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64-521: The Röntgen Memorial Site is in the foyer, corridors and two laboratory rooms of the former Physics Institute of the University of Würzburg in Röntgenring 8, a building that is now used by the University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt . The road, where the building lies, was renamed in 1909 from Pleicherring to Röntgenring . On the late Friday evening of 8. November 1895, Röntgen discovered for

128-624: A lengthy planning and processing phase. It replaces the former sb@home portal and uses the HISinOne software developed by the Hochschul-Informations-System. Today, around 28,000 students are enrolled at the university. In addition, there are more than 8,600 students at the University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt , founded on 1 August 1971, and around 750 students at the University of Music. Thus, every fourth citizen of Würzburg

192-511: A new building on Klinikstraße 8. As an assistant to the surgeon Cajetan von Textor , Robert von Welz was also one of the pioneers of ether anesthesia in the German-speaking world. He developed an inhaler and, after testing it on himself and others in the winter of 1846/47, published the first work on it, and thus established modern anesthesiology in Würzburg. In the winter semester of 1876/77,

256-519: A term that is still being used in Germany. The Röntgen Memorial Site gives an insight into the particle physics of the late 19th century. It shows an experimental set-up of cathodic rays beside the apparatus of the discovery. An experiment of penetrating solid materials by X-rays is shown in the historic laboratory of Röntgen. A separate room shows various X-ray tubes, a medical X-ray machine of Siemens & Halske from 1912 and several original documents. In

320-504: A vacant benefice but the expectation of one; and when an expectation had been sold, if another offered a larger sum for it, the pope voided the first sale. The unsympathetic observer Dietrich von Nieheim reports that he saw the same benefice sold several times in one week, and that the Pope talked business with his secretaries during Mass. There was resistance in England, the staunchest supporter of

384-642: Is a Sparkassen Lecture Hall, a Brose Lecture Hall and an AOK Lecture Hall. The student representatives criticized that the university ran the risk of becoming dependent on its sponsors because the State was reluctant to renovate lecture halls. The tower of Neubaukirche (university auditorium), with its height of 91 meters the city's tallest church tower, has one of the four carillons in Bavaria. Between Easter and Christmas, public concerts of about 30 minutes are given on it every Wednesday at 5:30 p.m. In March 2016, JMU

448-410: Is a student. With a total of more than 10,000 employees, the university and its hospital are among the largest employers in the region. Due to the university's history, its institutes and hospitals are spread over the entire city. Facilities are found in the following places, among others: The University of Würzburg has been ranked globally and nationally in several university rankings . As of 2024,

512-483: Is also a member of the Coimbra Group . In the winter semester 2022/2023, 26,787 students were enrolled, of which 16,351 were women and 3,250 were first semester university students. The University is associated with 14 Nobel laureates. Its official name is Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (or "Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg") but it is commonly referred to as the University of Würzburg . This name

576-487: Is one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in Germany, having been founded in 1402. The university initially had a brief run and was closed in 1415. It was reopened in 1582 on the initiative of Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn . Today, the university is named for Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn and Maximilian Joseph . The University of Würzburg is part of the U15 group of research-intensive German universities. The university

640-452: Is taken from Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn , Prince-Bishop of Würzburg , who reestablished the university in 1582, and Prince Elector Maximilian Joseph , the prince under whom secularization occurred at the start of the 19th century. The university's central administration, foreign student office, and several research institutes are located within the area of the old town, while the new liberal arts campus, with its modern library, overlooks

704-626: The Catholic Encyclopedia reports. In England, the anti-papal preaching of John Wyclif supported the opposition of the king and the higher clergy to Boniface IX's habit of granting English benefices as they fell vacant to favorites in the Roman Curia. Boniface IX introduced a revenue known as annates perpetuæ , withholding half the first year's income of every benefice granted in the Roman Court. The pope's agents also now sold not simply

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768-697: The Röntgen Memorial Site in Würzburg (page written in English and German) 49°48′00″N 9°55′51″E  /  49.799998°N 9.930881°E  / 49.799998; 9.930881 University of W%C3%BCrzburg The Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg (also referred to as the University of Würzburg , in German Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg ) is a public research university in Würzburg , Germany. It

832-567: The Albigenses had been exterminated less than a century before. Their numbers spread to Spain and northern Italy. These evoked uneasy memories of the mass processions of wandering flagellants of the Black Death period, 1348–1349. They went in procession from city to city, clad in white garments, with faces hooded, and wearing on their backs a red cross, following a leader who carried a large cross. Rumors of imminent divine judgement and visions of

896-685: The QS World University Rankings places the university at 440 globally and 23rd in Germany. According to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2024, it is positioned at 175th globally and 17th nationally. In the 2023 ARWU World Rankings , the University of Würzburg is within the 201-300 range globally and within the 10–19 range nationally. Pope Boniface IX Pope Boniface IX ( Latin : Bonifatius IX ; Italian : Bonifacio IX ; c. 1350 – 1 October 1404, born Pietro Tomacelli )

960-518: The prince-electors met at Rhense on 20 August 1400 to depose Wenceslaus as King of Germany and chose in his place Rupert , Duke of Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine. In 1403 Boniface IX recognized Rupert as king. In 1398 and 1399, Boniface IX appealed to Christian Europe in favor of the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaeologus , threatened at Constantinople by Sultan Bayezid I , but there

1024-528: The "Kollegienhaus", which was completed in 1853 and was the first modern "biocentre" in Germany. The first full professor of ophthalmology, appointed in 1866 by the Bavarian king, was Robert Ritter von Welz, a student of Albrecht von Graefe . In 1857, the doctor, who had been teaching ophthalmology and dentistry in Würzburg since 1850, opened a private eye clinic in the former birthing house of Adam Elias von Siebold on Klinikstraße 6. On 4 January 1858, he acquired

1088-527: The Department for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology (Extraordinarius D. Wiebecke). Furthermore, on 16 June 1969, the first Bavarian chair for anesthesiology was established in the medical faculty, headed by his professor Karl-Heinz Weis (* 1927). Weis had already been in charge of the anesthesiology department since 1966 when Werner Wachsmuth was head of the surgical clinic. The former Chair for Genetic Science and Race Research, which Gebsattel had taken over,

1152-507: The French cardinals quickly elected a successor on 28 September: Cardinal Pedro de Luna, who took the name Benedict XIII . Over the next few years, Boniface IX was entreated to abdicate, even by his strongest supporters: King Richard II of England (in 1396), the Diet of Frankfurt (in 1397), and King Wenceslaus of Germany (at Reims, 1398). He refused. Pressure for an ecumenical council also grew as

1216-665: The Roman papacy during the Schism : the English Parliament confirmed and extended the statutes of Provisors and Praemunire of Edward III , giving the king veto power over papal appointments in England. Boniface IX was defeated in the face of a unified front, and the long controversy was finally settled to the English king's satisfaction. Nevertheless, at the Synod of London (1396), the English bishops convened to condemn Wyclif . In Germany,

1280-655: The Virgin Mary abounded. They sang the newly popular hymn Stabat Mater during their processions. For a while, as the White Penitents approached Rome, gaining adherents along the way, Boniface IX and the Curia supported their penitential enthusiasm, but when they reached Rome, Boniface IX had their leader burnt at the stake, and they soon dispersed. "Boniface IX gradually discountenanced these wandering crowds, an easy prey of agitators and conspirators, and finally dissolved them", as

1344-642: The affiliated midwifery school moved from Welzhaus on Klinikstraße to the Grombühl district. An Institute for Genetics and Race Research was set up in Welzhaus on Klinikstraße 6 in November 1938 and inaugurated in May 1939. Between 1933 and 1945, the University of Würzburg deprived 184 scientists of their doctoral degrees. Above all, scientists of Jewish origin were thus degraded. After the critical processing of these events in 2010,

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1408-491: The architect of the building was Georg Robin. Theologians, lawyers and humanities scholars were accommodated in this complex which today is called "Alte Universität". The medical faculty found its home in Juliusspital. Initially, the university was only open to Catholic students. In 1734, Prince Bishop Friedrich Karl von Schönborn issued new study regulations which opened it up to non-Catholics, too. First, theology in Würzburg

1472-530: The bridges also, and for long seasons he was forced to live in more peaceful surroundings at Assisi or Perugia . He also took over the port of Ostia from its Cardinal Bishop . In the Papal States , Boniface IX gradually regained control of the chief castles and cities, and he re-founded the States as they would appear during the fifteenth century. The antipope Clement VII died at Avignon on 16 September 1394, but

1536-469: The building, which was donated by the Welzsche Marienstiftung for Poor People with Eye Diseases according to Welz' will in 1878 and became the first Würzburg university eye clinic. The former delivery house, which had been founded in 1805 as the first maternity clinic in Würzburg and a training center for midwives and obstetricians, in 1857, under Friedrich Wilhelm Scanzoni von Lichtenfels, moved to

1600-440: The chemistry center (from 1965 to 1972 the rooms for organic chemistry, pharmacy and food chemistry, inorganic chemistry and a central building were set up), the philosophy building, the university library, the biocentre (1992), sports facilities, buildings for physics, mathematics and computer science, a computer centre, a new canteen and student residences. In 2011, the central lecture hall and seminar building for all faculties (Z6)

1664-449: The city from the east. The university today enrolls approximately 29,000 students, out of which more than 1,000 come from other countries. The university was founded as the "High School of Würzburg" on an initiative started in 1401 by Prince Bishop Johann von Egloffstein . He wanted to transform the "Gymnasium herbipolense" into a university with four faculties hoping that an influx of teaching staff and students in his territory would cover

1728-512: The city itself. Boniface IX saw to it that Ladislaus was crowned King of Naples at Gaeta on 29 May 1390 and worked with him for the next decade to expel the Angevin forces from southern Italy. During his reign, Boniface IX finally extinguished the troublesome independence of the commune of Rome and established temporal control, though it required fortifying not only the Castel Sant'Angelo , but

1792-422: The costs of modern warfare rose and supporters needed to be encouraged by gifts, for fourteenth-century government depended upon such personal support as a temporal ruler could gather and retain. All the princes of the late 14th century were accused of avaricious money-grubbing by contemporary critics, but among them contemporaries ranked Boniface IX as exceptional. Traffic in benefices, the sale of dispensations, and

1856-587: The different affiliations of the university to the Electorate of Bavaria , which perished in 1806, to the Grand Duchy of Würzburg , which existed as a Rhineland state until 1814, and then to the Kingdom of Bavaria . In the winter semester of 1838/39, the "Königliche Universität zu Würzburg" was renamed "Königliche Julius-Maximilians-Universität" and two years later "Königlich Bayerische Julius-Maximilians-Universität" which

1920-404: The early 19th century, after Würzburg had come under Bavarian rule, that the university gave up its ecclesiastical-Catholic character. The modern development of medical subjects began in the 18th century with the establishment of the medical clinic – in 1767, the "internist" and chemist Franz Heinrich Meinolf Wilhelm became the first head of the Juliusspital hospital. The surgical university clinic

1984-481: The first time the rays which penetrate through solid materials and gave them the name X-rays . He presented this in a lecture and publication On a new type of rays - Über eine neue Art von Strahlen on 23 January 1896 at the Physical Medical Society of Würzburg. During the discussion of this lecture, the anatomist Albert von Kölliker proposed to call these rays Röntgen radiation after their inventor,

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2048-462: The former conservatory became a university of music. In 1981, the University Library of Würzburg moved into its new building on Hubland. On 31 January 1983, a poisoned drink attack was carried out at the university. The drinks, which were mixed with thallium(I) sulfate, were put in front of a lecture hall together with a note declaring them as leftovers from a carnival party and donating them to

2112-448: The fourteen cardinals who remained faithful to the papacy at Rome, Clement VII at Avignon had just crowned a French prince, Louis II of Anjou , as king of Naples. The youthful Ladislaus was the son of King Charles III of Naples , assassinated in 1386, and Margaret of Durazzo , scion of a line that had traditionally supported the popes in their struggles in Rome with the anti-papal party in

2176-604: The foyer a short German movie explains the purpose of the Memorial Site and the life of Röntgen. In the corridor some personal belongings of Röntgen are displayed to give some background information on his personal and historical circumstances. After remodeling in 2015 the tables and captures of the exhibition are now in English and German language. The site is managed by the non-profit organisation Kuratorium zur Förderung des Andenkens an Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in Würzburg e.V. . It offers guided tours to Röntgen's lab. * Website of

2240-404: The freshmen. The medical student Robert A. died as a result of the poisoning; eleven other students had to be treated in the hospital; the law student Peter S. sustained lasting damage. The perpetrator could never be identified. On 12 April 2011, the university opened its new Campus North, right next to Hubland campus: An additional site of 39 hectares is now available for the future development of

2304-532: The jubilee", as indulgences were called, but the preaching of indulgences led to abuses and scandal. The jubilee of 1400 drew to Rome great crowds of pilgrims , particularly from France, in spite of a disastrous plague. Pope Boniface IX remained in the city nonetheless. In the latter part of 1399 there arose bands of flagellants , known as the Bianchi , or Albati (" White Penitents "), especially in Provence , where

2368-463: The late 1970s. On 11 May 1965, the university laid the foundation stone for the new Hubland Campus on a hill in the east of Würzburg. The 111-hectare (270-acre) site had been acquired by the Free State of Bavaria from the city of Würzburg in 1962 already, to make room for the more than 6,000 students enrolled at Alma Julia. In the years that followed, numerous new buildings were put up there, among them

2432-419: The like, did not cover the loss of local sources of revenue in the long absence of the papacy from Rome, foreign revenue diminished by the schism, expenses for the pacification and fortification of Rome, the constant wars made necessary by French ambition and the piecemeal reconquest of the Papal States . Boniface IX certainly provided generously for his mother, his brothers Andrea and Giovanni, and his nephews in

2496-477: The need for qualified lawyers and clerics and thus lead to an upturn in the city's economy. He bought the buildings needed for teaching from members of his cathedral chapter. On 10 December 1402, he was granted the required privilege from Pope Boniface IX . This put Würzburg among the cities with the oldest universities in the then German-speaking area – Prague (1348), Vienna (1365), Heidelberg (1386), Cologne (1388) and Erfurt (1392), and made Würzburg

2560-425: The new University Hospital of Würzburg on the outskirts of the city. It was called "Luitpold Krankenhaus". The State Luitpold Hospital was solemnly handed over on 2 November 1921, and within one year the various clinics moved into it. By the summer semester that year, the proportion of students enrolled in medicine had risen to 60 percent. In 1934, under its director Carl Joseph Gauss, the university women's clinic and

2624-400: The number of students at the University of Würzburg exceeded 1,000 for the first time. In 1888, the university, whose medical faculty was one of the most important after Vienna and Prague between 1850 and 1880, received its own pharmaceutical institute. On 28 October 1896, a new main building, called "Neue Universität", was inaugurated on Sanderring (its construction began in 1892); it is still

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2688-418: The oldest university in Bavaria. Among the teachers at the university were Winand von Steeg, Johannes Ambundi and Bartholomäus Fröwein. Already before 1430, however, teaching was suspended shortly after the death of Prince Bishop von Egloffstein. The reason for the decline was primarily the lack of funding, since it had not been possible to establish a foundation that had its own benefice. On 30 November 1413,

2752-464: The only way to breach the Western Schism , but the conciliar movement made no headway during Boniface's papacy. During the reign of Boniface IX two jubilees were celebrated at Rome. The first, in 1390, had been declared by his predecessor, Urban VI , and was largely frequented by people from Germany, Hungary, Poland , Bohemia , and England. Several cities of Germany obtained the "privileges of

2816-411: The rector of the university, Johann Zantfurt, was murdered by his valet; the circumstances were never clarified. Later, Lorenz Fries bought the university building. In 1427, the "Hohe Schule" was mentioned for the last time in a document. By that time, it had not been dissolved yet, but had become insignificant. Friedrich von Wirsberg , who became prince-bishop in 1558, was the first to consider rebuilding

2880-573: The saddest chapters in the history of the Church. Neither pope had the magnanimity to put an end to the terrible state of affairs" by resigning. After his election at the papal conclave of 1389, Germany , England , Hungary , Poland , and the greater part of Italy accepted him as pope. The remainder of Europe recognized the Avignon Pope Clement VII . He and Boniface mutually excommunicated each other. The day before Tomacelli's election by

2944-480: The seat of the university management today. On 3 June 1896, Marcella O'Grady Boveri was the first woman to be admitted to the Würzburg Medical Faculty. The first woman to habilitate at the University of Würzburg was the psychologist Maria Schorn in 1929. A new eye clinic was opened on Röntgenring 12 in 1901, with the portrait of Welz engraved over the portal. Welzhaus on Klinikstraße 6 was affiliated to

3008-403: The university (see also Erasmus Neustetter called Stürmer). This time, financing was better ensured, and student regulations were stricter. On 2 January 1582, first the theological and philosophical faculties were reopened, and their deans appointed. The name of the university was "Academia Iulia" (Julius University). The university seal was not created until the following year, and thus bears

3072-469: The university posthumously rehabilitated these researchers in a public ceremony in May 2011. After the Second World War , the faculty of theology was the first to start anew on 1 October 1945. The faculty of medicine (dean: Jürg Zutt ) followed; it was officially reopened with the constitutive faculty meeting on 11 January 1947, and began its lectures in the winter semester of 1946 /47. On 12 March 1947,

3136-490: The university was solemnly reopened. According to a report by rector Josef Martin (philologist), the military government had dismissed 123 of the 150 professors who had worked before 1945 and only allowed 27 back to lecture at the university. In 1955, Julius Büdel significantly developed Africa Research in Würzburg. It was mainly due to the results of Büdel's and Horst Mensching's research trips, that Würzburg had become an important center for geographical research on Africa by

3200-511: The university. Campus North used to be a US military base ( Leighton Barracks ). After the Americans withdrew in January 2009, the university had the opportunity to use part of the former barracks for itself. This conversion from military to civilian area made rapid progress, and the campus canteen was inaugurated in 2014. The university management practices name sponsorship for its lecture halls; there

3264-562: The university. Due to problems with the clergy and administration, however, he was unable to realize his plans After classes had been resumed in some of the subjects in 1551 and the first doctorates had already been awarded in 1567, the Würzburg Prince-Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn , during the Counter-Reformation , in 1575, first obtained the imperial and then, in 1576, the papal privileges to re-establish

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3328-595: The women's clinic on Klinikstraße 8, which existed there until 1934, and connected to it by a corridor on the first floor, which was destroyed in World War II and restored in 1974. Welzhaus which was also destroyed except for its outer façade on 16 March 1945, was rebuilt in 1953/1954. The Mathematical Institute was accommodated there until 1974, when the building was affiliated to the Medical Polyclinic. Between 1901 and 1911, five Würzburg researchers, whose appointment

3392-414: The year 1583. Statutes for the medical faculty were drawn up in 1587. Although the number of lecturers was not complete until 1593, the first medical student, Georg Leyerer from Ebersbrunn, was already enrolled on 2 October 1585. In 1591, the four-winged university building and the associated church (Neubaukirche) in one of its angles, both commissioned by Julius Echter, were completed. It seems certain that

3456-694: Was a descendant of Tamaso Cybo, who belonged to an influential noble family from Genoa and settled in Casarano in the Kingdom of Naples . An unsympathetic German contemporary source, Dietrich of Nieheim , asserted that he was illiterate ( nesciens scribere etiam male cantabat ). Neither a trained theologian nor skilled in the business of the Curia , he was tactful and prudent in a difficult era, but Ludwig Pastor , who passes swiftly over his pontificate , says, "The numerous endeavours for unity made during this period form one of

3520-532: Was determined by Jesuits. But in 1773, the Würzburg Jesuit College was dissolved, and Adam Friedrich von Seinsheim hired followers of the Enlightenment for the theological faculty and thus laid the foundation for its future orientation. From then on, and especially under his successor Franz Ludwig von Erthal , Enlightenment theologians became increasingly active in Würzburg. Nevertheless, it was only in

3584-457: Was established in 1769 under Carl Caspar von Siebold . In 1796, the physician and court medicus Anton Müller (1755–1827) began working at Juliusspital in Würzburg; although he never belonged to the university, he became the first psychiatrist in the hospital and the first to publish on his specialty. Franz Heinrich Meinolf Wilhelm, who as a professor held lectures in German for the first time from 1785,

3648-775: Was head of the Catholic Church from 2 November 1389 to his death, in October 1404. He was the second Roman pope during the Western Schism . In this time, the Avignon claimants, Clement VII and Benedict XIII , maintained the Roman Curia in Avignon , under the protection of the French monarchy. He is the last pope to date to take on the pontifical name "Boniface". Boniface IX was born c. 1350 in Naples . Piero (also Perino, Pietro) Cybo Tomacelli

3712-534: Was inaugurated on Hubland campus, as well as a new internship building for the natural sciences. Starting from the existing Surgical Clinic (head: Ernst Kern), new subjects, departments and clinics developed in the seventies: in 1970, the Urological University Clinic (Hubert Frohmüller); in 1978, the Department for Special Thoracic Surgery (Associate Professor H. J. Viereck), the Department for Surgical X-ray Diagnostics (Extraordinarius G. Viehweger), and

3776-468: Was little enthusiasm for a new crusade at such a time. Saint Bridget of Sweden was canonized by Pope Boniface IX on 7 October 1391. The universities of Ferrara (1391) and Fermo (1398) owe him their origin, and that of Erfurt (in Germany), its confirmation (1392). Boniface IX died in 1404 after a brief illness. Boniface IX was a frank politician, strapped for cash like the other princes of Europe, as

3840-564: Was mainly due to the mathematician Friedrich Prym (dean and rector), were awarded Nobel Prizes. This strongly contributed to the international importance of the University of Würzburg, particularly of its philosophical faculty. After the November Revolution of 1918/19, which ended monarchy in Bavaria, the university also lost its title "Königlich Bayerisch" and was given its current name: "Julius-Maximilians-Universität". The medical faculty separated from Juliusspital and in 1921 moved to

3904-569: Was renamed the Chair for Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy in 1965 and was filled by Dieter Wyss in 1968. In 1979, Holger Höhn was appointed to the Institute for Human Genetics, which had emerged from this chair. In 1978 the Institute for X-ray Diagnostics was established in the Medical Clinic under Extraordinarius H. Braun. In 1973, over 10,000 students were enrolled at the University of Würzburg, and

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3968-712: Was the first to practice experimental chemistry at the University of Würzburg. Around 1800, the first student associations were founded in Würzburg. The Scientific dentistry in Würzburg began with the appointment of Carl Joseph Ringelmann as professor in 1807. In 1822, a faculty of political science was established at the university. During the coalition wars , the university was renamed several times: First "Churfürstliche Julius-Universität" (1803), "Julius Maximilians Universität" (1803/04–1805/06), then "Kurfürstliche Universität zu Würzburg" (1806–1806/07), "Großherzogliche Universität zu Würzburg" (1807–1814), and finally "Königliche Universität zu Würzburg" (1815–1838). The names reflected

4032-464: Was the first university in Bavaria to be awarded the " Bavaria barrier-free " signet. The award was given for the removal of structural barriers, especially in new buildings, and for the establishment of the Information Center for People with Disabilities and Chronic Diseases ( KIS ), created in 2008. On 7 January 2019, the online portal WueStudy of the University of Würzburg was launched after

4096-420: Was to be its name for almost 80 years. After 1850, the university experienced a strong upswing. Numerous new buildings were created: for medicine in the vicinity of Juliusspital and Pleicherwall, for the natural sciences on today's Röntgenring and on Koellikerstraße, for dentistry at Pleichertor (demolished in 1879), and for the mental hospital on Schalksberg. Basic medical subjects were taught and researched in

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