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46-562: On January 4, 1901 the Marine Ministry of Russia assigned the task of designing a combat submarine for the Russian Navy to three officers: Lieutenant M.N. Beklemishev , Lieutenant I.S. Goryunov and naval architect Senior Assistant I.G. Bubnov , an employee at the Ministry's Baltic Shipyard where the construction of the vessel was planned to take place. The men submitted their design to

92-627: A Submarine Cargo Vessel that can operate year-round in the Arctic Ocean and a Nuclear Underwater Gas Transfer Station for trans-ocean natural gas pipeline transport . Other recent projects include a high-speed train , the ES-250 Sokol , intended for the Moscow-St. Petersburg Railway , and a design for a low-floor tram . As a joint project with the Italian shipbuilding company Fincantieri , Rubin

138-486: A different designation to the original model. The Yankee-class nuclear submarines were the first class of Soviet ballistic missile submarines (SSBN) to have thermonuclear firepower comparable with that of their American and British Polaris submarine counterparts. The Yankee class were quieter in the ocean than were their Hotel-class predecessors, and had better streamlining that improved their underwater performance. The Yankee class were actually quite similar to

184-793: A family of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines built in the Soviet Union for the Soviet Navy . In total, 34 units were built: 24 in Severodvinsk for the Northern Fleet and the remaining 10 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur for the Pacific Fleet . Two Northern Fleet units were later transferred to the Pacific. The Yankee -class were subject to a wide variety of modifications ; these ships have

230-406: A means of transportation on water . The principal elements of naval architecture are detailed in the following sections. Hydrostatics concerns the conditions to which the vessel is subjected while at rest in water and to its ability to remain afloat. This involves computing buoyancy , displacement , and other hydrostatic properties such as trim (the measure of the longitudinal inclination of

276-473: A specially-modified floating oil platform positioned in the equatorial Pacific Ocean , as a launch pad. In 1999, shortly after the company was founded, the Sea Launch consortium claimed that their launch-related operating costs would be lower than a land-based equivalent due in part to reduced staff requirements. The platform and command ship have 310 crew members. Rubin has also developed such exotic projects as

322-427: A vessel's shape was judged by looking at a half-model of a vessel or a prototype. Ungainly shapes or abrupt transitions were frowned on as being flawed. This included rigging, deck arrangements, and even fixtures. Subjective descriptors such as ungainly , full , and fine were used as a substitute for the more precise terms used today. A vessel was, and still is described as having a ‘fair’ shape. The term ‘fair’

368-494: Is being applied to predict the response of a floating body in a random sea. Due to the complexity associated with operating in a marine environment, naval architecture is a co-operative effort between groups of technically skilled individuals who are specialists in particular fields, often coordinated by a lead naval architect. This inherent complexity also means that the analytical tools available are much less evolved than those for designing aircraft, cars and even spacecraft. This

414-599: Is developing a new diesel air-independent propulsion submarine, the S1000 , based on a new fuel cell air independent propulsion system developed in Italy. Its length is 56.2 m (184 ft 5 in) and its displacement is 1,000 tonnes. A mock-up was exhibited at Euronaval 2006. Naval architect Naval architecture , or naval engineering , is an engineering discipline incorporating elements of mechanical, electrical, electronic, software and safety engineering as applied to

460-444: Is due primarily to the paucity of data on the environment the marine vehicle is required to work in and the complexity of the interaction of waves and wind on a marine structure. A naval architect is an engineer who is responsible for the design, classification, survey, construction, and/or repair of ships, boats, other marine vessels, and offshore structures, both commercial and military, including: Some of these vessels are amongst

506-509: Is equal to the weight of the body, in other words, the mass of the body is equal to the mass of the water displaced by the body. This adds an upward force to the body by the amount of surface area times the area displaced in order to create an equilibrium between the surface of the body and the surface of the water. The stability of a ship under most conditions is able to overcome any form or restriction or resistance encountered in rough seas; however, ships have undesirable roll characteristics when

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552-475: Is meant to denote not only a smooth transition from fore to aft but also a shape that was ‘right.’ Determining what is ‘right’ in a particular situation in the absence of definitive supporting analysis encompasses the art of naval architecture to this day. Modern low-cost digital computers and dedicated software , combined with extensive research to correlate full-scale, towing tank and computational data, have enabled naval architects to more accurately predict

598-426: Is sturdy enough to hold itself together the main force it has to overcome is longitudinal bending creating a strain against its hull, its structure must be designed so that the material is disposed as much forward and aft as possible. The principal longitudinal elements are the deck, shell plating, inner bottom all of which are in the form of grillages, and additional longitudinal stretching to these. The dimensions of

644-452: The Dolphin was completed in 1903, and its success in subsequent tests was the impetus for the creation of newer, more advanced types of submarines. By 1918 seventy-three submarines of classes Kasatka , Minoga , Akula , Morzh , and Vepr had joined the Russian Navy, and four more of the new class Major-General Bubnov were still under construction. Thirty-two of these were built to

690-786: The Atlantic Ocean , the Pacific Ocean , and the Arctic Ocean beginning in the 1960s. During the 1970s about three Yankee-class were continually on patrol in a so-called "patrol box" in the Atlantic Ocean just east of Bermuda and off the US Pacific coast . This forward deployment of the SSBNs was seen to balance the presence of American, British, and French nuclear weapons kept in Western Europe and on warships (including nuclear submarines) in

736-601: The Dolgorukiy class, which started in 1996. Rubin now also works with outside companies (including Halliburton ) on the production of oil platforms that are now used in drilling around Sakhalin Island in the Sea of Okhotsk and in the waters adjacent to South Korea . Another of the company's important projects of recent years is Sea Launch , a unique spacecraft launch technology. With marine components produced by Rubin, Sea Launch uses

782-859: The Soviet fleet in 1967, the Project 667A submarine became the first ship of the largest series of nuclear missile submarines (34 units). Later known as "nuclear missile submarine cruisers," improvements to the Yankee-class submarines would include the installation of longer-range and multiple-warhead missiles. The success of submarine Projects 667A and 667B ( Delta-class submarines ) would be rewarded with Lenin Prizes in 1970 and 1974, respectively. The Yankee-based ballistic missile submarine family comprises: Project 667A Yankee, Project 667B Delta I, Project 667BD Delta II, Project 667BDR Delta III, and Project 667BDRM Delta IV. TsKB-18

828-434: The engineering design process , shipbuilding , maintenance, and operation of marine vessels and structures. Naval architecture involves basic and applied research, design, development, design evaluation (classification) and calculations during all stages of the life of a marine vehicle. Preliminary design of the vessel, its detailed design, construction , trials , operation and maintenance, launching and dry-docking are

874-511: The nuclear ship scrapyards . There were eight different versions of the Yankee -class submarines: In addition, Soviet/Russian classification includes the Delta -class submarines within the same family of Project 667; Deltas being Project 667B onwards. In Tom Clancy 's 1986 techno-thriller Red Storm Rising , the entire Yankee-class of SSBNs are proposed to be taken out of service and scrapped by

920-463: The structural design drawings or models, followed by erection and launching . Other joining techniques are used for other materials like fibre reinforced plastic and glass-reinforced plastic . The process of construction is thought-out cautiously while considering all factors like safety, strength of structure, hydrodynamics, and ship arrangement. Each factor considered presents a new option for materials to consider as well as ship orientation. When

966-646: The Marine Ministry on May 3, 1901; it was approved the following July, and the Baltic Shipyard was then awarded the order for construction of Torpedo Boat No. 113 (later renamed combat submarine Dolphin ). Bubnov was appointed Head of the Construction Commission for Submarines. It was this Construction Commission that after multiple transformations and name changes became the Rubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering. Construction of

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1012-568: The Navy in 1963. The same year the Hotel-class submarine , which had begun development in 1956 as Project 658, was redesigned to enable underwater launching of D-4 ballistic missiles. In 1965 the Lenin Prize was awarded for works related to the underwater launch of ballistic missiles. In 1963 Project 667A (NATO classification: Yankee ), a second-generation nuclear missile submarine, was developed. Joining

1058-567: The Polaris submarines of the U.S. Navy and the Royal Navy . These boats were all armed with 16 submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) with multiple nuclear warheads as nuclear deterrents during the Cold War , and their ballistic missiles had ranges from 1,500–2,500 nautical miles (2,800–4,600 km; 1,700–2,900 mi). The Yankee-class SSBNs served in the Soviet Navy in three oceans:

1104-466: The United States are accredited with Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering programs. The United States Naval Academy is home to one of the most knowledgeable professors of Naval Architecture; CAPT. Michael Bito, USN. Yankee-class submarine The Yankee class , Soviet designations Project 667A Navaga ( navaga ) and Project 667AU Nalim ( burbot ) for the basic Yankee -I , were

1150-448: The ability to bring together the often-conflicting demands of the various design constraints to produce a product which is fit for the purpose. In addition to this leadership role, a naval architect also has a specialist function in ensuring that a safe, economic, environmentally sound and seaworthy design is produced. To undertake all these tasks, a naval architect must have an understanding of many branches of engineering and must be in

1196-517: The balance of oscillations in roll is two times that of oscillations in heave, thus causing the ship to capsize. Structures involves selection of material of construction, structural analysis of global and local strength of the vessel, vibration of the structural components and structural responses of the vessel during motions in seaway . Depending on type of ship, the structure and design will vary in what material to use as well as how much of it. Some ships are made from glass reinforced plastics but

1242-421: The body known as the hydrostatic pressures. The forces acting on the body must be of the same magnitude and same line of motion in order to maintain the body at equilibrium. This description of equilibrium is only present when a freely floating body is in still water, when other conditions are present the magnitude of which these forces shifts drastically creating the swaying motion of the body. The buoyancy force

1288-402: The center of gravity and the longitudinal meta-center. In other words, the basis in which the ship maintains its center of gravity is its distance set equally apart from both the aft and forward section of the ship. While a body floats on a liquid surface it still encounters the force of gravity pushing down on it. In order to stay afloat and avoid sinking there is an opposed force acting against

1334-703: The designs of I.G. Bubnov, who had become Major General of the Naval Architect Corps and Honoured Professor at the Nikolayev Marine Academy . In 1926 the Construction Commission for Submarines became Technical Bureau No. 4, and six years later was renamed the Central Design Bureau for Special (Military) Shipbuilding No. 2, headed by B.M. Malinin . He designed submarines of the Dekabrist , Leninets , and Shchuka classes. Another milestone of

1380-449: The era came in 1935, when Central Design Bureau engineer S.A. Bazilevskiy proposed an air-independent propulsion system which allowed engine operation based on the closed cycle REDO in both surface and submerged submarine conditions. Experiments on this cycle implementation were carried out on board submarines of Series XII M-92 (S-92, R-1). More change came in 1937, when the Bureau was given

1426-485: The forefront of high technology areas. He or she must be able to effectively utilize the services provided by scientists, lawyers, accountants, and business people of many kinds. Naval architects typically work for shipyards , ship owners, design firms and consultancies, equipment manufacturers, Classification societies , regulatory bodies ( Admiralty law ), navies , and governments. A small majority of Naval Architects also work in education, of which only 5 universities in

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1472-484: The largest (such as supertankers ), most complex (such as aircraft carriers ), and highly valued movable structures produced by mankind. They are typically the most efficient method of transporting the world's raw materials and products. Modern engineering on this scale is essentially a team activity conducted by specialists in their respective fields and disciplines. Naval architects integrate these activities. This demanding leadership role requires managerial qualities and

1518-477: The longitudinal by about 3 or 4 meters, with the wide spacing this causes the traverse strength needed by displacing the amount of force the bulkheads provide. Arrangements involves concept design , layout and access, fire protection , allocation of spaces, ergonomics and capacity . Construction depends on the material used. When steel or aluminium is used this involves welding of the plates and profiles after rolling , marking, cutting and bending as per

1564-515: The loss of this boat has continued to be controversial . At least one other boat in this class was involved in a collision with a U.S. Navy nuclear submarine. Because of their increasing age , and as negotiated in the SALT I , START I and START II treaties that reduce nuclear armaments of the United States and the Soviet Union, all boats of Yankee class were disarmed, decommissioned and sent to

1610-557: The main activities involved. Ship design calculations are also required for ships being modified (by means of conversion, rebuilding, modernization, or repair ). Naval architecture also involves formulation of safety regulations and damage-control rules and the approval and certification of ship designs to meet statutory and non-statutory requirements. The word "vessel" includes every description of watercraft , mainly ships and boats , but also including non-displacement craft, WIG craft and seaplanes , used or capable of being used as

1656-576: The new name Central Design Bureau No. 18 (or TsKB-18), and furthermore became an independent economic organization directly subordinated to the Second Chief Department of People's Commissariat of Defence Industry. By the beginning of World War II , 206 submarines were built to 19 different TsKB-18 designs. 54 more submarines were constructed at the Bureau during the War. During the Siege of Leningrad TsKB-18

1702-407: The performance of a marine vehicle. These tools are used for static stability (intact and damaged), dynamic stability, resistance, powering, hull development, structural analysis , green water modelling, and slamming analysis. Data are regularly shared in international conferences sponsored by RINA , Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) and others. Computational Fluid Dynamics

1748-470: The ship are in order to create enough spacing between the stiffeners in prevention of buckling. Warships have used a longitudinal system of stiffening that many modern commercial vessels have adopted. This system was widely used in early merchant ships such as the SS Great Eastern , but later shifted to transversely framed structure another concept in ship hull design that proved more practical. This system

1794-519: The strength of the structure is considered the acts of ship collision are considered in the way that the ships structure is altered. Therefore, the properties of materials are considered carefully as applied material on the struck ship has elastic properties, the energy absorbed by the ship being struck is then deflected in the opposite direction, so both ships go through the process of rebounding to prevent further damage. Traditionally, naval architecture has been more craft than science. The suitability of

1840-623: The surrounding Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Atlantic . The lead boat K-137 Leninets received its honorific name on 11 April 1970, two and one half years after being commissioned. One Yankee-class submarine, K-219 , was lost on 6 October 1986 after an explosion and fire on board. This boat had been at sea near Bermuda, and she sank from loss of buoyancy because of flooding. Four of her sailors died before rescue ships arrived. The events surrounding

1886-458: The vast majority are steel with possibly some aluminium in the superstructure. The complete structure of the ship is designed with panels shaped in a rectangular form consisting of steel plating supported on four edges. Combined in a large surface area the Grillages create the hull of the ship , deck, and bulkheads while still providing mutual support of the frames. Though the structure of the ship

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1932-403: The vessel) and stability (the ability of a vessel to restore itself to an upright position after being inclined by wind, sea, or loading conditions). While atop a liquid surface a floating body has 6 degrees of freedom in its movements, these are categorized in either translation or rotation. Longitudinal stability for longitudinal inclinations, the stability depends upon the distance between

1978-502: Was evacuated from Leningrad to Gorkiy . In 1947 TsKB-18 completed the development of Project 613 (designated the Whiskey-class submarine in NATO classification) – a torpedo diesel-electric submarine of medium displacement which took into account the combat experiences of Soviet and German submarines from the War. Commissioned by the Navy in 1951, the 215 unit series built to Project 613

2024-516: Was later implemented on modern vessels such as tankers because of its popularity and was then named the Isherwood System . The arrangement of the Isherwood system consists of stiffening decks both side and bottom by longitudinal members, they are separated enough so they have the same distance between them as the frames and beams. This system works by spacing out the transverse members that support

2070-512: Was renamed Rubin in 1966. The Oscar-class submarine started development in 1971, and followed by the Typhoon class (Project 941) in 1976. In 1974 Igor Spassky succeeded Pustyntsev as head of the bureau and remained in the position until the 2000s (decade). Since the advent of Perestroika , Rubin has continued to produce nuclear submarines with such projects as the construction of the fourth-generation ballistic missile Borei class, also known as

2116-465: Was the largest in the Soviet Union. Approximately 25 to 30 of the submarines were built in People's Republic of China , and the design was handed over to Chinese technicians. P.P. Pustyntsev ( ru:Пустынцев, Павел Петрович ), who headed the Bureau from 1951 to 1974, created the design for Project 641 (NATO classification: Foxtrot ), which began development in 1955. 75 units of this class were commissioned to

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