60-421: Wazir-ul-Mamalik-e-Hindustan Asaf Jah Jamat-ul-Mulk Shuja-ud-Daula Nawab Abul Mansur Khan Bahadur Safdar Jang Sipah Salar (c. 1708 – 5 October 1754), better known as Safdar Jang , was the second Nawab of Kingdom of Awadh succeeding Saadat Ali Khan I (his maternal uncle and father-in-law) in the year 1739. All future Nawabs of Awadh were patriarchal descendants of Safdar Jang. He was a major political figure at
120-641: A large migration of Kashmiri Shi'as to the Shi'a kingdom of Awadh, both to escape persecution and to secure courtly patronage. This was especially the case with men from the district of Jadibal in Kashmir, who were all Shias, who looked to Safdar Jang as the sword-arm of the Shi'as in India. Safdar Jang's Tomb was built in 1754 and is situated on a road now known as Safdar Jang Road , in New Delhi . Several other modern structures near
180-521: A major national expressway that connects the two major cities of Tehran and Mashhad , is connected to the city of Nishapur and it passes through it. Nishapur is connected to the Trans-Iranian Railway System which is a UNESCO world heritage . The Nishapur train station became operational during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and it is located on the southern part of the city. On 18 February 2004, runaway train wagons crashed into
240-428: A warm and semi-dry climate called '' central Iranian plateau climate''. Precipitation mostly happens in spring and winter. Nishapur is situated on a relatively higher elevation (1250 meters) than its neighboring cities such Sabzevar and Mashhad hence the weather is milder and better than these cities. Nishapur has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk). The city of Nishapur lies on a Holocene alluvial plain on top of
300-474: Is composed of three main administrative areas/districts ( Persian : منطقه های شهر نیشابور) and is surrounded by many villages which are joining in to the urban area and structure of the city. The Area/district 1 of the city comprises the newer urban developments (initiated mostly in the 1980s and the 1990s) made to the north of the Road 44 and is home to most of the main higher educational institutions of Nishapur such as
360-410: Is diverse and it is based on several industries like Agriculture, Industrial parks, mining, tourism, health-care, retailing, banking etc. Many agricultural products such as saffron , cereals , cotton , herbs , plums , walnut , wheat , corn , apples , cherries and pistachio are exported from the county of Nishapur . The city is also a dairy and sugar exporter. Most of the water supply of
420-468: Is nowadays in that area. This palace was perhaps completely ruined in the 13th century. Most people speak Persian and are monolingual , however, there are several private foreign language-teaching institutions in the city that teach English and other languages. At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 205,972 in 56,652 households. The following census in 2011 counted 239,185 people in 71,263 households. The 2016 census measured
480-744: The Bulghars and Khazars on the Caspian Sea . Nishapur occupies an important strategic position astride the old Silk Road that linked Anatolia and the Mediterranean Sea with China. On the Silk Road, Nishapur has often defined the flexible frontier between the Iranian plateau and Central Asia. The town derived its name from its reputed founder, the Sassanian king Shapur I , who is said to have established it in
540-531: The Khayyam Industrial Park and the Attar Industrial Park are near the city of Nishapur. Many industrial products such as sugar, cooking oils and gas heaters are exported from the city and its county. Several hotels, ecolodges , resorts, parks, tourist hot-spots, restaurants, museums, a planetarium , cultural centers, mausoleums, religious pilgrimage sites and historic mosques are in and near
600-714: The Kingdom of Awadh with their capital in Faizabad and Lucknow . The Nawabs of Awadh were semi-autonomous rulers within the fragmented polities of Mughal India after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. They fought wars with the Peshwa , the Battle of Bhopal (1737) against the Maratha Confederacy (which was opposed to the Mughal Empire ), and the Battle of Karnal (1739) as courtiers of
660-579: The Old World in the Islamic Golden Age with strategic importance, a seat of governmental power in the eastern section of caliphates , a dwelling place for diverse ethnic and religious groups and a trading stop on commercial routes from Transoxiana , China, Iraq and Egypt. Nishapur reached the height of its prosperity under the Samanids in the 10th century but was destroyed and most of its population
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#1732852821052720-528: The Pleistocene sediments in the southwestern part of the Binalud Mountains . The Binalud Range, running northwest–southeast, is made predominantly of Triassic and Jurassic rocks. On the southern side of the northwestern part of the range there is a section of Eocene rocks that are volcanic in origin. The well-known Nishabur turquoise comes from the weathered and broken trachytes and andesites of
780-600: The Ramadan of October 1612. Saadat Ali Khan I Nishapuri , Nawab of Awadh (the ruler who governed the state of Awadh of India), was also born in this period in an influential family in Nishapur. After the death of Nader Shah Afshar in 1747, the area became an independent khanate under the reign of the Bayat chieftains. In 1754 Ahmad Shah Durrani captured Nishapur with the support of heavy artillery and imposed Shahrokh Shah as
840-617: The Rohillas of the Doab region rebelled against the Mughal emperor. Safdar jung crushed the rebellion with Maratha support. However, court politics eventually overtook him and he was dismissed in 1753. He returned to Oudh in December 1753 and selected Faizabad as his military headquarters and administrative capital. He intervened on behalf of Madho Singh of Jaipur in his conflict with Marathas and convinced
900-712: The University of Neyshabur and the IAUN . The Area/district 2 of the city comprises the downtown of the city and the older and more historic urban structures situated on the south of the Road 44. It is home to some of the main tourists attractions of the city such as the National Garden of Nishapur and the Khanate Mansion of Amin Islami . The Area/district 3 of the city is home to the ruins and
960-558: The Eocene volcanic rocks of this part of the mountain range. The main turquoise mines are situated about 50 kilometers northwest of the city of Nishapur in the foothills of the Binalud Range. Nishapur is located in a region with a rather high risk of earthquakes . Many earthquakes have seriously harmed the city; among the important ones are the historical earthquakes that ruined the city in the 12th and 13th centuries. The economy of Nishapur
1020-753: The Great . In 1581, the castle of Nishapur went under siege. This siege became one of the events that helped the Abbas the Great to become the Ruler of Greater Khorasan and later the Shah of Persia in the Safavid Empire . In 1592 Abbas the Great took back the control of Nishapur from the Shaybanids . Shah Abbasi Caravanseri of Nishapur was also built during his reign and later on, he left his two epigraphs on Jame Mosque of Nishapur on
1080-772: The Marathas to leave with an apology and some compensation. He died in October 1754 at the age of 46 years in Sultanpur near Faizabad . Safdar Jang had maintained a contingent of 20,000 "Mughaliya" cavalry, most of whom were Hindustani Muslims, many who were chiefly from the Jadibal district of Srinagar in Kashmir , who had imitated the Qizilbash in dress and spoke the Persian language . The state also saw
1140-560: The Moghul. The Nawabs of Awadh, along with many other Nawabs , were regarded as members of the nobility of the Mughal Empire. They joined Ahmad Shah Durrani during the Third Battle of Panipat (1761) and restored Shah Alam II ( r. 1760–1788 and 1788–1806) to the imperial throne. The Nawab of Awadh also fought the Battle of Buxar (1764) preserving the interests of the Moghul. Oudh State eventually declared itself independent from
1200-465: The Muslims conquered other cities around Nishapur, including Pusht, Ashband, Rukh, Zar, Khaf, Osparain and Arghian. Abu Muslim became the governor of Khorasan , and chose Nishapur as his capital. He seems to have initiated a huge building program in which he stimulated the growth of the city. Nishapur increased in importance, and two of the ‘Abbasids were governors of this city before becoming caliphs. It
1260-747: The Saffarids and was made governor of Nishapur. The Samanids had been placed in power in Transoxiana by Caliph Al-Ma'mun , and ruled first from Samarqand and then moved to Bukhara . After defeating the Saffarids , their "empire", with nominal sanction from the Abbasids , extended from India to Iraq , making Nishapur a provincial capital. Khurasan was thus an international entrepôt, with merchants coming not only from Iraq, India and Egypt, but also from Russia; additionally, Vikings came from Scandinavia to trade with
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#17328528210521320-511: The beheaded. After the massacre a much smaller settlement was established just north of the ancient town, and the once bustling metropolis lay underground—until a team of excavators from the Metropolitan Museum of Art arrived in the mid-20th century. They worked at Nishapur between 1935 and 1940, returning for a final season in the winter of 1947–48. What remains of old Nishapur is a 3500-hectare "Kohandejh ( Persian : کهن دژ)" area, south of
1380-614: The borders of India . Tahirid influence extended to Baghdad when the Abbasids granted them the military affairs in Mesopotamia . In 873, the Tahirids were replaced by the Saffarids . Saffarids expanded their sphere of influence through the north of Khurasan and also in south towards Sistan . They also made Nishapur their capital and rebuilt the Tahirid palace. In 900, Ismail Samani defeated
1440-534: The buildings built during this era in Nishapur. Many poets, scholars and renowned historical figures of the city and the wider region of Abarshahr (one of the main four regions of Greater Khorasan with the city capitals of Nishapur, Merv , Herat and Balkh ) were also born in this period. Due to a conflict between the supporters of the Mohammad Khodabanda , the Safavid Shah of Persia , and his son Abbas
1500-522: The cities of Mashhad and Tehran . The city also has local routes and highways to the cities of Kashmar and Quchan . Throughout the Middle Ages, Nishapur had been praised by many due to its many gardens and its healthy climate in Khorasan . Ibn Hawqal has commented the following about the weather and the climate of this city at that time: Throughout all of Khorasan , no such companion as enriched with
1560-408: The city and one of the known works of the modern Persian architecture . The influence of the architectural design of this mausoleum is visible on the coat of arms of the University of Neyshabur , Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) and other public, civil and private organizations of the city. The construction of the new mausoleum was completed in the year 1963. The Tomb of Kamal-ol Molk
1620-516: The city for some days. In the meantime, the Persian chiefs quarreled among themselves. One of the chiefs entered into negotiations with the Muslims. He offered to open one of the gates for the Muslim army to enter, provided he was granted immunity. The Muslims accepted the offer. The Persians were taken by surprise, and the Muslims became the new rulers of Nishapur. After consolidating their position at Nishapur,
1680-557: The city is provided from the Binalud Mountain Range 's mostly seasonal rivers , qanats , dams and modern wells . Natural recourses such as turquoise and salt are mined from around the city. The electrical power supply of the city is provided from Neyshabur Combined Cycle Power Plant and Binalood Wind Farm . The excessive electrical energy of the city is mostly exported from the city's public power grid . Khorasan Steel Complex and two main industrial parks called
1740-500: The city of Nishapur in the Year 1339 or 1340. During this era, the ambassador of Henry III of Castile , Ruy González de Clavijo reached Nishapur and according to him, Nishapur had become a highly productive agricultural center with 40 non-stop working mills along the ''Abe Bostan'' (Mir Ab River of Nishapur). The current position of the city was formed during this era and on the North West of
1800-551: The city. The tourism industry of the city has a lot of protentional but it needs further development. There are two active hospitals (Hakim Hospital and 22 Bahman Hospital) in the city of Nishapur and a third one is also currently under construction. Nearly all of reputable public and private Iranain banks have branches in the city. Major Iranian companies such as Refah Chain Stores Co. , Iran Hyper Star , Ofoqh Kourosh and other companies have active branches in Nishapur. Road 44 ,
1860-451: The current city of Nishapur. After the fall of Nishapur in 1221 by the Mongols, the structures of the city were weakened and the agricultural output of the city was reduced. Mahmud Ghazan and Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan tried to make the city flourish again and the city's population grew once more and some of the villages around the city were improved and rebuilt. Hamdallah Mustawfi had visited
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1920-510: The entire city of Nishapur was destroyed by the Mongols over the course of 10 days. Genghis Khan's daughter requested the death of every resident of the city as vengeance for her husband's death. In order to become sure that no wounded would survive the massacre, Khan's troops killed and beheaded most of the population of the city and their skulls were reputedly piled in pyramids by the Mongols . Women, Infants, children, and even cats and dogs were among
1980-533: The fire and rail services. This disaster has become known as one of the worst railway industry disasters of the world. Little archaeology has been done on this vast and complicated site. George Curzon remarked that Nishapur had been destroyed and rebuilt more times than any other city in history, an evocative statement whether or not it is statistically true. The Metropolitan Museum of Art undertook excavations from 1935 that were interrupted in 1940. Searching largely for museum-worthy trophies that they shared with
2040-502: The first ruler of the Seljuk dynasty, made Nishapur his residence in 1038 and proclaimed himself sultan there, but it declined thereafter, as Seljuk fortunes were concentrated in the west. Nishapur was sacked by the Oghuz Turks in 1154, and suffered several earthquakes in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. In 1221, after the death of Tuqachar , the husband of Genghis Khan's daughter,
2100-533: The government of the Shah , the Metropolitan's publications were limited to its own Nishapur ceramics. The site of Nishapur has been ransacked for half a century since World War II , to feed the international market demand for early Islamic works of art. Shadiyakh ("Palace of Happiness") was one of the main palaces of old Nishapur up to the 9th century AD, which became more important and populated after that. Some notable people like Attar lived there. Attar's tomb
2160-432: The health of the air, quantity and the vastness of its mansions can be found. In the same cited work , Hakim Nishapuri praises Nishapur with many favourable nicknames such as " Persian : نیشابورست، هوای او صافی به صحت آبدان وافی، خالی از خطایا و عاری از وبا و اکثر بلایا… عروس بلدان، خزانه خراسان، دار امارت، لطیف عمارت، موطن ادیبان… " and compares and claims that the weather and climate (or air Persian: هوا) of Nishapur
2220-464: The imperial Mughal court during the declining years of the Mughal Empire . He was a descendant of Qara Yusuf of the Qara Qoyunlu confederation. In 1739, he succeeded his father-in-law and maternal uncle, Burhan-ul-Mulk Saadat Ali Khan I to the throne of Awadh/Oudh and ruled from 19 March 1739 to 5 October 1754. The Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah gave him the title of "Safdar Jang". Safdar Jang
2280-411: The main route via Rayy and the other via Nishapur. The people of Nishapur chose not to fight and surrendered on the condition of paying a tribute. Having conquered the region around Nishapur, the Muslim force advanced to Nishapur itself. The city was divided into four sectors, with each sector under a Persian chief. These chiefs shut themselves in the city and closed the gates. The Muslims laid siege to
2340-596: The museums of the city of Nishapur. The city of Nishapur is also a member of international organizations such as the LHC and the ICCN UNESCO . Abarshahr was a satrapy (province) of the Sassanid Empire . Cities in the region were Candac, Artacauan, Apameia, and Pushang (founded by Shapur I). Nishapur was the capital. Abarshar was the name used for Nishapur during the Sassanid Empire and Rashidun Caliphate . The capital
2400-509: The older position of the city which is now home to the Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur and Shadiyakh Archeological Site and other remains of the old position of the city (the old position of the city is also now a protected archeological site by law though it is endangered). Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur and the Jame mosque of Nishapur ( congregational mosque of the city) are among the examples of
2460-461: The population of the city as 264,375 people in 83,143 households. It is the third most-populous city in the eastern provinces of Iran after Mashhad and Zahedan . Nishapur is located at an elevation of 1250 meters on a wide fertile plain at the southwestern foot of the Binalud Mountain range in northcentral Razavi Khorasan Province. The city is connected by both railways and highways to
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2520-598: The province in the northeast of Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot of Binalud Mountain Range . It has been the historic capital of the Western Quarter of Greater Khorasan , the historic capital of the 9th-century Tahirid dynasty , the initial capital of the 11th-century Seljuk Empire , and is currently the capital city of Nishapur County and a historic Silk Road city of cultural and economic importance in Iran and
2580-414: The region of Greater Khorasan . Nearby are turquoise mines that have supplied the world with turquoise of the finest and the highest quality for at least two millennia . The city was founded in the 3rd century by Shapur I as a capital city of Sasanian satrapy known as Abarshahr or Nishapur. Nishapur later became the capital of Tahirid dynasty and was reformed by Abdullah Tahir in 830, and
2640-422: The remains of the ancient city of Nishapur destroyed by Mongols in the Middle Ages and is located on the south and the southeast of the city. The third district of the city is a national and registered protected archeological area by law and any unauthorized archeological excavation is considered illegal. This district is also home to the burial and historical monuments (some are shown on the city infobox) of most of
2700-793: The renowned persons of the city throughout history such as the Mausoleum of Omar Khayyám and the Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur . The third district is also used as one of the main touristic hotspots of the city. Many of this city's archeological discoveries are held and shown to the public in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City , the British Museum in London , the National Museum of Iran in Tehran , other international museums and
2760-578: The rule of the Moghul in 1818. All of these rulers of the Royal House of Awadh used the title of Nawab from 1722 onward: Nishapur Nishapur or Neyshabur ( Persian : نیشاپور , also نیشابور ) is a city in the Central District of Nishapur County , Razavi Khorasan province, Iran , serving as capital of both the county and the district. Nishapur is the second-largest city of
2820-672: The ruler ( Shah ) of the western part of Greater Khorasan as a protectorate of the Durrani Empire . The city was conquered in 1800 by the Qajars . In 1828, the city came under the influence of the Zafaranlu Confederacy but was given back to the Qajars in 1829. During the Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar , the city was an isolated outpost of Qajar rule led by Imamverdi Khan Bayat when most of Khorasan
2880-453: The third century CE. Nearby are the turquoise mines that supplied the world with turquoise for at least two millennia. It became an important town in the Greater Khorasan region but subsequently declined in significance until a revival in its fortunes in the 9th century under the Tahirid dynasty , when the glazed ceramics of Nishapur formed an important item of trade to the west. For a time Nishapur rivaled Baghdad or Cairo : Toghrül ,
2940-522: The throne at Delhi in 1748, Safdar Jang became his Wazir-ul-Malik-i-Hindustan or Prime Minister of Hindustan . He was also made the governor of Ajmer and became the " Faujdar " of Narnaul . In 1748, Javed Khan, a rival invited the new Nizam of Hyderabad Nasir Jung , to join an alliance against the wazir. Safdar jung requested Maratha support against Nasir Jung. Balaji Baji Rao dispatched Scindia and Holkar chiefs to prevent Nasir Jung's forces from reaching Delhi, and thus, saved Safdar jung. In 1752,
3000-446: The tomb also carry his name today like Safdar Jang Airport and Safdar Jang Hospital . Nawab of Awadh The Nawab of Awadh or Nawab of Oudh / ˈ aʊ d / was the title of the rulers of Kingdom of Awadh (anglicised as Oudh) in northern India during the 18th and 19th centuries. The Nawabs of Awadh belonged to an Iranian dynasty of Sayyid origin from Nishapur , Iran . In 1724, Nawab Sa'adat Khan established
3060-447: Was a vital center of administration and of communications between Bactria, India, and Sagistan. The region was involved in the Indian and Chinese trade. Its governor bore the title of kanarang . Nishapur was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate , without struggle, during the caliphate of Umar . The Caliph appointed Ahnaf Ibn Qais as the chief command of the Rashidun army out of Isfahan . From Isfahan, two routes led to Khorasan :
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#17328528210523120-404: Was also built in Nishapur and designed by Seyhoun . The Wooden Mosque of Neyshabur was also built in the year 2000. The Second Asia-Pacific Jamboree was held at Baghrud Scots Park of Nishapur in preparation for The 15th World Scout Jamboree which was scheduled to be held 15–23 July 1979 in Nishapur but due to the political uncertainty of the Iranian Revolution in the country , the event
3180-427: Was an able administrator. He was not only effective in keeping control of Awadh , but also managed to render valuable assistance to the weakened Emperor Muhammad Shah . He was soon given governorship of Kashmir as well, and became a central figure at the Delhi court. During the later years of Muhammad Shah, he gained complete control of administration over the whole Mughal Empire . When Ahmad Shah Bahadur ascended
3240-399: Was better and more healthier (according to him, cholera and other such diseases and disasters could not be found in Nishapur) than many neighboring regions such as Sistan (due to its winds), Indus valley (or سند in Persian) and Hindustan (due to their severe hotness), Khwarazm and Turkestan (due to their coldness) and Merv (due to presence of many insects). Nishapur generally has
3300-403: Was cancelled. On February 18, 2004, in the Nishapur train disaster , a train carrying flammable goods derailed and caught fire near the town. Five hours later, during fire fighting and rescue work, a massive explosion destroyed the train and many nearby buildings. Around 300 people were said to have been killed, mainly fire and rescue workers but also the local governor and mayor and the heads of
3360-404: Was later selected as the capital of Seljuk dynasty by Tughril in 1037. From the Abbasid era to the Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran , the city evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center within the Islamic world . Nishapur, along with Merv , Herat and Balkh , was one of the four great cities of Greater Khorasan and one of the greatest cities of
3420-456: Was originally Merv , but Nishapur became their capital from 828 to 845. Although nominally subject to the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad , the Tahirid rulers were effectively independent. The dynasty was founded by Tahir ibn Husayn , a leading general in the service of the Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun . Tahir's military victories were rewarded with the gift of lands in the east of Persia, which were subsequently extended by his successors as far as
3480-575: Was slaughtered by the Mongols in 1221 . This massacre, combined with subsequent earthquakes and other invasions, is believed to have destroyed the city several times. Unlike its near neighbor Merv , Nishapur managed to recover from these cataclysmic events, and survive until the present day as an active modern city and county in tourism , agriculture , health care , industrial production and commerce in Razavi Khorasan Province of Iran ; however, many of its older and historical archeological remains are left to be uncovered. The modern city of Nishapur
3540-501: Was the governor of Khurasan (‘ Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan ) who presented the large gift of Chinese imperial porcelains to Harun al-Rashid (see Abbasid Ceramics Section), demonstrating the strategic importance of the province on trade routes. The Tahirid dynasty was a dynasty of Persian dehqan origin that ruled from 820 to 872 in Khorasan , northeastern Greater Iran , a region now split between Iran , Afghanistan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan . The Tahirid capital
3600-417: Was under the wrath of Hasan Khan Salar. On March 21, 1849, Qajar forces entered Nishapur. The reconstruction of the Mausoleum of Omar Khayyam in Nishapur was commissioned by Reza Shah . Omar's previous tomb was separated from his tomb, and a white marble monument ( Current Mausoleum ), designed by the Iranian architect Hooshang Seyhoun , was erected over it. This mausoleum became one of the main symbols of
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