as Annaji Datto were executed on charges of conspiracy. Shortly, following his accession, Sambhaji began his military campaigns against neighbouring states. Sambhaji's attack on Burhanpur, and granting refuge to prince Akbar, Aurangzeb's fugitive son compelled
3240-648: Was captured by Aurangzeb . However, it was re-captured in 1692 by Kashi Ranganath Sarpotdar under the guidance of Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi. In 1701, Panhala was finally surrendered to Aurangzeb , and it was here that the Mughal Emperor received the English Ambassador, Sir William Norris . Within a few months, the fort was retaken by the Maratha forces under Pant Amatya Ramachandra. Tarabai who asserted her autonomy by founding an independent dynasty. In 1782, these rulers shifted their headquarters to Kolhapur. After
3300-508: Was checked by the arrival of the Mughal army and navy in January 1684, forcing him to withdraw. Meanwhile, in 1684 Sambhaji signed a defensive treaty with the English at Bombay, realising his need for English arms and gunpowder, particularly as their lack of artillery and explosives impeded the Maratha's ability to lay siege to fortifications. Thus reinforced, Sambhaji proceeded to take Pratapgad and
3360-417: Was cut into pieces and thrown into the river or that the body or portions were recaptured and cremated at the confluence of the rivers at Tulapur. Other accounts state that Sambhaji's remains were fed to the dogs. Sambhaji inherited the governance system created by Shivaji. He continued with most of his father's policies. The administration of the state was managed by Sambhaji with the help of Chandogamatya and
3420-611: Was his refusal to do so, by saying that he would accept Islam en the day Aurangzeb presented him his daughter's hand, that led to his death. By doing so, he earned the title of "Dharmaveer" ("protector of dharma "). Aurangzeb ordered the execution of Sambhaji and Kavi Kalash. They were tortured and blinded and were executed by beheading on 11 March 1689 at Tulapur on the banks of the Bhima river near Pune. Other accounts state that Sambhaji challenged Aurangzeb in open court and refused to convert to Islam . Dennis Kincaid writes, "He (Sambhaji)
3480-480: Was ordered by the Emperor to embrace Islam. He refused and was made to run the gauntlet of the whole Imperial army. Tattered and bleeding he was brought before the Emperor and repeated his refusal. His tongue was torn and again the question was put. He called for writing material and wrote 'Not even if the emperor bribed me with his daughter!" So then he was put to death by torture". Some accounts state that Sambhaji's body
3540-410: Was traditionally considered the residence of Maharishi Parashara . The Karvir or Kolhapur Puran, a modern (1730) compilation, mentions Panhala as Pannagalay (home of serpents). In old inscriptions, the name appears as Pranlak and Padmanal. These are supposed to be the caves where the sage Parashar lived. Moropant , an 18th-century Marathi poet, wrote most of his work in these caves. Moropant's birthplace
3600-424: Was very constructive and he provided solutions to many complicated problems. His policies of water storage, irrigation and developing crop patterns exhibited his progressive policies. Sambhaji provided grain seeds, exemptions in taxes, oxen for agricultural work and agricultural tools to the farmers in the drought situation. All these measures were implemented sincerely during the drought period. Sambhaji encouraged
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