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30-627: The Routan Islands ( Chukot : Ровтын иӆирти Rovtįn iłirti ) are two islands in the eastern coast of the Chaunskaya Bay of the East Siberian Sea . They are located directly off Pevek , separated from the shore of the Pevek Peninsula by a 4.7 km wide sound. Ayon Island lies on the other side of the Chaunskaya Bay, 24 km to the west. Administratively these islands belong to

60-578: A language often proves difficult to categorize. This is primarily due to the fact that it does not always follow a typical linguistic and syntactical pattern. These exceptions allow Chukchi to fit into more than one linguistic type. Chukchi has periodic tense: it can incorporate the noun nәki- to build a nocturnal verb form. мын-ныки-урэ-ӄэпл-увичвэн-мык myn-nyki-urè-ḳèpḷ-uvičvèn-myk 1PL - NOCT -long.time-ball-play- IMP : 1PL мын-ныки-урэ-ӄэпл-увичвэн-мык myn-nyki-urè-ḳèpḷ-uvičvèn-myk 1PL-NOCT-long.time-ball-play-IMP:1PL ‘Let’s spend

90-504: A lot of time playing ball at night.’ (Skorik 1977: 241) A large number of words in the Chukchi language are reduplicated in their singular forms, i.e. Chukchi Э’ръэр ("iceberg") and Утуут ("tree"). There is also significant influence from the Russian language , especially in formal vocabulary and modern concepts, i.e. Chukchi Чайпат , from Russian Чай (tea). The extent to which Chukchi and

120-476: A measure of renown in both Russia and Western Europe, although much of his published work was written in Russian, rather than Chukchi. Chukchi poet Antonina Kymytval wrote in her native language. There are no voiced stops in the language; these are only found in loanwords . The vowels are /i/ , /u/ , /e₁/ , /e₂/ , /o/ , /a/ , and /ə/ . /e₁/ and /e₂/ are pronounced identically but behave differently in

150-486: A rendering of the Chukchi word чавчыв [tʃawtʃəw] , which in Chukchi means "[a man who is] rich in reindeer," referring to any successful reindeer herder, a wealthy man by local standards. Although Chukchi language is taught in 28 elementary schools in Chukotka Autonomous Region to 1616 children (according to 2015-2016 data), and there are several hours of daily TV and radio broadcasts in the Chukchi language,

180-415: A sentence. Verbs distinguish three persons, two numbers, three moods (declarative, imperative and conditional), two voices (active and antipassive ) and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I ( aorist ), past II ( perfect ), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). Past II is formed with a construction meaning possession (literally "to be with"), similar to

210-519: A typologically normal manner. The language of Chukchi also uses a specific verb system. The basic locative construction of a sentence in Chukchi contains a single locative verb, unlike many other languages. In the nominals , there are two numbers and about 13 morphological cases: absolutive, ergative/instrumental, equative (copula), locative, allative, ablative, orientative, inessive, perlative, sublative, comitative, associative, and privative. Nouns are split into three declensions influenced by animacy :

240-418: Is a largely polysynthetic , agglutinative , direct-inverse language and has ergative–absolutive alignment . It also has very pervasive incorporation . In particular, the incorporation is productive and often interacts with other linguistic processes. Chukchi allows free incorporation of adjuncts, such as when a noun incorporates its modifier. However, besides the unusual use of adjuncts, Chukchi behaves in

270-400: Is because whenever a "dominant" vowel is present anywhere in a word, all "recessive" vowels in the word change into their "dominant" counterpart. The schwa vowel /ə/ does not alternate but may trigger harmony as if it belonged to the dominant group. Initial and final consonant clusters are not tolerated, and schwa epenthesis is pervasive. Stress tends to: 1. be penultimate; 2. stay within

300-457: Is expressed in a way that is far from always straightforward. Besides the finite forms , there are also infinitive, supine (purposive), numerous gerund forms, and a present and past participle, and these are all used with auxiliary verbs to produce further analytic constructions. The word order is rather free, though SOV is basic. The possessor normally precedes the possessed, and postpositions rather than prepositions are used. Chukchi as

330-431: Is increasing, consists of word borrowing and pressure on surface syntax ; the latter is primarily seen in written communication (translated texts) and is not apparent in day-to-day speech. Antonina Kymytval Antonina Aleksandrovna Kymytval ( Russian : Антони́на Алекса́ндровна Кымытва́ль , Chukot : Кымъытвааԓ , romanized:  Kym"ytvaal , [qəmːʔətˈwaːɮ] ) (April 22, 1938 – October 29, 2015)

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360-590: The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug of the Russian Federation . This Chukotka Autonomous Okrug location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Chukot language Chukchi and Chukchee are anglicized versions of the Russian exonym Chukcha (plural Chukchi ). This came into Russian from Čävča , the term used by the Chukchis' Tungusic -speaking neighbors, itself

390-549: The Eskimo languages borrowed vocabulary between one another, or a relationship between the two, has not been studied in detail. The numeral system was originally purely vigesimal and went up to 400, but a decimal system was introduced for numerals above 100 via Russian influence. Many of the names of the basic numbers can be traced etymologically to words referring to the human body ("finger", "hand" etc.) or to arithmetic operations (6 = "1 + 5" etc.). Ordinary numbers are formed with

420-513: The Latin script : In 1937, this alphabet, along with all of the other alphabets of the non-Slavic peoples of the USSR, was replaced by a Cyrillic alphabet. At first it was the Russian alphabet with the addition of the digraphs Кʼ кʼ and Нʼ нʼ . In the 1950s the additional letters were replaced by Ӄ ӄ and Ӈ ӈ . These newer letters were mainly used in educational texts, while the press continued to use

450-635: The Sovetskaya Chukotka newspaper. She went to Moscow for further study in 1966 and 1967, and in 1968 published her first volume of verse for children. She continued to write plays and poems for children, developing a relationship with the Magadan Puppet Theater. Kymytval lived in Magadan for many years before her death. Late in life she was incapacitated by a series of strokes; she died in Abinsk , in

480-401: The 1900s, Vladimir Bogoraz discovered specimens of pictographic/logographic writing by the Chukchi herdsman Tenevil (see ru:File:Luoravetl.jpg ). Tenevil's writing system was entirely his own invention. It was nearly lost during the initial period of Soviet contact and subsequent Russian Arctic expeditions. The first official Chukchi alphabet was devised by Bogoraz in 1931 and was based on

510-527: The everyday use and proficiency in the language is declining among native Chukchis. According to the 2020 census , 8,526 of the 16,200 Chukchi people speak Chukchi; and most Chukchi now speak Russian (fewer than 100 report not speaking Russian at all). The language is on the list of endangered languages in the UNESCO Red Book . The Chukchi people have a rich history and culture, which have traditionally centered around war. The Chukchi prize warriors and

540-429: The family and while engaged in their traditional pastoral economic activity (reindeer herding). The language is also used in media (including radio and TV translations) and some business activities. However, Russian is increasingly used as the primary means of business and administrative communication, in addition to behaving as a lingua franca in territories inhabited by non-Chukchis such as Koryaks and Yakuts. Over

570-552: The fighting spirit that they embody. This emphasis on conflict can be seen in the interactions between the Chukchi and the Russians, which date back to the middle of the seventeenth century and tell of glorious battles between the two groups. The Chukchi have also been known to battle nearby tribes, particularly the Tánñit, which comprise fellow Siberian peoples known as the Koryaks. However, over

600-444: The first declension, which contains non-humans, has plural marking only in the absolutive case; the second one, which contains personal names and certain words for mainly older relatives, has obligatory plural marking in all forms; the third one, which contains other humans than those in the second declension, has optional plural marking. These nominal cases are used to identify the number of nouns, as well as their purpose and function in

630-437: The last century, the Chukchi people have engaged in far fewer conflicts and have focused more on trading. Today, the Chukchi economy relies heavily on trade, particularly with Russia. Besides trading with Russia, the Chukchi make their living off of herding reindeer and bartering with other tribes. There is also a group of Chukchi that do not herd reindeer and instead live along the coast, trading more with tribes who live along

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660-465: The older versions. At the end of the 1980s, the letter Ԯ ԯ ( Ԓ ԓ ) was introduced as a replacement for Л л . This was intended to reduce confusion with the pronunciation of the Russian letter of the same form. The Chukchi alphabet now stands as follows: The romanization of Chukchi is the representation of the Chukchi language using Latin letters. The following is the ISO 9 system of Romanization: Chukchi

690-446: The pacific coast. Some Chukchi people even choose to go back and forth between the two divisions, trading with both. These people tend to control more of the trade and have been called Kavrálît or “Rangers”. Notably, Chukchi men and women use different pronunciation for the same words. While men say "r" or "rk", women say "ts" or "tsts" in the same word. Many Chukchis use the language as their primary means of communication both within

720-417: The past few decades, fewer and fewer Chukchi children have been learning Chukchi as a native language. Almost all Chukchis speak Russian, although some have a lesser command than others. Chukchi language is used as a primary language of instruction in elementary school ; the rest of secondary education is done in Russian with Chukchi taught as a subject. A Chukchi writer, Yuri Rytkheu (1930–2008), has earned

750-514: The phonology. (Cf. the two kinds of /i/ in Inuit Eskimo , whose known cause is the merger of two vowels /i/ and /ə/ , which are still separate in Yup'ik Eskimo .) A notable feature of Chukchi is its vowel harmony system largely based on vowel height . /i, u, e₁/ alternate with /e₂, o, a/ , respectively. The second group is known as "dominant vowels" and the first group as "recessive vowels"; that

780-409: The stem; 3. avoid schwas . Chukchi is one of few languages to have autonomously produced its own written script, and the northernmost language in the world to have done so. The script was invented by a man named Tenevil , but never saw widespread use. Until 1931, the Chukchi language had no official orthography, in spite of attempts in the 1800s to write religious texts in it. At the beginning of

810-454: The suffix -ӄeв (after close vowels) or -ӄaв (after open vowels). The external influences of Chukchi have not been well-studied. In particular, the degree of contacts between the Chukchi and Eskimo languages remains an open question. Research into this area is problematic in part because of the lack of written evidence. (Cf. de Reuse in the Bibliography.) Contact influence of Russian, which

840-483: The use of "have" in the perfect in English and other Western European languages. Both subject and direct object are cross-referenced in the verbal chain, and person agreement is very different in intransitive and transitive verbs. Person agreement is expressed with a complex system involving both prefixes and suffixes; despite the agglutinative nature of the language, each individual combination of person, number, tense etc.

870-417: Was a Chukchi poet and children's writer who wrote mainly in her native language and also in Russian. Born in the village of Mukhomornoye , Anadyrsky District , Kymytval was the daughter of a reindeer herder, and was called "Rul-tyne" ( Chukot : Руль-тынэ , romanized:  Rul'-tyne , [ruɮʲ.təˈnɛ] ) at birth. Her parents died when she was young, as did her twin brother, after that she

900-610: Was renamed "Kymytval", Chukchi for "worm", in an attempt to ward off evil. She first attended boarding school before entering the Anadyr Pedagogical College in 1958, from which she graduated the following year; at this time she began to write poetry, publishing her first volume, in Chukchi, in Magadan in 1960. This same year she entered the Higher Party School of Khabarovsk , and soon thereafter she became deputy editor of

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