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42-772: In the 16th century, the Marma people emigrated here from the Kingdom of Mrauk U in Arakan . Where the Rakhaing stream (known as a chhara in Bengali) meets the Tarachha canal, the Marmas established a settlement known as Rakhaing Wah , meaning the "Rakhaing river mouth ". Bengalis from the nearby Chittagong District later arrived in the area for trade and commercial purposes. Over time, Rakhaing Wah grew into

84-657: A haat bazaar and became known to Bengalis as Rowangchhari ( Rowang is the Chittagonian word for Arakan and chhari refers to a small stream). During the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, a brawl took place in Nowapatang Union leading to the death of T. N. Ali, a Bengali freedom fighter. Shamsul Islam ibn Amir Hamzah of Main Road and Dr S. A. Mahiuddin ibn Muhammad Abdur Rashid of Rowangchhari Bazar also fought in

126-781: A monastery named Pinda-Vihara at Chittagong where the custom of wearing pointed caps originated. The scholar Vanaratna (1384–1468 CE) who is considered the last Indian Buddhist Pandit in Tibet, was born in the Chittagong district. He studied in Sri Lanka , parts of the old heartland of Buddhism in present-day Bihar including Bodh Gaya , Tibet and then he settled down in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. He wrote in Sanskrit and Apabhramsha . Chittagong region

168-608: A population of 27,721. The ethnic population was 24,808 (89.49%), of which Marma were 13,716, Tanchangya 3,990, Tripura 2,143, Bom 1,882 and Mru 1,685. Rowangchhari is an ethnically diverse sub-district of Bangladesh. It is home to the Marma people who speak Arakanese , the Bawm who speak Bawm , the Tanchangya who speak Tanchangya , the Mru who speak Mru , the Khumi who speak Khumi Chin ,

210-647: A sarong called thabein . Marmas mostly depend on agriculture, traditionally practicing slash-and-burn cultivation on the hills. Their belief in Theravada Buddhism is as deep as the Rakhine society's, with an emphasis on ritual practices in deities. Some Marmas also practice Animism , Christianity and Islam. Marmas follow the Burmese calendar . They celebrate the New Year, called Sangrai ( သင်္ကြန် ), which begins on

252-659: A vassal of Magadh’s Chandra Surya Kingdom established a territory in Arakan and Chittagong. With his subjects and soldiers, he established his capital in Dhanyabati. These settlers were integral to the preaching of Buddhism and its culture in Chittagong and Arakan. Those arriving from Magadh (Ancient Indian kingdom in Southern Bihar) as well as locals in Chittagong, who embraced Buddhism, came to be known as ‘Mag’ or ‘Magh’. By 1585, European, Persian, and Bengali accounts began describing all

294-843: Is a Bengali -speaking Magh ethnic group who lives in Chittagong Division in Bangladesh, West Bengal in India and Rakhine State in Myanmar , where they are known as the Maramagyi or Maramagri or particularly the Magh Barua . According to Arakanese chronology, the Barua Buddhists have lived there for five thousand years. The word 'Barua' was formed of Arakanese words Bo (meaning Army Chief) and Yoya (meaning locality, village). Literally, Barua means

336-458: Is called Sangrai . In addition to these festivals, other natural festivals are also celebrated, which are often similar to other indigenous ethnic groups in Bangladesh . On this full moon day, Mahamati Gautam Buddha was born, attained enlightenment and attained Mahaparinirvana . It is a religious festival. Every year the festival is celebrated with great enthusiasm and fervor. One night it's

378-415: Is low, face is broad and flat, cheekbones high and wide, nose flat and bridgeless, and eyes small with eyelids obliquely set. Their list of favourite foods invariably includes shnutki machhor(dry fish), sea fish and spicy food prepared with lots of oil and chilli, Gudog with bamboo shoots. Different kinds of shnutki an indication of their origin can be identified. For instance, according to multiple respondents

420-513: Is one of the two regions of the Indian subcontinent where Indian Buddhism has survived without interruption. They insist that they came from the Āryāvarta or the country of the Āryans which is practically identical to the country later known as Majjhimadesa or Madhyadesa in the Pali texts. A Magh king, Jaychand, ruled the Chittagong region in the 16th century. There are periods in history which are known as

462-672: The Khyang who speak Shö and the Bengalis who speak the Chittagonian dialect of Bengali. Ethnicity in Rowangchhari Upazila (2022) Rowangchhari Upazila is divided into four union parishads : Alikhong, Nowapatang, Rowangchhari, and Tarachha. The union parishads are subdivided into 13 mauzas and 178 villages. There are 43 churches, 41 Buddhist temples, 5 Hindu temples and 12 mosques in Rowangchhari. There are two madrasas in Rowangchhari;

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504-709: The Rakhine Minrazagri Ayedaw Sadan and the Dhanyawaddy Ayedawbon . This endonym continues to be used by the Marma. The term "Marma" is derived from " Myanmar ," which was first used in the early 1100s. In the Marma and Arakanese , Myanmar is pronounced Mranma ( [mɹəmà] ), not Myanma ( [mjəmà] ). In the Burmese language , the Marma are known as the Marama ( မရမာ ). By 1585, European, Persian, and Bengali accounts began describing

546-651: The Bay of Bengal. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the Marmas migrated from their homeland to the Chittagong Hill Tracts, coinciding with the Kingdom of Mrauk U 's conquest of Chittagong. Records of the East India Company and others indicate that the Marmas migrated from the Kingdom of Mrauk U to Chittagong of Bangladesh in two phases of migrations during 14th to 17th centuries in the golden period of Mrauk U . In

588-677: The Buddha statue's bathing (cleansing) ritual on this day. On the 3rd day, called Sangrai Atada, they cook a vegetable dish made out of more than 100 ingredients, called hangbong ( ဟင်းပေါင်း ; pachan in Bangla). After death, Marma elderlies are cremated, while younger deceased Marmas are buried. Like other ethnic peoples, the Marma's celebrate a variety of traditional festivals such as birth, death, marriage and New Year. The main festivals of Marma's are: - Buddha Purnima , Kathina , Oyahgyai or Prabarana Purnima , Sangrai etc. The Marma New Year festival

630-527: The Buddhist groups in the region as the Mugh or Maghs. Descriptions of European writers like Risley (1891), Hunter and O’Malley (O’Malley 1908) and present day discussions of Sukomal Chaudhuri (Chaudhuri 1982), Ram Chandra Barua (Barua 2010) reveal that, ‘Magh’ and ‘Buddhism’ are synonymously treated in Chittagong. In present day, non-Buddhists of Chittagong consider the word ‘Magh’ and Buddhists to be identical in

672-466: The Buddhist monks and destroying the very fabric a Buddhism. By the advent of the nineteenth century, Buddhism was almost extinct in the land of its birth save except for a few pockets where it survived with the influence or migration of Buddhist tribes from Myanmar, Thailand and Chittagong (now in Bangladesh) In the ancient history of Arakan, Rajowang, towards the middle of second century AD (AD 146),

714-581: The Hindu customs until the mid 19th century when Saṅgharaj Sāramedha Mahāthera (1801–82) of Arakan , returning from Bodh Gaya , was invited to Chittagong in 1856. In the mid 19th century, the Baruas came into contact with other Theravada Buddhists from Burma and Ceylon , and these Baruas were the first groups like the Chakmas who converted into Buddhists during Buddha's time. The first Pāli school in modern times

756-543: The Indian state of Tripura continue to self-identify as Marima , or as Moghs or Maghs. The ancestors of the Marma, the Rakhine, live in a coastal region between Chittagong and the Arakan Mountains , in what is now Rakhine State of Myanmar. Between the 15th and 16th centuries, the Rakhine and all the Buddhist groups in the region received a reputation for piracy in association with the Portuguese, due to endemic piracy in

798-772: The Khyongsa (ချောင်းသား) from riverside communities, the Toungsa (တောင်သား) from the hill ridges, and smaller clans including the Longdusa, the Frangsa, the Kyokara-sa, and the Talongsa (တလိုင်းသား). The culture of the Marmas is similar to that of the Rakhine people , including their language, food, clothes, religion, dance, and funeral rites. Marma men wear a sarong called lungyi , while Marma women wear

840-567: The Marma New Year festival is ' Sangrai '. This is one of their main traditional ceremonies. They organize this festival on the Bengali new year occasion of month Boishakh . On the occasion of the New Year, they organize various interesting events in Sangrai. Water festival is one of these events. On that day, the Marma youths rejoiced by sprinkling water on each other. By sprinkling water, they wash away

882-498: The Marma and other Buddhist groups like the Barua people in the region as the Mugh or Magh , which were not used by the groups themselves. The word's etymology is likely to derive from Magadha , the name of an ancient Buddhist kingdom. The Marmas considered these names to be pejorative because of the word's association with piracy, and thus assumed the name Marma in the 1940s. Some Marmas in

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924-671: The Marma populations share a high frequency of Indian and low frequency of East Asian specific maternal haplogroups, and have the highest haplotype diversity when compared with Tripura and Chakma populations, suggesting deep colonization of the region by Marmas. According to 2022 census, Marmas are Second largest ethnic group in Bandarban District (17.49%), third largest in Rangamati Hill District (7.93%) and fourth largest in Khagrachhari District (10.39%). They are

966-638: The North Chhaingya Nurani Madrasa and the West Chhaingya Nurani Madrasa. The mosques are: Marma people The Marma ( Burmese : မာရမာ တိုင်းရင်းသား ) are the second-largest ethnic community in Bangladesh 's Chittagong Hill Tracts , primarily residing in the Bandarban , Khagrachari and Rangamati Hill Districts . They belong to the same community as the Rakhine people . Marmas along with Barua Maghs and Jumias make up

1008-663: The Siddala and Hangor shnutki (dried sea fish) are consumed by this particular Arakanese community. Borga (pork) is the most commonly consumed meat by the Barua Magh community. The primary scripture of Barua Magh Tribal Community , the Tripitaka was written in the Pali language. Magh Barua Buddhists of Chittagong have Arakan roots. They migrated to Chittagong some four or five hundred years ago. The term Magh has been derived as corrupted form of appellation Mang or Meng. Use of name Mang or Meng

1050-616: The colonial clubs of Kolkata. The Magh Baruas were appointed by the Britishers and the affluent households of babus like the Shobhabazar Rajbari. Raja Nabakrishna Deb and his family often entertained the British officials, and on such occasions, the Magh cooks were called in to cook various European delicacies for the Britishers. The Baruas used to follow Mahayana Buddhism and followed some of

1092-440: The color of cotton yarn from the Buddhist beggars wear cibara are made each solid cibara say. Wagyai or Prabarona Purnima is a major religious festival of the Marmas. On this day this festival is celebrated with great joy and happiness in every society of Marmas and Bihar. These days delicious cakes are made at home. On this day at night, lanterns are blown to worship and dedicate the great hair of Gautam Buddha . The name of

1134-697: The dark days and Buddhism or Buddhist history too had to pass through this period in India. Starting with the Muslim invasion when Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji with his marauding soldiers plundered their way to the throne of India, it was a time when the Buddhist Viharas were destroyed and monks fled the place to escape the brutality and later the Brahmins too caused immense damage to Buddhism by killing

1176-471: The dirt and ink of the past year. Apart from that, they also find the person of their choice through water sports. In addition to water sports, they celebrate the Sangrai festival by performing other rituals such as pangchowai (flower sangrai), sangrai ji, candle lighting and buddhasnan. They enjoy their festivals by speaking on their mother tongue. Barua people Barua ( Bengali : বড়ুয়া , romanized :  Boṛua ; Rakhine : မရမာကြီး )

1218-594: The first day of Bohag . They make sangraimu, which is a form of traditional cakes. They take part in Sangrain Relong Pwe ( သင်္ကြန်ရေလောင်းပွဲ ; water pouring), where young Marma men and women spray each other with water. Sangrai is celebrated in three days, On the 1st day, called Painchwai or Akro, homes are decorated with flowers. On the 2nd day, Sangrai Akya, Marmas participate in traditional sports, dances, cultural activities and hold meetings regarding community issues. They also go to monasteries to participate in

1260-604: The first phase, during the Mrauk U Kingdom expanded to some parts of Chittagong Division . Secondly, Marma ancestors fled to Chittagong and settled down as the Arakanese kingdom was conquered and annexed by Burmese king Bodawpaya in 1785. In 1971, following the Bangladesh Liberation War in which Bangladesh achieved independence, the country's majority Bengali Muslims began settling in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, which has displaced native inhabitants. Genetic studies have indicated that

1302-617: The largest ethnic group in Rowangchhari Upazila (49.48%), Guimara Upazila (38.10%), Rajasthali Upazila (36.65%), Thanchi Upazila (31.37%) and Ruma Upazila (31.04%). The Marmas are subdivided into 12 clans, named after the place from where they migrated. These clans include the Ragraisa, consisting of Marmas living south of the Karnaphuli river, the Palaingsa from Ramgarh Upazila ,

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1344-731: The pioneers of the revitalization of Buddhism in the Barua Community. Benimadhab joined the Mahāmuni Anglo-Pāli Institution as headmaster in 1912. From 1913 to 1914 he worked as a lecturer in the Pāli department of the University of Calcutta. He went to England on a government scholarship in 1914. He earned an MA in Greek and Modern European Philosophy from the University of London . In 1917 he

1386-427: The place where an army chief resides. Later on, the people who lived in such locality or village also gradually came to be known as Barua. In Myanmar, Barua Maghs are classified as one of the seven ethnic groups that make up the Rakhine nation. In West Bengal (India), Barua Magh Buddhist Community is recognized as Scheduled Tribe (ST). The physical characteristics of Barua (Maramagyi) people are Mongolian, their stature

1428-426: The railways to expand the tea and Burma teak trade, ferried goods, passengers, British sahibs and zamindars. Magh Baruas, who were inherently exceptional cooks were able to understand the European recipes and adapt them with a touch of their own. Since Maghs were Buddhists, they had no qualms preparing pork or beef, so the Britishers employed them on steamers. The delicacies made by Magh Barua cooks eventually crept into

1470-406: The usual settings. However, it is unanimously agreed upon by all that those belonging to the ‘Magh’ community are divided into several groups. The divisions are i)The Thongtha, Thongcha, Jumia Mags ii)The Marma, Mayamma, Roang or Rakhaing Magh iii)The Maramagri, Maramagyi or otherwise called Barua Magh. They belong to the second sub tribe or group within the Magh Community. The British built

1512-487: The war. There are also seven other individuals from Rowangchhari not mentioned in the official gazette that are said to have taken part. These are: Tarachha's Muhammad Ibrahim ibn Jalal Ahmad, Foraq Ahmad ibn Kala Mia, Qazi Muhammad Thanaullah ibn Qazi Ahmad Safa, Liaqat Ali ibn Faiz Ahmad and Muhammad Abdul Wadud ibn Siraj Ahmad, Rowangchhari Bazar's Abul Hasan Mir ibn Habibullah Mir, Abdul Aziz Chowdhury ibn Ashab Mia Chowdhury and Ejahan Mia ibn Dudu Mia. In 1976, Rowangchhari

1554-483: The wider Magh community. There are three endogamous groups within Magh Community which are known as i) The Thongtha, Thongcha, Jumia Mags , ii) The Marma , Mayamma, Roang or Rakhaing Magh , iii) The Maramagri, otherwise called Barua Magh . They belong to the second sub tribe or group within the Magh Community . Between the 17th and 18th centuries, the Rakhine began calling themselves Mranma (မြန်မာ) and its derivatives like Marama (မရမာ), as attested by texts like

1596-463: Was awarded a D.Litt. by the University of London. He was the first Asian to do so. After returning to India in 1918, Benimadhab rejoined Calcutta University and was promoted to professorship. He improvised the syllabus of the MA course in Pali, in addition his work in the departments of Ancient Indian History and Culture, (1919–48) and Sanskrit (1927–48), in the same university.[1] Anagarika Dharmapala visited Chittagong in 1917, where he influenced

1638-428: Was established as a thana . Its status was upgraded to upazila (sub-district) in 1983 as part of the President of Bangladesh Hussain Muhammad Ershad 's decentralisation programme. Rowangchhari is located at 22°10′00″N 92°20′00″E  /  22.1667°N 92.3333°E  / 22.1667; 92.3333 . It has a total area of 442.88 km. As of the 2022 Bangladeshi census , Rowangchhari upazila had

1680-426: Was first published in 1908. It was subsequently edited by Benimadhab Barua . Benimadhab (1888–1948) was born in the village of Mahamuni under Raozan Thana, Chittagong. He was the son of Kaviraj Rajchandra Talukder. Benimadhab assumed the title of "Barua". In 1913, he obtained an MA degree in Pali from University of Calcutta . He also studied law at Calcutta City College and Calcutta Law College. He became one of

1722-475: Was started in Pahartali, Chittagong by Ācarya Punnācāra with the financial backing from a zamindar , Haragobinda Mutsuddi, in 1885. Bauddha Dharmankur Sabha Buddhist religious organization founded by Venerable Kripasaran Mahasthavir in Calcutta on 5 October 1892. Kripasharan Mahasthavir was its first president, and Surendralal Mutsuddi was its secretary. The journal of the Dharmankur Sabha, Jagajjyoti, edited by Gunalangkar Sthavir and Shraman Punnananda Swami,

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1764-426: Was widely prevalent in Chittagong among the ancestors of Buddhist communities now using the name Barua. Chittagong was formerly known as "Chaityagrama" or "town with Buddhist shrines". The region attracted Chinese Buddhist visitors in the 7th century. In 1929, in Jhewari village a hoard of 61 Buddhist images from 9th and 10th century was found. It was a centre of Buddhism in the 10th century. Taranatha mentions

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