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46-472: Graphite is based on the TrueType font format, and adds three of its own tables. It allows for a variety of rendering rules, including ligatures , glyph substitution, glyph insertion, glyph rearrangement, anchoring diacritics , kerning , and justification . Graphite rules may be sensitive to the context. For instance, there might be a glyph substitution rule that replaces every non-final s by an ſ . In

92-470: A ttcf table that allows access to the fonts within the collection by pointing to individual headers for each included font. The fonts within a collection share the same glyph-outline table, though each font can refer to subsets within those outlines in its own manner, through its cmap , name and loca tables. Collection files bear a .ttc filename extension. In classic Mac OS and macOS, TTC has file type ttcf . The suitcase format for TrueType

138-515: A " smart font " technology, named TrueType Open in 1994, later renamed to OpenType in 1996 when it merged support of the Adobe Type 1 glyph outlines. Opentype now contains all of the same functionality of Apple TrueType and Apple TrueType GX. TrueType has long been the most common format for fonts on classic Mac OS , Mac OS X , and Microsoft Windows , although Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows also include native support for Adobe's Type 1 format and

184-457: A Graphite font, all smart rendering information resides within the font file. In order to display the Graphite smart rendering, an application needs only Graphite support, but no built-in knowledge about the writing system ’s rendering. This makes Graphite especially suited for minority writing systems that cannot rely on applications to provide built-in rendering information. In this regard, Graphite

230-679: A TrueType Extension and a TrueType-aware version of Font/DA Mover for System 6 . For compatibility with the Laserwriter II, Apple developed fonts like ITC Bookman and ITC Chancery in TrueType format. All of these fonts could now scale to all sizes on screen and printer, making the Macintosh System 7 the first OS to work without any bitmap fonts. The early TrueType systems — being still part of Apple's QuickDraw graphics subsystem — did not render Type 1 fonts on-screen as they do today. At

276-435: A high degree of control over precisely how their fonts are displayed, right down to particular pixels , at various font sizes. With widely varying rendering technologies in use today, pixel-level control is no longer certain in a TrueType font. TrueType was known during its development stage, first by the codename "Bass" and later on by the codename "Royal". The system was developed and eventually released as TrueType with

322-402: A regular TrueType font or an OpenType font with TrueType outlines. Windows end user defined character editor (EUDCEDIT.EXE) creates TrueType font with name EUDC.TTE. An OpenType font with PostScript outlines must have an .otf extension. In principle an OpenType font with TrueType outlines may have an .otf extension, but this has rarely been done in practice. In classic Mac OS and macOS, OpenType

368-443: A unique user interface intended to look and act like a tape recorder . MacroMaker was criticized for its lack of features when compared to Microsoft 's AutoMac III, which was already available commercially. As MacroMaker records only the locations of mouse-clicks inside windows and not what is being clicked on or exactly when, it can not be used to automate actions in more sophisticated programs. The pre-recorded clicks miss buttons if

414-482: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . TrueType TrueType is an outline font standard developed by Apple in the late 1980s as a competitor to Adobe 's Type 1 fonts used in PostScript . It has become the most common format for fonts on the classic Mac OS , macOS , and Microsoft Windows operating systems. The primary strength of TrueType was originally that it offered font developers

460-585: Is another limitation of file management on System 6, and custom file and folder icons are not supported. These issues were all remedied in System 7. System 6 uses the Control Panel desk accessory to access all the installed control panels, which imposes severe user-interface limitations. In System 7, Control Panels are contained in separately openable panels, and are held in a central folder for better organization. Desk Accessories cannot be installed or removed within

506-412: Is not possible to convert Type 1 losslessly to the TrueType format, although in practice it is often possible to do a lossless conversion from TrueType to Type 1. TrueType systems include a virtual machine that executes programs inside the font, processing the " hints " of the glyphs , in TrueType called “instructions”. These distort the control points which define the outline, with the intention that

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552-655: Is one of several formats referred to as data-fork fonts, as they lack the classic Mac resource fork. TrueType Collection (TTC) is an extension of TrueType format that allows combining multiple fonts into a single file, creating substantial space savings for a collection of fonts with many glyphs in common. They were first available in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean versions of Windows, and supported for all regions in Windows 2000 and later. Classic Mac OS included support of TTC starting with Mac OS 8 .5. A TrueType Collection file begins with

598-512: Is similar to AAT and different from OpenType which requires applications to provide built-in rendering information. Graphite was originally implemented on Windows . It has been ported to Linux . It is also available on Mac OS X Snow Leopard although with AAT, macOS already provides a technology suitable for minority scripts. Applications that support Graphite include the SIL WorldPad, XeTeX , OpenOffice.org (since version 3.2, except for

644-399: Is used on classic Mac OS and macOS. It adds additional Apple-specific information. Like TTC, it can handle multiple fonts within a single file. But unlike TTC, those fonts need not be within the same family. Suitcases come in resource-fork and data-fork formats. The resource-fork version was the original suitcase format. Data-fork-only suitcases, which place the resource fork contents into

690-512: The OpenType extension to TrueType (since Mac OS X 10.0 and Windows 2000 ). While some fonts provided with the new operating systems are now in the OpenType format, most free or inexpensive third-party fonts use plain TrueType. Increasing resolutions and new approaches to screen rendering have reduced the requirement of extensive TrueType hinting. Apple's rendering approach on macOS ignores almost all

736-662: The menu bar simply shows the open application and is not a menu. System 6 supports 24  bits of addressable RAM (random-access memory), which allows for a maximum of 8  megabytes of RAM, with no provision for virtual memory . These limitations were removed in System 7. System 6's version of the HFS file system also has a volume size limit; it supports up to 2  gigabytes (GB) and 65,536 files on any one volume. System 7.5 increased this limit to 4 GB, and 7.5.2 increased it further to 2 TB on certain machines, specifically PCI-based Macintosh models. The Trash (known as

782-700: The "Wastebasket" in the British-English version) empties when the Finder terminates. Icons on the Desktop in System 6 are not organized into a single folder, as in later operating systems. Instead, the system records if a file is on the Desktop. This is inefficient and confusing, as the user cannot browse to the Desktop in applications besides the Finder, even within the standard Open and Save As dialog boxes. Furthermore, these dialogs are primitive, and were mostly unchanged since 1984. The lack of aliases , shortcuts to files,

828-532: The Color Manager, Script Manager, and Sound Manager extension files. Apple announced that 66 bugs were fixed with version 6.0.1 update, in September 1988. However, a major bug involving the text-spacing of screen fonts was found, and was fixed in version 6.0.2, which Crabb described as "a huge improvement" over 6.0. Some customers waited longer until moving to System 6 because of its poor reputation. System 6

874-492: The Finder; this requires the Font/DA Mover utility. System 7 also fixed this. The interface is not very customizable. The Finder allows each icon to be assigned a color, but the desktop background is limited to an 8x8-pixel color tiled pattern (color patterns were introduced in System 5), and standard window frames are black-and-white. However, many " INIT " extension files exist to add color and customization. System 7 allows

920-491: The TrueType hinting virtual machine were patented by Apple, a fact not mentioned in the TrueType standards. (Patent holders who contribute to standards published by a major standards body such as ISO are required to disclose the scope of their patents, but TrueType was not such a standard.) FreeType 2 included an optional automatic hinter to avoid the patented technology, but these patents have now expired so FreeType 2.4 now enables these features by default. The outlines of

966-521: The Type 1 format was open for anyone to use. Meanwhile, in exchange for TrueType, Apple got a license for TrueImage , a PostScript -compatible page-description language owned by Microsoft that Apple could use in laser printing . This was never actually included in any Apple products when a later deal was struck between Apple and Adobe, where Adobe promised to put a TrueType interpreter in their PostScript printer boards. Apple renewed its agreements with Adobe for

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1012-489: The backing store of characters necessary for spell checkers and text searching. However, the lack of user-friendly tools for making TrueType GX fonts meant there were no more than a handful of GX fonts. Much of the technology in TrueType GX, including variations and substitution, lives on as AAT ( Apple Advanced Typography ) in macOS . Few font-developers outside Apple attempt to make AAT fonts; instead, OpenType has become

1058-509: The buttons had moved since the recording, or if they failed to appear upon playback. It records the start and end locations of mouse movements, but does not track the precise path of a movement or support pauses. MacroMaker is not compatible with System 7 , in which it is succeeded by AppleScript . Macintosh gained cooperative multitasking in March 1985 with Andy Hertzfeld 's Switcher, which can switch between multiple full-screen applications. It

1104-419: The characters (or glyphs ) in TrueType fonts are made of straight line segments and quadratic Bézier curves . These curves are mathematically simpler and faster to process than cubic Bézier curves, which are used both in the PostScript -centered world of graphic design and in Type 1 fonts. However, most shapes require more points to describe with quadratic curves than cubics. This difference also means that it

1150-424: The core fonts being bundled with PostScript equipment at the time. This included the fonts that are standard with Windows to this day: Times New Roman (compatible with Times Roman), Arial (compatible with Helvetica) and Courier New (compatible with Courier). In this context, "compatible" means two things. On an aesthetic level, it means that the fonts are similar in appearance. On a functional level, it means that

1196-453: The data fork, were first supported in macOS. A suitcase packed into the data-fork-only format has the extension dfont . In the PostScript language, TrueType outlines are handled with a PostScript wrapper as Type 42 for name-keyed or Type 11 for CID-keyed fonts. System 6 System 6 (or System Software 6 ) is the sixth major release of the classic Mac OS operating system for Macintosh computers, made by Apple Computer . It

1242-578: The desktop and other applications' windows in the background. System 6 includes support for the Apple ImageWriter LQ and PostScript laser printers . New software drivers allow the ImageWriter LQ to be used on AppleTalk local area networks and supports the use of tabloid or B-size paper (11 in × 17 in or 280 mm × 430 mm). System 6 includes QuickerGraf (originally QuickerDraw), system software used to accelerate

1288-548: The dominant sfnt format, and all of the font variation technology is the de facto standard today in OpenType Variations. To ensure its wide adoption, Apple licensed TrueType to Microsoft for free. Microsoft added TrueType into the Windows 3.1 operating environment. In partnership with their contractors, Monotype Imaging , Microsoft put a lot of effort into creating a set of high quality TrueType fonts that were compatible with

1334-520: The drawing of color images on the Macintosh II . It was licensed to Apple and Radius Inc. by its programmer, Andy Hertzfeld. In comparison to the NeXTSTEP operating system of the time, System 6 does not make much use of sound, and its user interface is limited in file management and window displays. System 6's Apple menu cannot be used to launch applications. The icon in the upper right-hand corner of

1380-462: The edges of fonts at the expense of a slight blurring, and more recently subpixel rendering (the Microsoft implementation goes by the name ClearType ), which exploits the pixel structure of LCD based displays to increase the apparent resolution of text. Microsoft has heavily marketed ClearType, and sub-pixel rendering techniques for text are now widely used on all platforms. Microsoft also developed

1426-438: The font developer to make major changes (e.g., the point at which the entire font's main stems jump from 1 to 2 pixels wide) most of the way through development. Creating a very well-instructed TrueType font remains a significant amount of work, despite the increased user-friendliness of programs for adding instructions to fonts. Many TrueType fonts therefore have only rudimentary instructions, or have them automatically applied by

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1472-447: The font editor, with results of various quality. The TrueType format allows for the most basic type of digital rights management  – an embeddable flag field that specifies whether the author allows embedding of the font file into things like PDF files and websites. Anyone with access to the font file can directly modify this field, and simple tools exist to facilitate modifying it (obviously, modifying this field does not modify

1518-400: The font license and does not give extra legal rights). These tools have been the subject of controversy over potential copyright issues. Apple has implemented a proprietary extension to allow color .ttf files for its emoji font Apple Color Emoji . A basic font is composed of multiple tables specified in its header. A table name can have up to 4 letters. A .ttf extension indicates

1564-448: The font), and encapsulation of code into functions. Special instructions called delta instructions are the lowest level control, moving a control point at just one pixel size. The hallmark of effective TrueType glyph programming techniques is that it does as much as possible using variables defined just once in the whole font (e.g., stem widths, cap height , x-height ). This means avoiding delta instructions as much as possible. This helps

1610-476: The fonts have the same character widths. This allows documents which have been typeset in one font to be changed to the other, without reflow . Microsoft and Monotype technicians used TrueType's hinting technology to ensure that these fonts did not suffer from the problem of illegibility at low resolutions, which had previously forced the use of bitmapped fonts for screen display. Subsequent advances in technology have introduced first anti-aliasing, which smooths

1656-496: The hints in a TrueType font, while Microsoft's ClearType ignores many hints, and according to Microsoft, works best with "lightly hinted" fonts. The FreeType project of David Turner has created an independent implementation of the TrueType standard (as well as other font standards in FreeType 2). FreeType is included in many Linux distributions. Until May 2010, there were potential patent infringements in FreeType 1 because parts of

1702-598: The launch of TrueType GX in 1994, with additional tables in the sfnt which formed part of QuickDraw GX . This offered powerful extensions in two main areas. First was font axes (today known as variations), for example allowing fonts to be smoothly adjusted from light to bold or from narrow to extended — competition for Adobe's " multiple master " technology. Second was Line Layout Manager, where particular sequences of characters can be coded to flip to different designs in certain circumstances, useful for example to offer ligatures for "fi", "ffi", "ct", etc. while maintaining

1748-612: The launch of Mac System 7 in May 1991. The initial TrueType outline fonts, four-weight families of Times Roman , Helvetica , Courier , and the pi font "Symbol" replicated the original PostScript fonts of the Apple LaserWriter. Apple also replaced some of their bitmap fonts used by the graphical user-interface of previous Macintosh System versions (including Geneva, Monaco and New York) with scalable TrueType outline-fonts. For compatibility with older systems, Apple shipped these fonts,

1794-504: The macOS version), LibreOffice (formerly except for the macOS version, since version 5.3, Graphite is available on all platforms). It was built into Thunderbird 11 and Firefox 11, and was turned on by default since version 22, but was disabled in Firefox version 45.0.1 and re-enabled in version 49.0. This digital typography article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This free and open-source software article

1840-405: The operating system, it became a de facto standard for anyone involved in desktop publishing . Anti-aliased rendering, combined with Adobe applications' ability to zoom in to read small type, and further combined with the now open PostScript Type 1 font format, provided the impetus for an explosion in font design and in desktop publishing of newspapers and magazines. Apple extended TrueType with

1886-631: The rasterizer produce fewer undesirable features on the glyph. Each glyph's instruction set takes account of the size (in pixels) at which the glyph is to be displayed, as well as other less important factors of the display environment. Although incapable of receiving input and producing output as normally understood in programming, the TrueType instruction language does offer the other prerequisites of programming languages: conditional branching (IF statements), looping an arbitrary number of times (FOR- and WHILE-type statements), variables (although these are simply numbered slots in an area of memory reserved by

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1932-537: The time, many users had already invested considerable money in Adobe's still proprietary Type 1 fonts. As part of Apple's tactic of opening the font format versus Adobe's desire to keep it closed to all but Adobe licensees, Apple licensed TrueType to Microsoft . When TrueType and the license to Microsoft was announced, John Warnock , co-founder and then CEO of Adobe, gave an impassioned speech in which he claimed Apple and Microsoft were selling snake oil , and then announced that

1978-504: The use of PostScript in its printers, resulting in lower royalty payments to Adobe, who was beginning to license printer controllers capable of competing directly with Apple's LaserWriter printers. Part of Adobe 's response to learning that TrueType was being developed was to create the Adobe Type Manager software to scale Type 1 fonts for anti-aliased output on-screen. Although ATM initially cost money, rather than coming free with

2024-566: The user to change the color of window frames and various other aspects of the user interface. By 1989, the System 6 user interface was in need of a change. Initial releases of System 6 are unstable; Don Crabb of BYTE described 6.0 as "buggy and unreliable". Many third-party developers did not receive advance copies, resulting in widespread compatibility issues. The contemporary versions of many common programs such as Microsoft Excel , Microsoft Works and 4th Dimension were not fully compatible with System 6. There were also software bugs in

2070-430: Was not integrated, and was only sold separately by Apple. Not many programs and features function correctly with Switcher, and it does not share the screen between applications simultaneously. Systems 5 and 6 have MultiFinder instead, which is much more mature and widely used in System 6. With MultiFinder, the Finder does not quit to free resources, and the system behaves as in the still-familiar multitasking fashion, with

2116-413: Was released in 1988. It is a monolithic operating system, with cooperative multitasking based on an improved MultiFinder . The boxed version cost US$ 49 (equivalent to about $ 130 in 2023), and it was included with all new Macintosh computers until 1991, when it was succeeded by System 7 . The MacroMaker utility was introduced in System 6. It records mouse and keyboard input as macros , and has

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