Sailcloth is cloth used to make sails. It can be made of a variety of materials, including natural fibers such as flax , hemp , or cotton in various forms of sail canvas , and synthetic fibers such as nylon , polyester , aramids , and carbon fibers in various woven, spun, and molded textiles.
63-558: Salwick is a village between Kirkham and Preston in Lancashire , England. The village is largely rural and is an extension of the smaller Clifton to the south. It is in the borough of Fylde , and in the Parliamentary Constituency of Fylde , and forms part of the civil parish of Newton-with-Clifton . It is at grid reference SD466320 , and is served by Salwick railway station . The area of "Clifton With Salwick"
126-454: A building society agent, for Yorkshire Building Society at Guy Penn Community Insurance Brokers, on Poulton Street. In 2022 Fylde Borough Council purchased Grade II listed "Hillside" on Preston Street and the former Lloyds Bank on Poulton Street, as part of the town's £10m regeneration plan, Kirkham Futures. "Hillside" was a former restaurant and popular wedding venue, but both buildings had been empty for some years. The former bank, which
189-475: A taffeta outer layer of a laminate, protecting a PET film. PEN laminates are an economical alternative for higher performance sail. Kevlar , an aramid fiber, has become the predominant fiber for racing sails, since it was introduced by DuPont in 1971. It is stronger, has a higher strength to weight ratio than steel, and has a modulus that is five times greater than PET, and about twice as high as PEN. There are two popular types of Kevlar: Type 29 and Type 49,
252-523: A 0.02% creep at 30% of max load after 10 000 hours, high chemical and abrasion resistance and high tensile strength. The UV endurance is inferior to PET and PEN, but the degradation levels off after roughly 400 hours of exposure, while the Aramids and Spectra continue to degrade. Carbon fiber is a high modulus synthetic fiber made from carbon atoms. It is virtually unaffected by UV exposure and provides exceptionally low stretch. Variants can balance along
315-561: A business plan to Fylde Borough Council. The baths, were run by the YMCA , having been re-branded as "Rural Splash", but closed permanently after suffering significant structural damage caused by Storm Arwen in December 2021. The town's football club is AFC Fylde . The club was known as Kirkham and Wesham F.C until the end of the 2007–08 season, and was formed by the amalgamation of Kirkham Town F.C. and Wesham F.C. The change of name to AFC Fylde
378-414: A century. Open seven days a week, galas, free children swims and adult-only swims were regularly held. In February 2008 a campaign was initiated to save the baths from closure. This included a public march through Kirkham and Wesham on 1 March attended by some 3,000 local supporters A local action group was subsequently formed to organise the longer term survival of the baths, and was successful in presenting
441-599: A community based station which broadcast from Preston . The town is served by its own free newspaper, the Kirkham and Wesham Advertiser . Both the Blackpool Gazette and the Lancashire Evening Post cover Kirkham news, as does the weekly Kirkham and Fylde Express . Kirkham Swimming Baths was erected in 1908 by the bequest of William Segar Hodgson J.P. and has served Kirkham as a public swimming pool for over
504-411: A continuum from brittle with no-stretch to extreme durability/flexibility with only slightly more stretch than aramid sails. Combed singles yarn sailcloth in high counts is used for spinnaker and head sails. The count often is 148 by 160 and the fabric is finished at 100 cm (40 in) wide with a length-to-mass ratio of about 13.10 m/kg (6 1 ⁄ 2 yd/lb). The quality and weight of
567-591: A high street mural and a heritage-inspired art and lantern festival. The improvement of the Market Square, following the £9.5M town centre regeneration plan, was completed in August 2024 and a ban on parking was introduced by Lancashire County Council . All on-street and off-street parking in the town is free and the council noted there were "ample" alternatives to the square, including the car parks at Eagles Court and Mill Street. The ban excluded vehicles needing access for
630-454: A laminate (see laminates below). PET film is the most common film used in laminated sailcloth. It is an extruded and biaxially oriented version of PET fiber. In the US and Britain, the most well-known trade names are Mylar and Melinex. PEN film is extruded and biaxially oriented version of PEN fiber. Just as PEN fiber is stronger than PET fiber, PEN film is stronger than PET film. However, PEN film
693-460: A poultry farm near Salwick was the location for an outbreak of Bird Flu ( Avian influenza H5N1). Temporary control zones spanning 3 km (1.9 mi) and 10 km (6.2 mi) around the property were set up, spanning from Blackpool to Fulwood . The Hand and Dagger is a popular country pub, dating from about 1800, next to bridge 26 on the Lancaster Canal . The unusual name derives from
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#1732852784797756-438: A sail are due to design, construction and the attributes of the fibers, which are woven together to make the sail cloth. The following sections discuss the attributes of fibers assuming a good design and careful construction. According to Mahr, there are six key factors in evaluating a fiber for suitability in weaving a sail-cloth: There is no perfect solution since in most cases the increase of one attribute generally results in
819-470: A sustained load (AKA: creep). This results in a change in shape as the sail ages. Because of this Spectra is only used in spinnakers on high performance boats where the sails are replaced regularly. Equivalent to Spectra, Dyneema is an extremely strong fiber produced by the Dutch company DSM . It is often used by European sailcloth manufacturers, is available in a wider variety of yarn sizes than Spectra, and
882-590: A thriving textile centre. From 1830 sailcloth was being woven in cottages in the town and later at the Flax Mill , built in 1861 by John Birley. Kirkham Grammar School was founded in 1549 but the original building no longer exists. In 1792 a Roman brass shield boss was discovered by local schoolmaster John Willacy, in the Dow Brook, in Mill Hill Field. Willacy sold the shield to a Scotsman, but it found its way to
945-457: A time in either direction. Such was the practice from the 11th through the 14th centuries. Doek is Dutch for cloth, which evolved into the English word "duck" in reference to sail canvas. Duck was typically made from cotton or linen (flax), with some use of hemp . These natural fibers have poor resistance to rot, UV light and water absorption. Linen is stronger, but cotton is lighter. Linen
1008-453: A weave the warp and fill yarns pass over and under one another. As load is applied the yarns attempt to straighten out, this results in the fabric stretching, commonly referred to as "crimp". Fibers which are resistant to stretching cannot be woven as tightly as more flexible fibers such as PET, thus the cloth is more affected by crimp. Films are thin sheet material extruded from synthetic polymers and are typically used along with woven cloth in
1071-535: A youth centre, meeting rooms, kitchen and toilets. In about 2000 the vestibule was extended forward to the same level as the balcony above. There is also a Roman Catholic church – St John the Evangelist , built in 1845, but known locally as "The Willows" – on the Ribby Road, and a Methodist church on Nelson Street. Zion (Independent) Chapel was founded in 1818. Although the church has long since been demolished,
1134-414: Is St Michael's whose minister is Fr Richard Dashwood. The United Reformed Church on Poulton Street is a Grade II listed building and is an early example of the work of the architectural practice of Briggs & Wolstenholme. It has a "massing and prominent spire rising from a tall tower" and was built in 1896. In 1995 a large single-storey rear extension, including a basement, was built to accommodate
1197-572: Is Stewart Jones. In the 2023 local elections the three Fylde Council seats were won by Edward Collins, Damian Buckley and Paul Hodgson (all Independent). The Kirkham branch of HSBC closed in 2015 and that of Nat West closed in 2017. The branch of Lloyds Bank also closed in 2017, the branch of Santander closed in October 2018 and the branch of Royal Bank of Scotland closed in January 2019, leaving Kirkham with no bank branches at all. The town has
1260-450: Is also quite flexible and has a soft feel. But PBOs have poor resistance to both UV and visible light. Vectran is a polyester-based high performance LCP ( liquid crystal polymer ) produced by Ticona. It is naturally gold in color and has a modulus similar to Kevlar 29, but has less strength loss with flex. This is a benefit in endurance applications and for cruising sails where durability is key. Additional advantages of Vectran fiber has
1323-553: Is another kind of polyester fiber, which stretches only 40% as much as standard PET fibers, but about twice as much as Kevlar 29. Because it only shrinks about a third as much as a good PET, PEN can not be woven as tightly; thus, woven PEN must be impregnated with resin making sails prone to damage from improper use and handling. PEN is better suited for making laminated sailcloth, where the fibers are laid straight for strength and are bonded to sheets of film for stability (e.g., PET film often called by one of its trade names Mylar), or as
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#17328527847971386-605: Is chemically and physically similar to DuPont’s Kevlar. Twaron HM (High modulus) has similar stretch properties to Kevlar 49, greater tensile strength and better UV resistance. Twaron SM is similar to Kevlar 29. Like Kevlar, the fiber is a bright gold color. Spectra is an ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) made by Honeywell , which offers superior UV resistance (on par with PET), very high initial modulus numbers (second only to high modulus Carbon Fiber), superior breaking strength, and high flex strength. However, it also exhibits permanent and continuous elongation under
1449-582: Is growing in popularity. Dyneema DSK78 set a new standard combining the typical high strength to weight ratio, excellent low stretch, abrasion, and UV resistance but added three times better creep performance compared to Dyneema SK75 and nearly two times better than Dyneema SK90. Hoechst Celanese produces Certran polyethylene similar to Spectra, with about one half the modulus rating of Spectra. It has similar properties to Spectra including superior resistance to flex fatigue and UV degradation but also exhibits creep. PBO (Poly (p-phenylene-2, 6-benzobisoxazole))
1512-406: Is liquid crystal polymer developed by Japan-based Toyobo under the trade name Zylon . It is a gold fiber with an initial modulus that is significantly higher than other high modulus yarns, including aramids. Among PBO's desirable properties are high thermal stability, low creep, high chemical resistance, high cut and abrasion resistance, and excellent resistance to stretch after repeated folding. PBO
1575-437: Is more susceptible to UV and chemical degradation than polyesters and its physical properties can change due to moisture absorption. Polyethylene terephthalate , the most common type of polyester , is the most common fiber used in sailcloth; it is also commonly referred to by the brand name Dacron. PET has excellent resiliency, high abrasion resistance, high UV resistance, high flex strength and low cost. Low absorbency allows
1638-474: Is rarely used in standard sailcloth styles because it shrinks more rapidly than PET, is less resistant to abuse, and reduces the working life of the sail. Strands are combined from fibers; these are frequently narrow flat bands or ribbons of high strength material. Scrim is a loose weave or lattice of strands, typically bonded where they cross to maintain the grid pattern. Strands and scrims are used to strengthen or reinforce sailcloth (see laminates below). In
1701-694: The Charles Townley collection in Burnley and from there to the British Museum . The oval shield, about 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter, bore the representation of a human figure, seated, with an eagle to the left and an athlete at the side. Horse racing took place at Carr Hill in Kirkham in March 1852 and again in March 1853. Point-to-point races were still being staged at Thornley-with-Wheatley , near Preston, by
1764-838: The Spanish and "dressed sheepskin " by the Dutch . Specific examples of sails made from pandan mats in Austronesian-speaking regions include the sails of the fayang rafts of the Amis people in Taiwan , the various bangka of the Philippines , the kabang of the Moken people , the wa of the Caroline Islands and Yap , the tepukei of the Taumako Islands , the oblong sails of
1827-437: The 1970s sailmakers began to laminate multiple materials with different characteristics to synergize the qualities of each. Using sheets of PET or PEN reduces stretch in all directions, where weaves are most efficient in the direction of the threadlines. Lamination also allow fibers to be placed in a straight, uninterrupted paths. There are four main construction styles: Film is sandwiched in between two layers of woven taffeta ,
1890-634: The Kirkham Hunt in the 20th century, including a meeting on Friday 6 April 1900. Races at Carr Hill continued up to the start of World War II, but it is uncertain whether they began again after the War had ended. In 1887 a memorial was erected, at Town End, to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria . The memorial was later moved to a site adjacent to the United Reformed Church . Looms ran in
1953-974: The Northern Premier League Division One North. In May 2022 the British Lawn Mower Racing Association staged a meeting at Sunfield Farm, off Freckleton Road, to help to raise money for Ukraine. Kirkham is twinned with both Ancenis in Loire-Atlantique , France and Bad Brückenau , a spa town in Bad Kissingen district, northern Bavaria which is situated in the Rhön Mountains in Germany. Kirkham has an active Twinning Association and has regular contact with both Ancenis and Bad Brückenau. Kirkham currently has 20 listed buildings , one of them being Grade II* and
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2016-630: The canoes of the Ninigo Islands , the baurua of the Gilbert Islands , the drua of Fiji , and the waʻa kaulua of Hawaiʻi , among others. The technology of pandan mat sails were also introduced to non-Austronesian peoples via contact, like to the Yolngu of Australia . Sails could also be made from woven mats of other similar plant leaves and fibers, including those from sugar palms , buri palms , and nipa palms . The characteristics of
2079-457: The decreased attractiveness of another. Reduced stretch generally also reduces the flexibility causing a trade-off of performance for durability. Solving both problems generally sends the price out of range for most sailors. Nylon is used in spinnakers because of its light weight, high tensile strength, superior abrasion resistance and flexibility. However, it has a low modulus allowing too much stretch to be suitable for upwind sails. Nylon
2142-506: The devices shown on the crest of the local Clifton family . This Lancashire location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kirkham, Lancashire Kirkham aka Kirkam-in- Amounderness is a market town and civil parish in the Borough of Fylde in Lancashire , England, midway between Blackpool and Preston and adjacent to the town of Wesham . It owes its existence to Carr Hill upon which it
2205-512: The earliest inhabited locality in the Fylde district." Remains found at Carleton in the 1970s of an elk with two harpoons embedded suggest that the Fylde was inhabited as long ago as 8,000 BC. The town is pre-Roman in its origin with a name originating from the Danish kirk (church) and -ham ( Saxon for settlement, or "home"). The town owes its existence to Carr Hill upon which it was built and which
2268-456: The end of the age of sail ; however, in some cases the strength of linen was preferred for some types of sails. It was not until the late 20th century that natural fibers were replaced by synthetics in mainstream use. Cotton sailcloth is still used for sportswear, upholstery and draperies. The traditional width for carded cotton sailcloth in the US was 23 inches (58 cm) while the British standard
2331-405: The existing revenue budget provision. The contract was awarded to Eric Wright Civil Engineering Ltd following a successful procurement exercise. In 2023 and 2024 a cooperative partnership funded a programme of events inspired by the former Roman presence in Kirkham and Wesham, allowing the community to participate in art and archaeology projects. Activities included a community archaeology project,
2394-539: The fiber to dry quickly. PET has been replaced by stronger fibers for most serious racing applications, but remains the most popular sail cloth due to lower price and high durability. Dacron is the brand name of Dupont’s Type 52 high modulus fiber made specifically for sailcloth. Allied Signal has produced a fiber called 1W70 polyester that has a 27% higher tenacity than Dacron. Other trade names include Terylene, Tetoron, Trevira and Diolen. PEN ( Polyethylene naphthalate ), commonly known by Honeywell's trade name "Pentex",
2457-501: The film provides most of the stretch resistance and the taffeta enhances tear and abrasion resistance. The high-end versions of this method use a woven Spectra or Kevlar taffeta. In some newer styles, off threadline aramid yarns, are also laid into the laminate. In some cases the second layer of taffeta is eliminated for cost and weight savings In this construction, a scrim or strands (inserts) are sandwiched between layers of film. Thus load-bearing members are laid straight, which maximizes
2520-462: The graveyard remains. Now associated with Kirkham United Reformed Church, but adjacent to the Manse Nursing Home in the centre of the town, this unusual isolated burial-ground is still well maintained. Kirkham lies at the centre of a relatively rich agricultural area. By the mid 18th century, however, the manufacture of sail cloth and the flax -weaving industry had become well established in
2583-411: The high modulus of the fibers, where a woven material will have some inherent stretch to the weave. Laminating film to film around the strands creates a very strong and dependable bond reducing the amount of adhesive needed. In high quality cloth, the strands or scrim are tensioned during the lamination process. The drawbacks are: film is not as abrasion or flex resistant as a weave, it does not protect
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2646-662: The latter having a 50% higher initial modulus than Type 29 but a lower flex loss. DuPont has developed higher modulus Types 129, 149 and 159, but these have seen little use in sails, since generally as the modulus increases the flex strength decreases. DuPont has recently introduced Kevlar Edge, a fiber developed specifically for sails with 25% higher flex strength and a higher modulus than Kevlar 49. Kevlar, along with other aramid fibers, have poor UV resistance (Kevlar loses strength roughly twice as quickly in sunlight as PET) and rapid loss of strength with flexing, folding and flogging. Minimal flogging and careful handling can greatly extend
2709-539: The life of a Kevlar sail. Technora is an aramid, which is produced in Japan by Teijin , has a slightly lower modulus strength than Kevlar 29 but a slightly higher resistance to flex fatigue. The fiber’s lower UV resistance is enhanced by dyeing the naturally gold fiber black. Technora is most often used as bias support (X-ply) in laminate sailcloth. Twaron is an aramid, which is produced in The Netherlands by Teijin,
2772-629: The market and events. Kirkham has two secondary schools: Carr Hill High School a mixed comprehensive school , and Kirkham Grammar School , an independent school. Feeding into these two schools are the primary schools of Kirkham: Kirkham and Wesham Primary School, Kirkham Grammar Junior School, St John the Evangelist (also known as "The Willows") Catholic Primary School and Kirkham St Michael's C of E Primary School. Additionally, Pear Tree School offers special education for children and young people, aged 2-19, with severe and profound and multiple learning difficulties. The Church of England parish church
2835-519: The rest being Grade II. Many of the buildings in the town centre date from the Georgian and Victorian eras . Sailcloth Viking longships used wool for sailcloth. The cloth was woven in one of three ways, according to locality and tradition: plain weave with individual threads going over and under each other, three-shaft twill with two threads going over and under at each cross thread, and four-shaft twill with thread interwoven with two threads at
2898-504: The same diameter and weight in lengthwise (the "warp") and across the width of the cloth (the "fill"). Unbalanced means a heavier yarn is used in one direction. Most moderns sails are "crosscut", which is an unbalanced technique where the heavier yarns is in the fill. This allows greater loads to radiate up from the clew (back lower corner) along the leech (back edge). This is especially true of mainsails and high aspect jibs. Woven sail cloths have an inherent problem with stretch resistance. In
2961-505: The site of the Royal Air Force base which closed in 1957. The small library located on Station Road has been open since 1939 and has recently reopened following a major refurbishment. Kirkham Club Day , an annual gala, is held in early June, jointly with Wesham. The day involves the various churches and their chosen "Rose Queens", together with biblical tableau floats, civic dignitaries and brass bands, walking in procession through
3024-422: The structural fibers from UV rays. In some cases UV protection is added. Woven fabric with high UV and abrasion protection is added to the film-on-film. This combines the best of the above, but is costly, heavy, and stiff. This is an attractive method to combine high modulus fibers with poor UV resistance. Wovens on both sides of a scrim without the film layer. The problem is getting enough high modulus yarn into
3087-458: The subject of a pencil on paper drawing by Pendlebury artist L. S. Lowry In his later "A Lancashire Village, 1935" he painted the scene again, but with a wider street full of people and a house in front of the church. Due to an expansion of secondary education after the Second World War , in 1957 Carr Hill Secondary Modern School (now Carr Hill 11-18 High School and Sixth Form Centre),
3150-428: The town from about 1850 until 2003. At one time the town had eleven mills, the last to be built being Progress Mill in 1915. On the lower part of Station Road "The Last Loom" of Kirkham is on permanent public display. This loom, a cross-rod type from the 1920s, with the use of tappets at the side, could produce an extensive range of fabrics including velvets , twills and Bedford cord . In 1925, Church Street became
3213-495: The town in the morning. The town's War Memorial is located in a small memorial garden on Barnfield. The St George Hotel was situated at the bottom on Station Road, at Town End, but closed in 2011 and was demolished in 2012 to make way for a block of flats. In January 2021 Bradley's Bar, located inside AFC Fylde 's Mill Farm Stadium , was converted to become one of the North West's COVID-19 vaccination centres . The facility
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#17328527847973276-529: The town's Market Square closed for up to 52 weeks for town centre improvements to be carried out. The Phase 1 Public Realm works for Kirkham will replace existing public realm and infrastructure, such as street furniture, in the area of Market Square and Poulton Street. Included in the contract is a five-year maintenance and repair commitment by the contractor, after which such upkeep would be included in existing revenue budgets. A lighting scheme to be implemented in Market Square will be maintained and repaired within
3339-479: The town. By 1876 there were several factories employing almost 1,000 workers in the cotton and other industries and by the end of the century the town had grown considerably in importance. Kirkham and Wesham railway station was opened in 1840 as "Kirkham Station", when the Preston and Wyre Railway and Harbour Company opened its line to Fleetwood . South of the town is Kirkham Prison , an open prison built on part of
3402-415: The weave can be more critical than the choice of fibers, since a poor weave can lead to high stretch and poor sail form. Weight is described in ounces, for example "an 8 oz. cloth". This means that an area of 72 cm × 91 cm ( 28 + 1 ⁄ 2 in × 36 in) weighs 230 g (8 oz). Sailcloth is woven in two forms: balanced and unbalanced. The yarns in balanced cloth are
3465-749: Was 24 inches (61 cm). In the ancient seafaring traditions of the Austronesian peoples of the Indo-Pacific , the sails were traditionally made from woven panels of pandan (screw pine) leaves and lashed with ropes usually made from coconut coir . These sails were integral in the subsequent migrations ( c. 3000 to 1500 BCE ) of the Austronesians from Taiwan , to Island Southeast Asia , Micronesia , Island Melanesia , Polynesia , and Madagascar . Some examples of pandan mat sails were so finely woven that they were compared to "coarse linen " by
3528-575: Was adapted to meet the necessary standards to allow a safe and efficient delivery of the vaccine whilst critically maintaining social distancing requirements. Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North West and ITV Granada . Television signals are received from the Winter Hill TV transmitter. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Lancashire , Heart North West , Smooth North West , Capital Manchester and Lancashire , Greatest Hits Radio Lancashire and Central Radio North West ,
3591-399: Was built and which was the location of a Roman fort . At the census of 2011 , it had a population 3,304 (Kirkham South) plus 3,890 (Kirkham North), giving a total of 7,194. By the census of 2021 the total had risen to 3,217 (Kirkham South) plus 4,666 (Kirkham North), giving a total of 7,883. In his 1878 History of the Fylde of Lancashire , John Porter described Kirkham as ".. probably
3654-617: Was built on the site of Carr Hill House and a former racecourse . It was officially opened in 1958 by the Duchess of Kent . Several housing developments have been built on the edge of the town in the last half of the 20th century. The town council for Kirkham is elected as a parish council , which has six elected councillors and operates under the name "Kirkham Town Council". The council manages local services such as waste management , community spaces , planning permission and council tax among others. The Lancashire County Council councillor
3717-585: Was in the Archdeaconry of Richmond in the Diocese of Chester . The etymology of Salwick is unclear. The "wick" may come from Old English wic , meaning an earlier Romano-British settlement specialised in farming; but the "Sal(w)" element is unclear. Salwick is the home of the Springfields nuclear fuel manufacturing plant operated by Westinghouse Electric Company , which dominates the village. In November 2021
3780-833: Was made to try to encourage a broader fan-base from across the Fylde coast. AFC Fylde is currently based north of Wesham on the Mill Farm complex and plays in the National League . The team won the FA Vase in the 2007–08 season, beating Lowestoft Town in the final at Wembley Stadium on 11 May 2008. They were also promoted to the North West Counties Football League Premier Division after finishing second in Division Two. In 2008–09 they were North West Counties Football League champions and so won promotion to
3843-486: Was originally a Charity Girls School dating back to 1860, was hoped to be converted into a community cinema, but it was later decided to convert it to a hospitality venue. Kirkham Futures is a four-year plan, led by Fylde Council's regeneration team, in partnership with Lancashire County Council and Kirkham Town Council, which will use a £6.3m grant from the Government's Future High Streets Fund (FHSF). In January 2023,
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#17328527847973906-562: Was the location of a Roman fort . It appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 under the name of Chicheham and is described as lying on the Roman road between Ribchester ( Bremetennacum ) and the River Wyre . The town's market charter was granted in 1269–70 by King Henry III . In the 15th and 16th centuries Kirkham remained a small market town . But from the late 17th century the town grew into
3969-579: Was the traditional fiber of sails until it was supplanted by cotton during the 19th century. At first cotton was used as a matter of necessity in the United States as it was indigenous and the supply of flax was periodically interrupted by wars such as the War of 1812 , during which demand for sailcloth for military use was high. As sail size grew linen was too heavy to be practical so cotton became more popular. Cotton did not substantially replace linen worldwide until
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