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109-465: The specification germinated at Microsoft, with Adobe Systems also contributing by the time of the public announcement in 1996. Because of wide availability and typographic flexibility, including provisions for handling the diverse behaviors of all the world's writing systems , OpenType fonts are used commonly on major computer platforms. OpenType's origins date to Microsoft's attempt to license Apple 's advanced typography technology GX Typography in

218-527: A {\displaystyle C_{a}} and C b {\displaystyle C_{b}} stand for the color components of the pixels in the result of the "over", image A, and image B respectively, applied to each color channel (red/green/blue) individually, whereas α o {\displaystyle \alpha _{o}} , α a {\displaystyle \alpha _{a}} and α b {\displaystyle \alpha _{b}} are

327-436: A compositing algebra . For example, given two images A and B , the most common compositing operation is to combine the images so that A appears in the foreground and B appears in the background. This can be expressed as A over B . In addition to over , Porter and Duff defined the compositing operators in , held out by (the phrase refers to holdout matting and is usually abbreviated out ), atop , and xor (and

436-471: A "straight alpha" API surface, but converts them into premultiplied alpha for performance. One disadvantage of premultiplied alpha is that it can reduce the available relative precision in the RGB values when using integer or fixed-point representation for the color components. This may cause a noticeable loss of quality if the color information is later brightened or if the alpha channel is removed. In practice, this

545-729: A $ 1 billion termination fee per their merger agreement. On June 17, 2024, the US Federal Trade Commission together with the US Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against Adobe for its subscription business model practice, citing hidden termination fees and the company pushing customers towards more expensive plans. In June 2024, after facing backlash for its changes to the terms of service , Adobe updated them to explicitly pledge it will not use customer data to train its AI models. Adobe's currently supported roster of software, online services and file formats comprises

654-659: A Mac OS X-only word processor from Redlers, claims parity in typographic features with InDesign, but also extends the support to right-to-left scripts; so does the Classical Text Editor , a specialized word processor developed at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. As of 2009, popular word processors for Microsoft Windows did not support advanced OpenType typography features . Advanced typography features are implemented only in high-end desktop publishing software. The text engine from Windows Presentation Foundation , which

763-452: A combination of red, green and blue ( RGB ). When alpha compositing is in use, each pixel has an additional numeric value stored in its alpha channel , with a value ranging from 0 to 1. A value of 0 means that the pixel is fully transparent and the color in the pixel beneath will show through. A value of 1 means that the pixel is fully opaque. With the existence of an alpha channel, it is possible to express compositing image operations using

872-534: A definitive agreement to acquire Frame.io, a leading cloud-based video collaboration platform. The transaction is valued at $ 1.275 billion and closed during the fourth quarter of Adobe's 2021 fiscal year. Adobe announced a $ 20 billion acquisition of Figma , an Adobe XD competitor, in September 2022, its largest to date. Regulatory scrutiny from the US and European Union began shortly after due to concerns that Adobe, already

981-539: A definitive agreement to acquire privately held Efficient Frontier. In December 2012, Adobe opened a new 280,000-square-foot (26,000 m ) corporate campus in Lehi, Utah . In 2013, Adobe endured a major security breach. Vast portions of the source code for the company's software were stolen and posted online and over 150 million records of Adobe's customers were made readily available for download. In 2012, about 40 million sets of payment card information were compromised by

1090-476: A glyph-count limit of 65,535 glyphs, and a Collection file provides a "gap mode" mechanism for overcoming this limit in a single font file. (Each font within the collection still has the 65,535 limit, however.) A TrueType Collection file would typically have a file extension of ".ttc". However, the specification only described collection files being used in conjunction with glyphs that are represented as TrueType outlines or as bitmaps. The potential existed to provide

1199-406: A hack at Adobe. A class-action lawsuit alleging that the company suppressed employee compensation was filed against Adobe , and three other Silicon Valley –based companies in a California federal district court in 2013. In May 2014, it was revealed the four companies, Adobe, Apple , Google, and Intel had reached an agreement with the plaintiffs, 64,000 employees of the four companies, to pay

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1308-1067: A hardware accelerated native DirectX API for text rendering with support for multi-format text, resolution-independent outline fonts, ClearType , advanced OpenType typography features, full Unicode text, layout and language support and low-level glyph rendering APIs. On Mac OS X, AAT -supporting applications running on Mac OS X 10.4 and later, including TextEdit and Keynote, get considerable OpenType support. Apple's support for OpenType in Mac OS X 10.4 included most advanced typographic features necessary for Latin script languages, such as small caps , old-style figures , and various sorts of ligatures, but it did not yet support contextual alternates, positional forms, nor glyph reordering as handled by Microsoft's Uniscribe library on Windows. Thus, Mac OS X 10.4 did not offer support for Arabic or Indic scripts via OpenType (though such scripts are fully supported by existing AAT fonts). Mac OS X 10.5 has improved support for OpenType and supports Arabic OpenType fonts. Gradually,

1417-428: A major player in the design software market with XD, would have too much control if it also owned Figma. At the time of the announcement to acquire Figma, Adobe's share over the creative software market and design-software market was almost a monopoly. In December 2023, the two companies called off their merger, citing the regulatory challenges as a sign to both that the deal was not likely to be approved. Adobe paid Figma

1526-442: A negative perception about subscription creative software than a positive view. The original pricing plan for Creative Cloud was $ 75 per month for the entire suite of software, though Adobe discounted the monthly cost to $ 50 for users willing to commit to at least one year of continuous subscription for Creative Cloud, and down to $ 30 per month for former CS users with the one year commitment. By 2013, Adobe decided that CS6 would be

1635-442: A physical reflectance / transmittance model in 1981. A 1984 paper by Thomas Porter and Tom Duff introduced premultiplied alpha using a geometrical approach. The use of the term alpha is explained by Smith as follows: "We called it that because of the classic linear interpolation formula α A + ( 1 − α ) B {\displaystyle \alpha A+(1-\alpha )B} that uses

1744-435: A proprietary format called Type 1 , worked on by Bill Paxton after he left Stanford. Apple subsequently developed a competing standard, TrueType , which provided full scalability and precise control of the pixel pattern created by the font's outlines, and licensed it to Microsoft . Starting in the mid-1980s, Adobe entered the consumer software market, starting with Adobe Illustrator , a vector -based drawing program for

1853-477: A security flaw was later discovered in Photoshop CS5, Adobe sparked outrage by saying it would leave the flaw unpatched, so anyone who wanted to use the software securely would have to pay for an upgrade. Following a fierce backlash Adobe decided to provide the software patch. Adobe has been criticized for pushing unwanted software including third-party browser toolbars and free virus scanners, usually as part of

1962-1103: A separate version of InDesign is available that supports Middle Eastern scripts such as Arabic and Hebrew. Undocumented functionality in many Adobe Creative Suite 4 applications, including InDesign, Photoshop and Illustrator, enables Middle Eastern, Indic and other languages, but is not officially supported by Adobe, and requires third-party plug-ins to provide a user interface for the features. Advanced typographic support for Latin script languages first appeared in Adobe applications such as Adobe InDesign , Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator . QuarkXPress 6.5 and below were not Unicode compliant. Hence, text in these versions of QuarkXPress that contains anything other than WinANSI or MacRoman characters will not display correctly in an OpenType font (nor in other Unicode font formats, for that matter). However, in QuarkXPress 7, Quark offered support similar to Adobe's. Corel's CorelDRAW introduced support for OpenType typographic features in version X6. Mellel ,

2071-524: A size-efficient format. Also, whereas the 1990s was an era of aggressive competition in font technology, often referred to as "the font wars", OpenType Font Variations was developed in a collaborative manner involving several major vendors. Font Variations is integrated into OpenType 1.8 in a comprehensive manner, allowing most previously-existing capabilities to be used in combination with variations. In particular, variations are supported for both TrueType or CFF glyph outlines, for TrueType hinting, and also for

2180-530: A step in the creation of a font, OpenType font properties (other than the outline) can be defined using human-readable text saved in Adobe's OpenType Feature File format. OpenType Feature Files typically have a name ending in a .fea extension. These files can be compiled into the binary font container ( .ttf or .otf ) using Adobe Font Development Kit for OpenType (AFDKO), FontLab , FontForge , Glyphs , DTL OTMaster , RoboFont or FontTools . OpenType Layout tags are 4-byte character strings that identify

2289-557: A stock content marketplace founded in 2005 by Thibaud Elziere, Oleg Tscheltzoff, and Patrick Chassany which operated in 23 countries. It was run as a stand-alone website until 2019, but has since been integrated into Adobe Stock. A family of content, development, and customer relationship management products, with what Adobe calls the "next generation" of its Sensei artificial intelligence and machine learning framework, introduced in March 2019. Since 2000, Fortune has recognized Adobe as one of

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2398-482: A stylized "A" and was designed by graphic designer Marva Warnock, John Warnock's wife. Steve Jobs attempted to buy the company for $ 5 million in 1982, but Warnock and Geschke refused. Their investors urged them to work something out with Jobs, so they agreed to sell him shares worth 19 percent of the company. Jobs paid a five-times multiple of their company's valuation at the time, plus a five-year license fee for PostScript, in advance. The purchase and advance made Adobe

2507-852: A suite of software for digital marketing management. As of 2022, Adobe has more than 26,000 employees worldwide. Adobe also has major development operations in the United States in Newton , New York City , Arden Hills , Lehi , Seattle , Austin and San Francisco . It also has major development operations in Noida and Bangalore in India. The company has long been the dominant tech firm in design and creative software, despite attracting criticism for its policies and practices particularly around Adobe Creative Cloud's switch to subscription only pricing and its early termination fees for its most promoted Creative Cloud plan,

2616-481: A sum of $ 324.5 million to settle the suit. 2011 saw the company first introduce Adobe Creative Cloud , a $ 600/year subscription plan to its creative software as opposed to a one-time perpetual license payment which could often top $ 2000 for creative professionals. The initial launch of Creative Cloud alongside Creative Suite 5 users came at the same time that Adobe ran into controversy from users of Adobe's creative software, with users of Adobe software stating that

2725-538: A vector format for color glyphs with support for variations. OpenType 1.8 made use of tables originally defined by Apple for TrueType GX (the avar, cvar, fvar and gvar tables). It also introduced several new tables, including a new table for version 2 of the CFF format (CFF2), and other new tables or additions to existing tables to integrate variations into other parts of the font format (the HVAR, MVAR, STAT and VVAR tables; additions to

2834-544: A wide range of programs from web design tools, photo manipulation and vector creation, through to video/audio editing, mobile app development, print layout and animation software. It has historically specialized in software for the creation and publication of a wide range of content, including graphics, photography, illustration, animation, multimedia/video, motion pictures, and print. Its flagship products include Adobe Photoshop image editing software; Adobe Illustrator vector-based illustration software; Adobe Acrobat Reader and

2943-794: Is a managed code implementation of OpenType, is the first Microsoft Windows API to expose OpenType features to software developers, supporting both OpenType TrueType, and OpenType CFF ( Compact Font Format ) fonts. It supports advanced typographic features such as ligatures , old-style numerals , swash variants, fractions , superscript and subscript , small capitalization , glyph substitution , multiple baselines , contextual and stylistic alternate character forms, kerning, line-level justification , ruby characters etc. WPF applications automatically gain support for advanced typography features. OpenType ligatures are accessible in Microsoft Office Word 2010 . Windows 7 introduced DirectWrite ,

3052-420: Is also used in 2D computer graphics to put rasterized foreground elements over a background. In order to combine the picture elements of the images correctly, it is necessary to keep an associated matte for each element in addition to its color. This matte layer contains the coverage information—the shape of the geometry being drawn—making it possible to distinguish between parts of the image where something

3161-501: Is an essential aspect of the emoji experience, this led to a need to create mechanisms for displaying multicolor glyphs. Apple, Google and Microsoft independently developed different color-font solutions for use in OS X , iOS , Android and Windows . These proposals were all incorporated into the third edition of OFF (ISO/IEC 14496-22:2015). Microsoft added CBDT , CBLC , COLR , CPAL , and SVG tables to OpenType version 1.7, and

3270-617: Is available in this case. The most popular image formats that support the alpha channel are PNG and TIFF . GIF supports alpha channels, but is considered to be inefficient when it comes to file size. Support for alpha channels is present in some video codecs, such as Animation and Apple ProRes 4444 of the QuickTime format, or in the Techsmith multi-format codec. The file format BMP generally does not support this channel; however, in different formats such as 32-bit (888–8) or 16-bit (444–4) it

3379-507: Is four characters long, ending in a space character.) CFF outline data is based on the PostScript language Type 2 font format. However, the OpenType specification (pre-1.8) does not support the use of PostScript outlines in a TrueType Collection font file. After version 1.8, both formats are supported in the renamed "OpenType Collection". For many purposes, such as layout, it does not matter what

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3488-526: Is given list of typographic features . Baseline tags have a specific meaning when used in the horizontal writing direction (used in the 'BASE' table's HorizAxis table), vertical writing direction (used in the 'BASE' table's VertAxis table), or both. A set of tables that mirrors TeX math font metrics relatively closely was added by Microsoft initially to Cambria Math for supporting their new math editing and rendering engine in Office 2007 and later. This extension

3597-619: Is not usually noticeable because during typical composition operations, such as OVER, the influence of the low-precision color information in low-alpha areas on the final output image (after composition) is correspondingly reduced. This loss of precision also makes premultiplied images easier to compress using certain compression schemes, as they do not record the color variations hidden inside transparent regions, and can allocate fewer bits to encode low-alpha areas. The same “limitations” of lower quantisation bit depths such as 8 bit per channel are also present in imagery without alpha, and this argument

3706-445: Is possible to save the alpha channel, although not all systems or programs are able to read it: it is exploited mainly in some video games or particular applications; specific programs have also been created for the creation of these BMPs. The RGB values of typical digital images do not directly correspond to the physical light intensities, but are rather compressed by a gamma correction function: This transformation better utilizes

3815-979: Is present in most applications for Microsoft Windows (including Microsoft Office Publisher , most Adobe applications, and Microsoft Office 2003, though not Word 2002), CorelDRAW X3 and newer, and many Mac OS X applications, including Apple's own such as TextEdit , Pages and Keynote . It is also widely supported in free operating systems, such as Linux (e.g. in multiplatform applications like AbiWord , Gnumeric , Calligra Suite , Scribus , OpenOffice.org 3.2 and later versions, etc.). OpenType support for complex written scripts has so far mainly appeared in Microsoft applications in Microsoft Office , such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Publisher . Adobe InDesign provides extensive OpenType capability in Japanese but does not directly support Middle Eastern or Indic scripts —though

3924-427: Is problematic as a result. Assuming that the pixel color is expressed using straight (non-premultiplied) RGBA tuples , a pixel value of (0, 0.7, 0, 0.5) implies a pixel that has 70% of the maximum green intensity and 50% opacity. If the color were fully green, its RGBA would be (0, 1, 0, 0.5). However, if this pixel uses premultiplied alpha, all of the RGB values (0, 0.7, 0) are multiplied, or scaled for occlusion, by

4033-538: Is provided by the FreeType project, included in free implementations of the X Window System such as X.org . Complex text handling is provided either by pango (calling HarfBuzz ) or Qt . The XeTeX and LuaTeX systems allow TeX documents to use OpenType fonts, along with most of their typographic features. Linux version of LibreOffice 4.1 and newer supports many OpenType typography features, because it began to use more sophisticated HarfBuzz text shaping library. As

4142-552: Is supported in the Chromium browser engine as of version 98. Since at least version 1.4, the OpenType specification had supported "TrueType Collections", a feature of the format that allows multiple fonts to be stored in a single file. Such a format is useful for distributing an entire typeface (font family) in just one file. By combining related fonts into a single file, font tables that are identical can be shared, thereby allowing for more efficient storage. Also, individual fonts have

4251-713: Is that a single font includes data to describe multiple variations of a glyph outline (sometimes referred to as "masters"), and that at text-display time, the font rasterizer is able to interpolate or "blend" these variations to derive a continuous range of additional outline variations. The concept of fully parametric fonts had been explored in a more general way by Donald E. Knuth in the METAFONT system, introduced in 1978. That system and its successors were never widely adopted by professional type designers or commercial software systems. TrueType GX and Multiple Master formats, OpenType Font Variations' direct predecessors, were introduced in

4360-413: Is that it allows for correct blending, interpolation , and filtering . Ordinary interpolation without premultiplied alpha leads to RGB information leaking out of fully transparent (A=0) regions, even though this RGB information is ideally invisible. When interpolating or filtering images with abrupt borders between transparent and opaque regions, this can result in borders of colors that were not visible in

4469-424: Is the process of combining one image with a background to create the appearance of partial or full transparency . It is often useful to render picture elements (pixels) in separate passes or layers and then combine the resulting 2D images into a single, final image called the composite . Compositing is used extensively in film when combining computer-rendered image elements with live footage . Alpha blending

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4578-456: Is used by default for "dark on light" color situations while second palette is intended for use in "light on dark" situations. Additional palettes should be selectable by the user." Adobe Inc. Adobe Inc. ( / ə ˈ d oʊ b i / ə-DOH-bee ), formerly Adobe Systems Incorporated , is an American computer software company based in San Jose, California . It offers

4687-555: The COLR table all of the graphic capabilities of the SVG table except stroking. They also add compositing and blending modes, support for which is considered optional for the SVG table (as these are implemented in SVG as filter effects). In addition, the enhancements to the COLR table are integrated with OpenType Font Variations, which is not possible with the SVG table. The enhanced COLR table

4796-615: The sbix table in OpenType version 1.8. Microsoft implemented support for all of the different color formats in Windows 10 version 1607 ("Anniversary Update"). OpenType 1.9 introduced a second version of the COLR table that adds additional graphics capabilities. Google originally proposed the enhanced version and jointly developed it with Microsoft. The enhanced graphic capabilities include support for three types of gradients, affine transformations , compositing and blending modes , and custom re-usable components. These enhancements give

4905-694: The Adobe Experience Cloud , a software suite which increased business. These included e-commerce services provider Magento Commerce from private equity firm Permira for $ 1.68 billion in June 2018, Marketo for $ 4.75 billion in 2018, Allegorithmic in 2019 for just under $ 160 million, and Workfront in December 2020 for $ 1.5 billion. 2021 additionally saw Adobe add payment services to its e-commerce platforms in an attempt to compete with Shopify , accepting both credit cards and PayPal . In July 2020, as

5014-526: The Apple Macintosh . Illustrator, which grew out of the firm's in-house font-development software, helped popularize PostScript-enabled laser printers. By the mid-1990s, Adobe would either develop or acquire Photoshop from John and Thomas Knoll , FrameMaker from Frame Technology Corporation, and After Effects and PageMaker from Aldus , as well as develop Adobe Premiere , later known as Premiere Pro, in-house, initially releasing it in 1991. Around

5123-691: The Electronic Frontier Foundation with regard to its handling of government data requests in 2017. In 2022, Adobe was listed as one of the Best Places to Work for Disability Inclusion by the Disability Equality Index (DEI). Adobe has been criticized for its pricing practices, with retail prices being up to twice as much in non-US countries. After Adobe revealed the pricing for the Creative Suite 3 Master Collection, which

5232-549: The Firefox web browser also supports some OpenType math features in its MathML implementation. As of 2024, the set of fonts that supported OpenType math includes: Asana-Math , Cambria Math, DejaVu Math TeX Gyre , Garamond Math , Latin Modern Math , Libertinus Math , Neo Euler , STIX Math , XITS Math , Fira Math , GFS Neohellenic Math , and four TeX Gyre fonts Bonum Math, Pagella Math, Schola Math, Termes Math. More recently

5341-463: The Flash update process, and for pushing a third-party scareware program designed to scare users into paying for unneeded system repairs. On October 3, 2013, the company initially revealed that 2.9 million customers' sensitive and personal data was stolen in a security breach which included encrypted credit card information. Adobe later admitted that 38 million active users have been affected and

5450-475: The Indic languages , and advanced typographic support for Latin script languages such as English . Windows 3.1 and all subsequent versions of Windows support OpenType TT fonts (.ttf). Windows 2000 and later support OpenType PS fonts (.otf). Adobe Type Manager could add basic Roman support of OpenType PS fonts in Windows 95 , 98 , or Me . Extended language support via Unicode for both OpenType and TrueType

5559-563: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) within the MPEG group, which had previously (in 2003) adopted OpenType 1.4 by reference for MPEG-4 . Adoption of the new standard reached formal approval in March 2007 as ISO Standard ISO/IEC 14496-22 (MPEG-4 Part 22) called Open Font Format (OFF, not to be confused with Web Open Font Format ), sometimes referred to as "Open Font Format Specification" (OFFS). The initial standard

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5668-639: The Latin Modern and TeX Gyre fonts (an " LM-ization " of the standard PostScript fonts) have also gained support for OpenType math. As of 2014 the number of OpenType math fonts is still fairly limited. A more up-to-date list is maintained on Mozilla 's web site . Emergence of Unicode emoji created a need for TrueType and OpenType formats to support color glyphs. Apple added a color extension in Mac OS X Lion (and also to iOS 4+). Fonts were extended with colored PNG Tooltip Portable Network Graphics images within

5777-461: The Noto fonts CJK OTC is ~10 MB smaller than the sum of the four separate OTFs of which it is composed. The use of a Collection also allowed for combining a very large number of glyphs into a single file, as would be needed for a pan-CJK font. Explicit support for Collections with CFF-format glyphs was incorporated into the OpenType specification in version 1.8. To reflect this more-inclusive applicability,

5886-468: The Portable Document Format (PDF); and a host of tools primarily for audio-visual content creation, editing and publishing. Adobe offered a bundled solution of its products named Adobe Creative Suite , which evolved into a subscription software as a service (SaaS) offering named Adobe Creative Cloud . The company also expanded into digital marketing software and in 2021 was considered one of

5995-509: The RichEdit 8.0 component. Besides Microsoft products, XeTeX and LuaTeX also have some level of support for these tables; support is more limited in XeTeX because it uses the traditional TeX math rendering engine (thus it cannot fully use some of the new features in OpenType math that extend TeX), while LuaTeX takes a more flexible approach by changing some of the internals of TeX's math rendering; in

6104-482: The "alpha channel". Dithering can be used to simulate partial occlusion where only 1-bit alpha is available. For some applications, a single alpha channel is not sufficient: a stained-glass window , for instance, requires a separate transparency channel for each RGB channel to model the red, green and blue transparency separately. More alpha channels can be added for accurate spectral color filtration applications. Some order-independent transparency methods replace

6213-455: The 100 Best Companies to Work For. In 2021, Adobe was ranked 16th. Glassdoor recognized Adobe as a Best Place to Work. In October 2021, Fast Company included Adobe on their Brands That Matter list. In October 2008, Adobe Systems Canada Inc. was named one of " Canada's Top 100 Employers " by Mediacorp Canada Inc. and was featured in Maclean's newsmagazine. Adobe received a five-star rating from

6322-493: The 1990s, but were not widely adopted, either. Adobe later abandoned support for the Multiple Master format. This has led to questions as to whether a re-introduction of similar technology could succeed. By 2016, however, the industry landscape had changed in several respects. In particular, emergence of Web fonts and of mobile devices had created interest in responsive design and in seeking ways to deliver more type variants in

6431-650: The Adobe-Japan1 collection were registered in the Unicode Ideographic Database, leading to a real need for an OpenType solution. This resulted in development of the cmap subtable Format 14, which was introduced in OpenType version 1.5. Unicode version 6.0 introduced emoji encoded as characters into Unicode in October 2010. Several companies quickly acted to add support for Unicode emoji in their products. Since Unicode emoji are handled as text, and since color

6540-475: The BASE, GDEF and name tables). OpenType uses the general sfnt structure of a TrueType font, but it adds several smartfont options that enhance the font's typographic and language support capabilities. The glyph outline data in an OpenType font may be in one of two formats: either TrueType format outlines in a 'glyf' table, or Compact Font Format (CFF) outlines in a 'CFF ' table. (The table name 'CFF '

6649-494: The COLR table allows layered glyphs and the CPAL ("Color Palette") actually defines the colors for the layers. The multi-layer approach allows a backwards compatible implementation as well as varying the rendering depending on the color context surrounding the glyphs. According to Adam Twardoch : "At TypeCon [2013], Greg Hitchcock clarified the envisioned roles of the palettes: first palette

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6758-480: The Greek letter α {\displaystyle \alpha } (alpha) to control the amount of interpolation between, in this case, two images A and B". That is, when compositing image A atop image B, the value of α {\displaystyle \alpha } in the formula is taken directly from A's alpha channel. In a 2D image a color combination is stored for each picture element (pixel), often

6867-540: The OpenType Layout mechanisms. The only parts of OpenType for which variations are not supported but might potentially be useful are the 'SVG ' table for color glyphs, and the MATH table for layout of mathematical formulas. The 'SVG ' table uses embedded XML documents, and no enhancement for variation of graphic elements within the SVG documents has been proposed. However, enhancement to the COLR table in OpenType 1.9 has provided

6976-800: The OpenType typography support has improved on newer Mac OS X versions (e.g., Mac OS X 10.10 can handle much better long contextual glyph substitutions). Bitstream Panorama , a line layout and text composition engine from Bitstream Inc. , provides complete OpenType support for compact and standard Asian fonts, Arabic, Hebrew, Indic, Thai and over 50 other worldwide languages. The application supports key OpenType tables required for line layout, such as BASE, glyph definition (GDEF), glyph positioning (GPOS), and glyph substitution (GSUB). Panorama also offers complete support for advanced typography features, such as ligatures, swashes, small caps, ornaments, ordinals, superiors, old style, kerning, fractions, etc. In free software environments such as Linux , OpenType rendering

7085-513: The PDF as a proprietary file format from its introduction until 2008, when the PDF became an ISO international standard under ISO number ISO 32000-1:2008 , though the PDF file format was free for viewers since its introduction. With its acquisition of Aldus, in addition to gaining PageMaker and After Effects, Adobe gained control over the TIFF file format for images. The 2000s saw various developments for

7194-413: The United States presidential elections approached, the software giant imposed a ban on the political ads features on its digital advertising sales platform. On November 9, 2020, Adobe announced it would spend US$ 1.5 billion to acquire Workfront , a provider of marketing collaboration software. The acquisition was completed in early December 2020. On August 19, 2021, Adobe announced it had entered into

7303-478: The alpha value 0.5, which is appended to yield (0, 0.35, 0, 0.5). In this case, the 0.35 value for the G channel actually indicates 70% green emission intensity (with 50% occlusion). A pure green emission would be encoded as (0, 0.5, 0, 0.5). Knowing whether a file uses straight or premultiplied alpha is essential to correctly process or composite it, as a different calculation is required. Emission with no occlusion cannot be represented in straight alpha. No conversion

7412-579: The alpha values of the respective pixels. The over operator is, in effect, the normal painting operation (see Painter's algorithm ). The in and out operators are the alpha compositing equivalent of clipping . The two use only the alpha channel of the second image and ignore the color components. In addition, plus defines additive blending. If an alpha channel is used in an image, there are two common representations that are available: straight (unassociated) alpha and premultiplied (associated) alpha. The most significant advantage of premultiplied alpha

7521-420: The attackers obtained access to their IDs and encrypted passwords, as well as to many inactive Adobe accounts. The company did not make it clear if all the personal information was encrypted, such as email addresses and physical addresses, though data privacy laws in 44 states require this information to be encrypted. Alpha compositing In computer graphics , alpha compositing or alpha blending

7630-462: The background (only whole image pixels or whole background pixels allowed). A similar effect can be achieved with a 1-bit alpha channel, as found in the 16-bit RGBA high color mode of the Truevision TGA image file format and related TARGA and AT-Vista/NU-Vista display adapters' high color graphic mode. This mode devotes 5 bits for every primary RGB color ( 15-bit RGB ) plus a remaining bit as

7739-865: The company and Nvidia announced their association to upgrade their AI and profound learning innovations. They planned to streamline Adobe Sensei AI and machine learning structure for Nvidia GPUs . Adobe and Nvidia had cooperated for 10 years on GPU quickening. This incorporates Sensei-powered features, e.g. auto lip-sync in Adobe Character Animator CC and face-aware editing in Photoshop CC, and also cloud-based AI/ML items and features, for example, picture investigation for Adobe Stock and Lightroom CC and auto-labeling in Adobe Experience Supervisor. Adobe further spent its time from 2018 to 2023 acquiring more companies to boost both Creative Cloud and

7848-428: The company introduced the first version of Adobe Creative Suite , bundling its creative software into a single package. The first version of Creative Suite introduced InDesign (the successor to PageMaker), Illustrator, Photoshop, ImageReady and InCopy, with the 2005 second edition of Creative Suite including an updated version of Adobe Acrobat, Premiere Pro, GoLive, the file manager Adobe Bridge , and Adobe Dreamweaver ,

7957-413: The company. Its first notable acquisition in the decade was in 2002, when Adobe acquired Canadian company Accelio, also known as JetForm . In May 2003, Adobe purchased audio editing and multitrack recording software Cool Edit Pro from Syntrillium Software for $ 16.5 million, as well as a large loop library called "Loopology". Adobe then renamed Cool Edit Pro to Adobe Audition . It was in 2003 that

8066-444: The complex behavior of many of the world's writing systems. The two companies combined the underlying technologies of both formats and added new extensions intended to address their limitations. The name OpenType was chosen for the joint technology, which they announced later that year. Adobe and Microsoft continued to develop and refine OpenType over the next decade. Then, in late 2005, OpenType began migrating to an open standard under

8175-690: The development and sales of its older HTML /web development software, GoLive , in favor of Dreamweaver . Adobe offered a discount on Dreamweaver for GoLive users and supports those who still use GoLive with online tutorials and migration assistance. On June 1, Adobe launched Acrobat.com , a series of web applications geared for collaborative work. Creative Suite 4, which includes Design, Web, Production Premium, and Master Collection came out in October 2008 in six configurations at prices from about US$ 1,700 to $ 2,500 or by individual application. The Windows version of Photoshop includes 64-bit processing. On December 3, 2008, Adobe laid off 600 of its employees (8% of

8284-440: The early 1990s. Those negotiations failed, motivating Microsoft to forge ahead with its own technology, dubbed "TrueType Open" in 1994. Adobe joined Microsoft in those efforts in 1996, adding support for the glyph outline technology used in its Type 1 fonts. The joint effort intended to supersede both Apple's TrueType and Adobe's PostScript Type 1 font format , and to create a more expressive system that handles fine typography and

8393-523: The first company in the history of Silicon Valley to become profitable in its first year. Warnock and Geschke considered various business options including a copy-service business and a turnkey system for office printing. Then they chose to focus on developing specialized printing software and created the Adobe PostScript page description language. PostScript was the first international standard for computer printing as it included algorithms describing

8502-525: The following (as of October 2022 ): Remove Portable Document Format (PDF), PDF's predecessor PostScript , ActionScript , Shockwave Flash ( SWF ), Flash Video (FLV), and Filmstrip (.flm) Adobe Color, Photoshop Express , Acrobat.com , Behance and Adobe Express. Adobe Media Encoder A microstock agency that presently provides over 57 million high-resolution, royalty-free images and videos available to license (via subscription or credit purchase methods). In 2015, Adobe acquired Fotolia ,

8611-582: The language systems supported in an OpenType font. Examples include ARA for Arabic , ESP for Spanish , HYE for Armenian , etc. In general, the codes are not the same as ISO 639-2 codes. These tags can be used to select local variants of letters that share a single Unicode code point. For instance, the Serbian and Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet has some language-specific glyphs for certain letters, which are only preferred and are not strictly mandated. A list of OpenType features with expanded descriptions

8720-524: The last version of Creative Suite software that would be sold through perpetual licensing option, and in May announced that a Creative Cloud subscription would be the only way to get the newest versions of Photoshop, Illustrator, and other Adobe creative software. Reception to the mandatory subscriptions for future Adobe software was mostly negative, despite some positive testimonies on the move from customers and Adobe's attraction of 500,000 Creative Cloud subscribers by

8829-562: The latter of which attracted a joint civil lawsuit from the US Federal Trade Commission and the US Department of Justice in 2024. The company was started in John Warnock's garage. The name of the company, Adobe, comes from Adobe Creek in Los Altos , California, a stream which ran behind Warnock's house. That creek is named because of the type of clay found there (Adobe being a Spanish word for Mudbrick ). Adobe's corporate logo features

8938-579: The latter of which was acquired from a $ 3.4 billion acquisition of Macromedia , most notably . In addition to bringing in Dreamweaver, the $ 3.4 billion Macromedia acquisition, completed as a stock swap , added ColdFusion , Contribute , Captivate , Breeze (rebranded as Adobe Connect ), Director , Fireworks , Flash , FlashPaper , Flex , FreeHand , HomeSite , JRun, Presenter , and Authorware to Adobe's product line. By April 2008, Adobe released Adobe Media Player . On April 27, Adobe discontinued

9047-717: The letter-forms of many languages. Adobe added kanji printer products in 1988. Warnock and Geschke were also able to bolster the credibility of PostScript by connecting with a typesetting manufacturer. They weren't able to work with Compugraphic, but then worked with Linotype to license the Helvetica and Times Roman fonts (through the Linotron 100). By 1987, PostScript had become the industry-standard printer language with more than 400 third-party software programs and licensing agreements with 19 printer companies. Adobe's first products after PostScript were digital fonts which they released in

9156-402: The limited number of bits in the encoded image by choosing γ {\displaystyle \gamma } that better matches the non-linear human perception of luminance. Accordingly, computer programs that deal with such images must decode the RGB values into a linear space (by undoing the gamma-compression), blend the linear light intensities, and re-apply the gamma compression to

9265-603: The market. Adobe finished converting their entire font library to OpenType toward the end of 2002. As of early 2005, around 10,000 OpenType fonts had become available, with the Adobe library comprising about a third of the total. By 2006, every major font foundry and many minor ones were developing fonts in OpenType format. Unicode version 3.2 (published in 2002) introduced variation selectors as an encoding mechanism to represent particular glyph forms for characters. Unicode did not, however, specify how text renderers should support these sequences. In late 2007, variation sequences for

9374-406: The original image. Errors also occur in areas of semitransparency because the RGB components are not correctly weighted, giving incorrectly high weighting to the color of the more transparent (lower alpha) pixels. Premultiplied alpha may also be used to allow regions of regular alpha blending (e.g. smoke) and regions with additive blending mode (e.g. flame and glitter effects) to be encoded within

9483-445: The original perpetual and subscription pricing plans for CS5 would be unaffordable for not only individuals but also businesses, as well as refusing to extend a Creative Suite 6 discount to non-CS5 users. The original announcement of Adobe Creative Cloud was met with a positive reception from CNET journalists as a much more enticing plan, and Creative Cloud was first released in 2012, though a later CNET survey evidenced that more users had

9592-773: The outline data format is, but for some purposes, such as rasterisation , it is significant. The OpenType standard does not specify the outline data format: rather, it accommodates any of several existing standards. Sometimes terms like "OpenType (PostScript flavor)" (= "Type 1 OpenType", "OpenType CFF") or "OpenType (TrueType flavor)" are used to indicate which outline format a particular OpenType font file contains. OpenType has several distinctive characteristics: Virtually all applications and modern operating systems have basic Roman support and work with OpenType fonts just as well as other, older formats. Benefits beyond basic Roman support include extended language support through Unicode , support for complex writing scripts such as Arabic and

9701-403: The products having top 10 security vulnerabilities. Observers noted that Adobe was spying on its customers by including spyware in the Creative Suite 3 software and quietly sending user data to a firm named Omniture . When users became aware, Adobe explained what the suspicious software did and admitted that they: "could and should do a better job taking security concerns into account". When

9810-430: The result: When combined with premultiplied alpha, pre-multiplication is done in linear space, prior to gamma compression. This results in the following formula: Note that the alpha channel may or may not undergo gamma-correction, even when the color channels do. Although used for similar purposes, transparent colors and image masks do not permit the smooth blending of the superimposed image pixels with those of

9919-400: The reverse operators rover , rin , rout , and ratop ) from a consideration of choices in blending the colors of two pixels when their coverage is, conceptually, overlaid orthogonally: [REDACTED] As an example, the over operator can be accomplished by applying the following formula to each pixel: Here C o {\displaystyle C_{o}} , C

10028-600: The rise of HTML5 . In July 2010, Adobe bought Day Software integrating their line of CQ Products: WCM, DAM, SOCO, and Mobile In January 2011, Adobe acquired DemDex, Inc. with the intent of adding DemDex's audience-optimization software to its online marketing suite. At Photoshop World 2011, Adobe unveiled a new mobile photo service. Carousel was a new application for iPhone, iPad, and Mac that used Photoshop Lightroom technology to allow users to adjust and fine-tune images on all platforms. Carousel also allowed users to automatically sync, share and browse photos. The service

10137-442: The same image. This is represented by an RGBA triplet that express emission with no occlusion, such as (0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.0). Another advantage of premultiplied alpha is performance; in certain situations, it can reduce the number of multiplication operations (e.g. if the image is used many times during later compositing). The Porter–Duff operations have a simple form only in premultiplied alpha. Some rendering pipelines expose

10246-414: The same storage and glyph-count benefits to fonts that use CFF-format glyphs (.otf extension). But the specification did not explicitly allow for that. In 2014, Adobe announced the creation of OpenType Collections (OTCs), a Collection font file that combines fonts that use CFF-format glyphs. This provided significant storage benefits for CJK fonts that Adobe and Google were jointly developing. For example,

10355-602: The same time as the development of Illustrator, Adobe entered the NASDAQ Composite index in August 1986. In 1993, Adobe introduced the Portable Document Format , commonly shortened to the initialism PDF, and its Adobe Acrobat and Reader software. Warnock originally developed the PDF under a code name, "The Camelot Project", using PostScript technology to create a widely available digital document format, able to display text, raster graphics, vector graphics, and fonts. Adobe kept

10464-553: The sbix table. Google used a similar extension with embedded color bitmap images contained within a pair of tables, the CBDT and CBLC tables. The Google version is implemented in FreeType 2.5. In Windows 8.1 Microsoft also added color support to fonts, first implemented in the Segoe UI Emoji font. Microsoft's implementation, however, relies entirely on vector graphics : two new OpenType tables were added in Microsoft's implementation:

10573-635: The scripts (writing systems) represented in an OpenType font. Each tag corresponds to contiguous character code ranges in Unicode. A script tag can consist of 4 or fewer lowercase letters, such as arab for the Arabic alphabet , cyrl for the Cyrillic script and latn for the Latin alphabet . The math script tag, added by Microsoft for Cambria Math , has been added to the specification. Language system tags identify

10682-582: The scripts, language systems, features and baselines in an OpenType Layout font. Microsoft's Layout tag registry establishes conventions for naming and using these tags. OpenType features are created by using the tags in creating feature scripts that describe how characters are to be manipulated to make the desired feature. These feature scripts can be created and incorporated into OpenType fonts by advanced font editors such as FontLab Studio , AsiaFont Studio, and FontForge . Operating system and application support for layout tags varies widely. Script tags identify

10791-400: The service's first year. The switch to subscription only also did not deter software piracy of Creative Cloud services; within the first day of the first version of Photoshop exclusively made for Creative Cloud being released, cracked versions of Adobe Photoshop CC 2013 were found on The Pirate Bay , an online website used for distributing pirated software. In March 2018, at Adobe Summit,

10900-875: The term "OpenType Collection" was adopted, superseding "TrueType Collection". On September 14, 2016, Microsoft announced the release of OpenType version 1.8. This announcement was made together with Adobe, Apple, and Google at the ATypI conference in Warsaw. OpenType version 1.8 introduced "OpenType Font Variations", which adds mechanisms that allow a single font to support many design variations. Fonts that use these mechanisms are commonly referred to as " Variable fonts ". OpenType Font Variations re-introduces techniques that were previously developed by Apple in TrueType GX , and by Adobe in Multiple Master fonts . The common idea of these formats

11009-759: The top global leaders in Customer Experience Management (CXM). Adobe was founded in December 1982 by John Warnock and Charles Geschke , who established the company after leaving Xerox PARC to develop and sell the PostScript page description language . In 1985, Apple Computer licensed PostScript for use in its LaserWriter printers, which helped spark the desktop publishing revolution. Adobe later developed animation and multimedia through its acquisition of Macromedia , from which it acquired Macromedia Flash ; video editing and compositing software with Adobe Premiere , later known as Adobe Premiere Pro ; low-code web development with Adobe Muse ; and

11118-451: The words of Ulrik Vieth (2009): "More precisely, while XeTeX only provides access to the OpenType parameters as additional \fontdimens, LuaTeX uses an internal data structure based on the combined set of OpenType and TeX parameters, making it possible to supply missing values which are not supported in either OpenType math fonts or traditional TeX math fonts." In 2013, XeTeX also gained support for cut-ins. The Gecko rendering engine used by

11227-479: The worldwide staff) citing the weak economic environment . On September 15, 2009, Adobe Systems announced that it would acquire online marketing and web analytics company Omniture for $ 1.8 billion. The deal was completed on October 23, 2009. Former Omniture products were integrated into the Adobe Marketing Cloud . On November 10, 2009, the company laid off a further 680 employees. Adobe's 2010

11336-592: Was added to the ISO standard (ISO/IEC CD 14496-22 3rd edition) in April 2014. Additional (usage) details are available in the Unicode technical report 25 and technical note 28. Some of the new technical features (not present in TeX), such as "cut-ins" (which allows kerning of subscripts and superscripts relative to their bases) and stretch stacks have been patented by Microsoft. Windows 8 supports OpenType math outside MS Office applications via

11445-482: Was drawn and parts that are empty. Although the most basic operation of combining two images is to put one over the other, there are many operations, or blend modes , that are used. The concept of an alpha channel was introduced by Alvy Ray Smith and Ed Catmull in the late 1970s at the New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab . Bruce A. Wallace derived the same straight over operator based on

11554-597: Was later renamed "Adobe Revel". Later that same year in October, Adobe acquired Nitobi Software, the maker of the mobile application development framework PhoneGap . As part of the acquisition, the source code of PhoneGap was submitted to the Apache Foundation , where it became Apache Cordova . In November 2011, Adobe announced that they would cease development of Flash for mobile devices following version 11.1. Instead, it would focus on HTML5 for mobile devices. In December 2011, Adobe announced that it had entered into

11663-430: Was marked by continuing arguments with Apple over the latter's non-support for Adobe Flash on its iPhone , iPad and other products. Former Apple CEO Steve Jobs claimed that Flash was not reliable or secure enough, while Adobe executives have argued that Apple wishes to maintain control over the iOS platform. In April 2010, Steve Jobs published a post titled Thoughts on Flash where he outlined his thoughts on Flash and

11772-472: Was technically equivalent to OpenType 1.4 specification, with appropriate language changes for ISO. The second edition of the OFF was published in 2009 (ISO/IEC 14496-22:2009) and was declared "technically equivalent" to the "OpenType font format specification". Since then, OFF and OpenType specifications have been maintained in sync. OFF is a free, publicly available standard. By 2001 hundreds of OpenType fonts were on

11881-823: Was £1,000 higher for European customers, a petition to protest over "unfair pricing" was published and signed by 10,000 users. In June 2009, Adobe further increased its prices in the UK by 10% in spite of weakening of the pound against the dollar, and UK users were not allowed to buy from the US store. Adobe's Reader and Flash programs were listed on "The 10 most hated programs of all time" article by TechRadar . Hackers have exploited vulnerabilities in Adobe programs, such as Adobe Reader, to gain unauthorized access to computers. Adobe's Flash Player has also been criticized for, among other things, suffering from performance, memory usage and security problems. A report by security researchers from Kaspersky Lab criticized Adobe for producing

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