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35-550: Yisroel Lipkin was born in Zagare , Lithuania on November 3, 1809, the son of Zev Wolf, the rabbi of that town and later Av Beth Din of Goldingen and Telz , and his wife Leah. As a boy, he studied with Rabbi Tzvi Hirsh Braude of Salant . After his 1823 marriage to Esther Fega Eisenstein Lipkin settled with her in Salant where he continued his studies under Hirsch Broda and Zundel, himself

70-512: A community among the many Russian Jewish immigrants, and he remained there for two years. Lipkin was one of the first people to try to translate the Talmud into another language. However, he died before he could finish this immense project. Lipkin died on Friday, February 2, 1883 (25 Shevat 5643), in Königsberg, then part of Germany. For many years, the exact location of his grave was unknown. Following

105-457: A disciple of Chaim Volozhin . Around 1833 he met the decade-younger Alexander Moshe Lapidos , who became his lifelong student and friend. Around 1842, Lipkin was appointed rosh yeshiva (dean) of Meile's yeshiva ( Tomchai Torah ) in Vilna . When a minor scandal arose related to his appointment, he left the post to its previous inhabitant and moved to Zaretcha , an exurb of Vilna, and established

140-577: A lengthy investigation, in 2007 the grave was located in Königsberg. In order to be able to legally travel outside of the Pale of Settlement , he became a master dye-maker, enabling him to receive a permit allowing free travel within Russia. When the Russian Empire established military conscription of young Jewish men, Lipkin wrote to rabbis and community leaders urging them to obey and make lists of young men for

175-488: A new yeshiva where he lectured for about three years. Jewish law prohibits doing certain categories of work on Shabbat (the Jewish Sabbath) except in life-threatening emergencies. During the cholera epidemic of 1848 Lipkin ensured that any necessary relief work on Shabbat for Jews was done by Jews. Although some wanted such work to be done on Shabbat by non-Jews , Lipkin said that both Jewish ethics and law mandate that

210-767: Is a city located in the Joniškis district , northern Lithuania , close to the border with Latvia . It has a population of about 2,000, down from 14,000 in 1914, when it was the 7th largest city in Lithuania. Žagarė is famous for Žagarvyšnė - a cherry species originated in Žagarė. Žagarė's name is probably derived from the Lithuanian word žagaras, meaning "twig". Other renderings of the name include: Latvian : Žagare , Polish : Żagory , Russian : Жагаре , romanized :  Zhagare , Yiddish : זאַגער , romanized :  Zager . The foundation of Žagarė dates back to

245-458: Is a limit to what can be held in conscious focal awareness, an alternative storehouse of one's knowledge and prior experience is needed, which they label the subconscious. Sigmund Freud used the term "subconscious" in 1893 to describe associations and impulses that are not accessible to consciousness. He later abandoned the term in favor of unconscious, noting the following: If someone talks of subconsciousness, I cannot tell whether he means

280-460: Is a part of the study of Jewish ethics. Lipkin is best known for stressing that the inter-personal laws of the Torah bear as much weight as Divine obligations. According to Lipkin, adhering to the ritual aspects of Judaism without developing one's relationships with others and oneself was an unpardonable parody. There are many anecdotal stories about him that relate to this moral equation, see for example

315-536: Is employed to say something 'Freudian', it is proof that the writer has not read [their] Freud". Carl Jung said that since there is a limit to what can be held in conscious focal awareness, an alternative storehouse of one's knowledge and prior experience is needed. The idea of the subconscious as a powerful or potent agency has allowed the term to become prominent in New Age and self-help literature, in which investigating or controlling its supposed knowledge or power

350-474: Is seen as advantageous. In the New Age community, techniques such as autosuggestion and affirmations are believed to harness the power of the subconscious to influence a person's life and real-world outcomes, even curing sickness. Skeptical Inquirer magazine criticized the lack of falsifiability and testability of these claims. Physicist Ali Alousi, for instance, criticized it as unmeasurable and questioned

385-525: The Livonian Order . The cult of Barbora Žagarietė , servant of God , originated in the town in mid-1600s. It long had a Jewish population that contributed to its culture. Yisroel Salanter (1810–1883), the father of the 19th-century Mussar movement in Orthodox Judaism , was born there. Isaak Kikoin (1908–1984), a renowned Soviet physicist , was also born there. The Jewish quarter in Žagarė

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420-561: The subconscious is the part of the mind that is not currently of focal awareness. The word subconscious represents an anglicized version of the French subconscient as coined by John Norris, in "An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World” (1708): "The immediate objects of Sense, are not the objects of Intellection, they being of a Subconscient [subconscious] nature." A more recent use

455-417: The "outer" [chitzoniut] and "inner" [penimiut] processes, they are also referred to as the "clear" [klarer] and "dark" [dunkler] processes. They form a fundamental building block of many of Rabbi Salanter's letters, essays and teachings. He would write that it is critical for a person to recognize what his subconscious motivations [negiot] are and to work on understanding them. Lipkin would teach that

490-657: The 12th century. A settlement of the Baltic tribe Semigallians Sagera was mentioned for the first time in March 1254 in the documents of the partitioning of the Semigallia . In 13th century it was a Semigalian fortress Raktuvė (or Raktė , first mentioned in 1272-1289 documents). It was an important centre of Semigallian warriors, who fought against the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and

525-760: The banker Eliyahu (Elinka) of Kretinga and the tea magnate, Kalman Zev Wissotzky. Many of his articles from the journal "Tevunah" were collected and published in Imrei Binah (1878). His Iggeres HaMusar ("Ethical Letter") was first published in 1858 and then repeatedly thereafter. Many of his letters were published in Ohr Yisrael ("The Light of Israel") in 1890 (edited by Yitzchak Blazer ). His disciples collected many of his discourses and published them in Even Yisrael (1853) and Etz Peri (1881). Zagare Žagarė ( pronunciation , see also other names )

560-409: The candle is burning, it is still possible to repair." Upon hearing this, Lipkin ran to the synagogue and preached to the public what he had learned from the shoemaker. In his words, as long as the candle is burning, as long as one is still alive, it is still possible to repair one's soul. Lipkin believed that accomplishment in spiritual growth is not limited to rabbinic figures but is also the realm of

595-437: The following references. The concept of the unconscious appears in the writings of Lipkin well before the concept was popularized by Sigmund Freud , though its discussion predates Lipkin as well. Already in 1880, the concept of conscious and subconscious processes and the role they play in the psychological, emotional and moral functioning of man are fully developed and elucidated. These concepts are referred to in his works as

630-705: The government while working through political connections in St. Petersburg to abolish the conscription. Lipkin was known as the father of the Musar movement that developed, particularly among the Lithuanian Jews, in 19th century Orthodox Eastern Europe. The Hebrew term musar (מוּסַר), is from the book of Proverbs 1:2 meaning instruction, discipline, or conduct. The term was used by the Musar movement to refer to disciplined efforts to further ethical and spiritual development. The study of Musar

665-584: The house of philanthropists, the Hirsch brothers of Halberstadt , until his health improved. In 1861 he started publication of the Hebrew journal Tevunah , devoted to rabbinical law and religious ethics. After three months the journal had failed to garner enough subscriptions to cover its costs, so he closed it. Lipkin lived for periods in Memel , Königsberg and Berlin. Toward the end of his life, Lipkin went to Paris to organize

700-493: The likelihood that thoughts can affect anything outside the head. In addition, critics have asserted that the evidence provided is usually anecdotal and that, because of the self-selecting nature of the positive reports , as well as the subjective nature of any results, these reports are susceptible to confirmation bias and selection bias . Psychologists and psychiatrists use the term "unconscious" in traditional practices, where metaphysical and New Age literature, often use

735-569: The more popular teachings of Lipkin is based on a real life encounter he had with a shoemaker one very late night. It was Motza'ei Shabbat (Saturday night after Shabbat) and Lipkin was on the way to the synagogue to recite Selichot . Suddenly he felt a tear in his shoe, so he looked around town to see if there was a shoemaker still open for business at this late hour. Finally he located a shoemaker sitting in his shop working next to his candle. Lipkin walked in and asked him, "Is it too late now to get my shoes repaired?" The shoemaker replied, "As long as

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770-572: The number of town inhabitants exceeded 10 thousand), it preserved valuable urban complexes – trade square, side street network with early 20th century brick buildings, two churches, Žagarė manor with park, former early 20 c. cinema building and other valuable urban artefacts. Žagarė is a member of the Charter of European Rural Communities , a town twinning association across the European Union , alongside with: Subconscious In psychology ,

805-584: The obligation to save lives takes priority over other laws. During Yom Kippur (the Day of Atonement), Lipkin ordered that Jews that year must not abide by the traditional fast, but instead must eat in order to maintain their health, again for emergency health reasons. In 1848, the Czarist government created the Vilna Rabbinical School and Teachers' Seminary . Lipkin was identified as a candidate to teach at or run

840-411: The only possible answer to this quandary is to learn ethical teachings with great emotion [ limud hamusar behispa'alut ]. He taught that a person should choose an ethical statement [ ma'amar chazal ] and repeat this over and over with great feeling and concentration on its meaning. Through this repetition and internal arousal, a person would be able to bring the idea represented in the ethical teaching into

875-429: The ordinary layman. Therefore, his closest disciples included not only leading rabbis of the next generation but also laymen who would come to exert a tremendous positive influence on the physical and spiritual lot of their brethren. Nevertheless, there is little detailed information available concerning his non-rabbinic disciples. Among Lipkin's most famous students were: His layperson disciples included figures such as

910-446: The realm of his subconscious and thus improve their behaviour and "character traits". Lipkin felt that people would be embarrassed to study ethical teachings [ limud ha'musar ] in such a way in a normal study-hall [ bet ha'medrash ] and he therefore invented the idea of a "house of ethical teachings" [ bet ha'mussar ] that would be located next to an ordinary study hall and that would be designated for learning ethics in this way. One of

945-522: The school. As he feared that the school would be used to produce rabbinical "puppets" of the government, he refused the position and left Vilna. Salanter moved to Kovno , where he established a Musar-focused yeshiva at the Nevyozer Kloiz . In 1857 he left lithuania and moved to prussia. Rabbi Israel Salanter and the Musar Movement (Jewish Publication Society, 1993), 250-251</ref> He remained in

980-458: The spot instead of being sent to the ghetto. In a massacre committed by Einsatzgruppe A on 2 October 1941, the date of Yom Kippur that year, all Jews were killed at the marketplace and buried in Naryshkin Park. Today Žagarė is the administrative centre of the Žagarė Regional Park , known for its valuable urban and natural heritage. Once one of the largest cities in Lithuania (in the 1900s

1015-403: The term "subconscious" because, in his opinion, it failed to differentiate whether content and the processing occurred in the unconscious or preconscious mind. Charles Rycroft explains that the subconscious is a term "never used in psychoanalytic writings". Peter Gay says that the use of the term subconscious where unconscious is meant is "a common and telling mistake"; indeed, "when [the term]

1050-417: The term subconscious. It should not, however, be inferred that the concept of the unconscious and the New Age concept of the subconscious are precisely equivalent, even though they both warrant consideration of mental processes of the brain. Psychologists and psychiatrists take a much more limited view of the capabilities of the unconscious than are represented by New Age depiction of the subconscious. There are

1085-789: The term topographically – to indicate something lying in the mind beneath consciousness – or qualitatively – to indicate another consciousness, a subterranean one, as it were. He is probably not clear about any of it. The only trustworthy antithesis is between conscious and unconscious. In 1896, in Letter 52, Freud introduced the stratification of mental processes, noting that memory-traces are occasionally re-arranged in accordance with new circumstances. In this theory, he differentiated between Wahrnehmungszeichen ("Indication of perception"), Unbewusstsein ("the unconscious") and Vorbewusstsein ("the Preconscious "). From this point forward, Freud no longer used

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1120-514: The time for a person to work on not allowing improper subconscious impulses to affect him was during times of emotional quiet, when a person is more in control of his thoughts and feelings. He would stress that when a person is experiencing an acute emotional response to an event, he is not necessarily in control of his thoughts and faculties and will not have access to the calming perspectives necessary to allow his conscious mind to intercede. Based on his understanding of subconscious motivation, Lipkin

1155-517: Was among those damaged in 1881 as part of the violence against Jews that occurred during the pogroms in southern Russia. During World War II , the town was under Soviet occupation from 1940, and then under German occupation from 1941 to 1944. On 22 August 1941, on the orders of Šiauliai Gebietskommissar Hans Gewecke , all half-Jews and Jews in the district were to be moved to Žagarė ghetto (around 500 people). The Jews were allowed only to take clothing and at most 200 Reichsmark. Many Jews were shot on

1190-497: Was faced with a quandary. Given that a person's subconscious motivations are often not apparent or under the control of a person and are likely to unseat conscious decisions that they may make, how is it then possible for a person to control and modify their own actions in order to improve their actions and act in accordance with the dictates of the Torah ? If the basis of a person's actions are not controlled by them, how can they change them through conscious thought? Lipkin writes that

1225-486: Was in 1889 by the psychologist Pierre Janet (1859–1947), in his doctorate of letters thesis, Of Psychological Automatism ( French : De l'Automatisme Psychologique . Janet argued that underneath the layers of critical-thought functions of the conscious mind lay a powerful awareness that he called the subconscious mind. In the strict psychological sense, the adjective is defined as "operating or existing outside of consciousness ". Locke and Kristof write that there

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