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49-579: The Royal Bhutan Police ( Dzongkha : རྒྱལ་གཞུང་འབྲུག་གི་འགག་སྡེ་ ; gyal-zhung druk-ki gaag-de ) is the national police force of the Kingdom of Bhutan . It is responsible for maintaining law and order and prevention of crime in Bhutan . It was formed on 1 September 1965 with 555 personnel reassigned from the Royal Bhutan Army . It was then called the "Bhutan Frontier Guards." Its independent statutory basis

98-698: A dzongkhag court presided over by a dzongkhag drangpon (judge), who is appointed by the Chief Justice of Bhutan on the advice of Royal Judicial Service Council. The dzongkhags , and their residents, are represented in the Parliament of Bhutan , a bicameral legislature consisting of the National Council and the National Assembly . Each dzongkhag has one National Council representative. National Assembly representatives are distributed among

147-451: A dzongdag (administrator), assisted by a dzongrab (deputy district collector), carry out administrative activities, while the DYT coordinates all developmental activities within the dzongkhag . Each DYT includes representatives of the municipalities and the towns within the dzongkhag , who elect a chairperson from among themselves. The DYTs also had non-voting members, which included

196-544: A close linguistic relationship to J'umowa, which is spoken in the Chumbi Valley of Southern Tibet . It has a much more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan . Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50% to 80% mutually intelligible, with the literary forms of both highly influenced by the liturgical (clerical) Classical Tibetan language, known in Bhutan as Chöke, which has been used for centuries by Buddhist monks . Chöke

245-399: A code of conduct, duties, special duties during elections and disasters, and prohibition against engaging in political activities. It also regulates firearms for both police and civilians, requiring registration of private firearms with the police. The Act of 2009 establishes the following ranks and designations: The Chief of Police and Additional and Deputy Chiefs of Police are appointed by

294-416: A determination not to disperse," however the use of force must be limited as "as much as possible" using "the least deadly weapon which the circumstances permit." Non-lethal measures required before lethal force may be used include water cannons, tear smoke, riot batons, and rubber pellets; shooting live ammunition into crowds is authorized only after firing warning shots into the air. The Act of 2009 includes

343-617: A distinct set of rules." The following is a sample vocabulary: The following is a sample text in Dzongkha of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : འགྲོ་ ’Gro- བ་ ba- མི་ mi- རིགས་ rigs- ག་ ga- ར་ ra- དབང་ dbaṅ- ཆ་ cha- འདྲ་ ’dra- མཏམ་ mtam- འབད་ ’bad- སྒྱེཝ་ sgyew- ལས་ las- ག་ ga- ར་ ra- གིས་ gis- གཅིག་ Dzongkhag Parliament Judiciary The Kingdom of Bhutan

392-452: A dress code, and may even raise children on prison grounds through age nine. Prisoners are allowed spousal conjugal visits, provided female prisoners agree to prevent conception. These benefits are balanced by six-day weeks of hard labour within the prisons, imposed on all but juveniles, the physically and mentally infirm, political prisoners, and prisoners with pending trials. Under the Act of 2009,

441-1004: A judicial official to make on-the-spot legal decisions. On September 19, 2005 Bhutan became a member of Interpol . Interpol maintains a National Central Bureau at Royal Bhutan Police headquarters in Thimphu . As of 2005, recruits were trained at the Police Training Centers in Zilnon Namgyeling - Thimphu , Jigmeling - Gelephu and Tashigatshel - Chukha . A nine-month basic training course for constables included physical exercise and drills, weapons training, martial arts ( taekwondo ), law, public relations, riot control, investigation techniques, check post duties, traffic control, VIP escort and driglam namzha . An additional six-week course provided scientific investigation techniques, photography, administration, accounting, canine handling and other related subjects. A six-week refresher course

490-619: A more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan . Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50 to 80 percent mutually intelligible . Dzongkha and its dialects are the native tongue of eight western districts of Bhutan ( viz. Wangdue Phodrang , Punakha , Thimphu , Gasa , Paro , Ha , Dagana and Chukha ). There are also some native speakers near the Indian town of Kalimpong , once part of Bhutan but now in North Bengal , and in Sikkim . Dzongkha

539-425: A more efficient distribution of personnel and administrative and technical skills." Dzongdeys acted as the intermediary administrative divisions between the dzongkhag administration and the central government. Although Thimphu dzongkhag and Thimphu thromde (municipality) were within the boundaries of Zone I, they stayed outside the zonal system. By 1991, however, only Eastern dzongdey (Zone IV)

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588-455: A senior superintendent, superintendent, and additional superintendent; officers in charge of the central (national) and dzongkhag prisons; prison wardens and guards; and medical officers. Personnel begin as police, undergo training in prison administration at government-run Training Institutes, and occupy their posts for two year terms. Under the Prison Act, the police chief, in consultation with

637-449: A substantive and procedural framework for jurisdictions, powers arrest (with and without warrant), investigation, prosecution, search and seizure, summoning witnesses, and regulating public assembly and public nuisance. It also codifies a framework for receiving complaints from the public. The police are authorized to use force to "quell a disturbance of the peace, or to disperse an unlawful assembly, which either refused to disperse or shows

686-715: Is divided into 20 districts ( Dzongkha : dzongkhags ). Bhutan is located between the Tibet Autonomous Region of China and India on the eastern slopes of the Himalayas in South Asia . Dzongkhags are the primary subdivisions of Bhutan . They possess a number of powers and rights under the Constitution of Bhutan , such as regulating commerce, running elections, and creating local governments. The Local Government Act of 2009 established local governments in each of

735-471: Is often elided and results in the preceding vowel nasalized and prolonged, especially word-finally. Syllable-final /k/ is most often omitted when word-final as well, unless in formal speech. In literary pronunciation, liquids /r/ and /l/ may also end a syllable. Though rare, /ɕ/ is also found in syllable-final positions. No other consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Many words in Dzongkha are monosyllabic . Syllables usually take

784-412: Is responsible for maintaining and administering the prisons of Bhutan. There are 21 prisons in the country: one in each dzongkhag for those punished for up to third degree felonies , plus Central Prison (Tshoenkhang Yoema) for those who commit first or second degree felonies. There are also Youth Development and Rehabilitation Centres for juvenile (under age 18) convicts. The Division personnel consist of

833-684: Is the least densely populated, with 1.3 people per square kilometre (3.4/sq mi). The largest dzongkhag by land area is Wangdue Phodrang , encompassing 4,308 km (1,663 sq mi), while the smallest is Tsirang , encompassing 639 km (247 sq mi). Medieval Bhutan was organized into provinces or regions headquartered in dzongs (castles/fortresses) which served as administrative centres for areas around them. The dzongs of Paro, Dagana and Trongsa were headed by penlops (provincial lords/governors) while other dzongs were headed by dzongpons (fortress lords). Penlops and dzongpons gained power as

882-400: Is usually a trill [ r ] or a fricative trill [ r̝ ] , and is voiceless in the onsets of high-tone syllables. /t, tʰ, ts, tsʰ, s/ are dental . Descriptions of the palatal affricates and fricatives vary from alveolo-palatal to plain palatal. Only a few consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Most common among them are /m, n, p/ . Syllable-final /ŋ/

931-573: Is usually written in Bhutanese forms of the Uchen script , forms of the Tibetan script known as Jôyi "cursive longhand" and Jôtshum "formal longhand". The print form is known simply as Tshûm . There are various systems of romanization and transliteration for Dzongkha, but none accurately represents its phonetic sound. The Bhutanese government adopted a transcription system known as Roman Dzongkha , devised by

980-528: Is written using the Tibetan script . The word dzongkha means "the language of the fortress", from dzong "fortress" and kha "language". As of 2013 , Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers. Dzongkha is a South Tibetic language . It is closely related to Laya and Lunana and partially intelligible with Sikkimese , and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha , Brokpa , Brokkat and Lakha . It has

1029-478: The dzongdag , the dungpa ( dungkhag (sub-district) head) (where a dungkhag exists) and the dzongkhag officials from various sectors such as the chief engineer, and the planning, finance, education, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and health officers. The Constitution of 2008 laid basic provisions for an elected dzongkhag tshogdu and dzongkhag courts in each dzongkhag . The Local Government Act of 2009 further codified

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1078-432: The dzongkhag , composed of the gup ( gewog head) and the mangmi (elected representatives of the gewogs ) from each gewog (block of villages), and representatives from the thromdes of that dzongkhag . They are empowered to enforce rules on health and public safety, regulate environmental pollution, advertise in regard to environmental aesthetics, regulate broadcast media in accordance with

1127-556: The dzongkhags in proportion to their registered voter population as recommended by the Delimitation Commission , provided that "no dzongkhag shall have less than two and more than seven National Assembly constituencies." As of the 2017 census, Thimphu is the most populous dzongkhag , with 138,736 residents; Gasa is the least populous, with 3,952 residents. Thimphu is the most densely populated, with 67.1 people per square kilometre (174/sq mi), whereas Gasa

1176-685: The Druk Gyalpo from among a list of names recommended by the Prime Minister , from among the list submitted by the Police Service board based on seniority, qualification, and capability. Any other appointments above, as well as directors of Training Institutes, are appointed by the Chief of Police on recommendation of the Police Service Board. The Chief of Police is empowered with wide discretion in

1225-627: The Dzongkhag and Dungkhag levels. The Investigation Bureau operates directly under the Chief of Police to collect intelligence and information relating to criminal and subversive activities against the Tsa-Wa-Sum and is headed by the Deputy Chief (IB) The National Central Bureau located at the Police Headquarters liaises with other Interpol member countries and Sub-Regional Bureaus. It assists

1274-752: The Minister of Home Affairs , may declare "any house, building, enclosure or place, or any part thereof" to be a prison or reformative training centre. Prisoners themselves are categorized as "civil prisoners," criminal prisoners, prisoners charged under the National Security Act , and military personnel convicted in military court. Detainees are classed as those under criminal investigation, detainees under trial, and other detainees "as directed by court for civil cases." Populations of civil, criminal, and political prisoners are to be separated from each other while inside. Prisoners may wear their own clothing, subject to

1323-701: The Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs ; one Deputy Chief of Police (Member Secretary); one Senior Superintendent of Police; one director of the Police Training Institutes; two Superintendents of Police from Field Divisions; two Superintendents of Police from the Special Division; one Additional Superintendent of Police from the Field Division; and one Officer Commanding of the Police Station not below

1372-435: The 20 dzongkhags overseen by the Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs . Each dzongkhag has its own elected government with non-legislative executive powers, called a dzongkhag tshogdu (district council). The dzongkhag tshogdu is assisted by the dzongkhag administration headed by a dzongdag (royal appointees who are the chief executive officer of each dzongkhag ). Each dzongkhag also has

1421-644: The Board are submitted to the Chief of Police for endorsement and for submission to the Home and Cultural Affairs Minister for approval. The Royal Bhutan Police Service Board consists of eleven members appointed by the Minister for Home and Cultural Affairs upon recommendation of the Chief of Police. Its members include Additional Chief of Police (chair); the Head of the Law and Order Bureau within

1470-545: The Chief of Police was Maksi Gom (Colonel) Kipchu Namgyel. The headquarters of the Royal Bhutan Police in Thimphu was divided into three branches directly under the Chief of Police : General Division Crime Division Administrative Division The Royal Bhutan Police structures districts into "ranges" which are under the administrative control of "range police officers." A "district police officer" heads

1519-694: The Investigation Bureau. Field divisions are the various police divisions in the Dzongkhags . The Special Police Divisions under the Additional Chief of Police are at par with the Field Divisions and are headed by Superintendents of Police or by Directors. The Special Divisions established by the Act of 2009 are: The Chief of Police may, in his discretion, recommend to the Royal Government for

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1568-596: The Police Executive Development Course in Singapore. Besides performing their standard police functions, members of the Royal Bhutan Police also served as border guards and firefighters and provided first aid. In 1975, in response to the increased number of traffic accidents resulting from the development of roads and the increase number of motor vehicles, the police established an experimental mobile traffic court staff with Royal Bhutan Police personnel and

1617-603: The Royal Bhutan Police Service Board formulates policies, rules, regulations, and guidelines for the police concerning organization; administration; staffing; promotion, classification, and grading of services; higher or continuing policing education; performance evaluation and appraisal; development of efficient police process; Police Support Selection Examinations; Police Support Cadre Selection Procedures; and police office and material management. All policies, Service Rules, and regulations formulated and decided by

1666-513: The Royal Bhutan Police was organizationally subordinate to the Royal Bhutan Army and under the command of Major General Lam Dorji , who was also chief of operations of the army, holding the title inspector general or commandant. There were police headquarters in each district and subdistrict. In 1991, the police was headed by the Chief of Police under whom there are commissioned officers, non-commissioned officers, and constables. In April 2008,

1715-731: The Zilnon Namgyeling Police Training Centre. Advanced training for selected police officers in fields such as criminology, traffic control, and canine corps has taken place in India and other countries. In 1988, following specialized training in India, a female second lieutenant established a fingerprint bureau in Thimphu. Besides having access to training at the Indian Police Academy in Hyderabad, some students were also sent to

1764-847: The command of the Royal Bhutan Police, including budgetary matters; policy decisions; promotions, awards, and punishments on the advice of the Service Board; issuing orders on anything relating to Police activities; and delegating his powers as he may think expedient. He reports to the Minister for Home and Cultural Affairs . Officers Commanding and Officers In charge of police stations submit daily and other regular reports to Superintendents of Police, who in turn submit similar reports to Police Headquarters in Thimphu . At both levels, authorities keep extensive registers and diaries of convictions, cases, seizures, arrests, absconders, custody, and town and village information. Officers Commanding and Officers In charge must also provide similar reports to authorities on

1813-552: The election process of dzongkhag tshogdu , the appointment process of dzongkdag , and the role of dzongkhag courts within the judicial system of Bhutan . It also repealed all previous acts and laws regarding local governments, including the Dzongkhag Yargay Tshogdu Chathrim of 2002. Under the Local Government Act of 2009 , the dzongkhag tshogdu is the non-legislative executive body of

1862-486: The form of CVC, CV, or VC. Syllables with complex onsets are also found, but such an onset must be a combination of an unaspirated bilabial stop and a palatal affricate. The bilabial stops in complex onsets are often omitted in colloquial speech. Dzongkha is considered a South Tibetic language . It is closely related to and partially intelligible with Sikkimese , and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha , Brokpa , Brokkat and Lakha . Dzongkha bears

1911-469: The increasingly dysfunctional dual system of government eventually collapsed amid civil war. The victorious Penlop of Trongsa Ugyen Wangchuck gained de jure sovereignty over the entire realm in 1907, marking the establishment of the modern Kingdom of Bhutan and the ascendancy of the House of Wangchuck . At the direction of the fourth Druk Gyalpo (Bhutan head of state), Jigme Singye Wangchuk ,

1960-479: The linguist George van Driem , as its standard in 1991. Dzongkha is a tonal language and has two register tones: high and low. The tone of a syllable determines the allophone of the onset and the phonation type of the nuclear vowel. All consonants may begin a syllable. In the onsets of low-tone syllables, consonants are voiced . Aspirated consonants (indicated by the superscript h ), /ɬ/ , and /h/ are not found in low-tone syllables. The rhotic /r/

2009-487: The police force in a district. There are a number of police stations, outposts, and checkpoints in a district and the highest-ranked officer is usually designated the Officer-in-Charge of that particular area. Range I Range II Range III Dzongkha language Dzongkha ( རྫོང་ཁ་ ; [d͡zòŋkʰɑ́] ) is a Tibeto-Burman language that is the official and national language of Bhutan . It

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2058-563: The process of decentralisation of local administration started in 1981 with the formation of a dzongkhag yargye tshogchung (DYT, district development committee) in each of the newly created dzongkhags . Four dzongdeys (zones) were established in 1988 and 1989: Zone I, including four western districts, seated at Chhukha ; Zone II, including four west-central districts, seated at Damphu ; Zone III, including four east-central districts, seated at Geylegphug ; and Zone IV, including five eastern districts, seated at Yonphula; to "provide

2107-473: The rank of Yongzin . The first two are permanent members; all others serve two-year terms with a limit of two consecutive terms. The Royal Bhutan Police was formed on 1 September 1965 with 555 personnel reassigned from the Royal Bhutan Army , and had grown to over 1,000 by the late 1970s. Since its establishment, Indian police advisers and instructors have been used. Starting in 1975, Bhutanese instructors, trained in India for one year, began training recruits at

2156-655: The ration and abolition of divisions, police stations, check-posts, out-posts, and other units. In 2020 Lieutenant Colonel Karma Rigzin , founder of the Women and Child Protection Division, was named by the US State Department as one of their "heroes" for her work to stop trafficking of women and children. Under the Royal Bhutan Police Act of 2009 and the Prison Act of 2009, the Prison Services Division

2205-704: Was also conducted. Selected officers were sent for basic and advanced training abroad. In India, Royal Bhutan Police officers were trained at the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy in Hyderabad and the Punjab Police Academy . Officers were sent to Australia to specialise in DNA analysis and other advanced techniques of forensic science . Officers have also attended a Police Executive Development course in Singapore. In 1991,

2254-517: Was declared the national language of Bhutan in 1971. Dzongkha study is mandatory in all schools, and the language is the lingua franca in the districts to the south and east where it is not the mother tongue. The Bhutanese films Travellers and Magicians (2003) and Lunana: A Yak in the Classroom (2019) are in Dzongkha. The Tibetan script used to write Dzongkha has thirty basic letters , sometimes known as "radicals", for consonants . Dzongkha

2303-416: Was first codified with the Royal Bhutan Police Act of 1980. This framework was repealed and replaced in its entirety by the Royal Bhutan Police Act of 2009. In addition to law enforcement , the mandate of the Royal Bhutan Police has grown since Act of 2009 to include managing prisons, facilitating youth development and rehabilitation, and disaster management. The Act of 2009 provides the Royal Bhutan Police

2352-582: Was fully functional. Zone I, Zone II and Zone III were "indefinitely" disabled in early 1991. Zone IV also ceased to function in mid-1992. Dzongdeys slowly lost relevance and went defunct as they were not included in the Constitution of Bhutan and the Local Government Act of 2009, which repealed the previous local governments and administrative divisions. Under the Dzongkhag Yargay Tshogdu Chathrim (District Development Council Act) of 2002,

2401-439: Was used as the language of education in Bhutan until the early 1960s when it was replaced by Dzongkha in public schools. Although descended from Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha shows a great many irregularities in sound changes that make the official spelling and standard pronunciation more distant from each other than is the case with Standard Tibetan. "Traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems operating by

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