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34-427: Rorschach may refer to: Hermann Rorschach (1884–1922), Swiss psychiatrist Rorschach test , his psychological evaluation method involving inkblots Harold Emil "Bud" Rorschach Jr. (1926–1993), American physicist Rorschach (character) , a character from the comics Watchmen Rorschach (comic book) , a 2020 comic Rorschach (band) Rorschach (film) ,

68-534: A ruptured appendix . He was still associate director of the Herisau Hospital when he died, aged 37, on 2 April 1922. In 2001 the inkblot test was criticised as pseudoscience and its use was declared controversial by Scientific American , as different psychologists drew different findings from the same data, suggesting their results were subjective rather than objective. In 2013 and 2015 two systemic reviews and meta-analyses were published that resulted in

102-483: A 2022 Malayalam film Rorschach Test (band) The name of an alien vessel from Peter Watt's Blindsight Poison Ivy Rorschach , an alternative name for Poison Ivy (musician) Rorschach, Switzerland , a municipality, in the District of Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen Places [ edit ] Rorschach (Wahlkreis) , a constituency of the canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland Rorschach, St. Gallen ,

136-515: A career in art and one in science. He wrote a letter to the German biologist Ernst Haeckel asking his advice. A major factor that led Rorschach to differ from his father and not pursue art was that his father died while he was still trying to decide what to study. Rorschach, in his early years, attended Schaffhausen Cantonal School in Schaffhausen , Switzerland. Rorschach was a bright student from

170-505: A condition might first be detected through the presence of abnormalities in mental functioning, and further assessment may indicate an underlying neurological disorder. There are sometimes unclear boundaries in the distinction between disorders treated within neurology, and mental disorders treated within the other medical specialty of psychiatry , or other mental health professions such as clinical psychology . In practice, cases may present as one type, but be assessed as more appropriate to

204-504: A holiday. Travel was a large part of his life after medical school. On a trip to Dijon , in France , he met a man who taught him about Russian culture . Torn by the decision of whether to stay in Switzerland or move to Russia, he eventually took a job as first assistant at a Cantonal Mental Hospital . While working at the hospital, Rorschach finished his doctoral dissertation in 1912 under

238-562: A person appears to consciously register neurological stimuli that cannot possibly be coming from the part of the nervous system to which they would normally be attributed, such as phantom pain or synesthesia , or where limbs act without conscious direction, as in alien hand syndrome . Conditions that are classed as mental disorders , learning disabilities , and forms of intellectual disability , are not themselves usually dealt with as neurological disorders. Biological psychiatry seeks to understand mental disorders in terms of their basis in

272-428: A specific diet. The World Health Organization estimated in 2006 that neurological disorders and their sequelae (direct consequences) affect as many as one billion people worldwide, and identified health inequalities and social stigma / discrimination as major factors contributing to the associated disability and their impact. Although the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by tough membranes , enclosed in

306-448: Is a workbench for studying perception, generating novelty, and self-reflection. Open source release was in 2023, under the AGPL license . Neurological disorder Interventions for neurological disorders include preventive measures, lifestyle changes , physiotherapy or other therapy , neurorehabilitation , pain management , medication , operations performed by neurosurgeons , or

340-417: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Hermann Rorschach Hermann Rorschach ( German: [ˈhɛːman ˈʁoːʁʃaχ] ; 8 November 1884 – 2 April 1922) was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst . His education in art helped to spur the development of a set of inkblots that were used experimentally to measure various unconscious parts of

374-655: Is occurring. Generally speaking, a substantial number of neurological disorders may have originated from a previous clinically not recognized viral infection. For example, it is thought that infection with the Hepatitis E virus, which is often initially asymptomatic may provoke neurological disorders, but there are many other examples as well. Numerous examples have been described of neurological disorders that are associated with mutated DNA repair genes (for reviews see ). Inadequate repair of DNA damages can lead directly to cell death and neuron depletion as well as disruptions in

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408-467: Is thought to be rare in the brain and spinal cord. The specific causes of neurological problems vary, but can include genetic disorders , congenital abnormalities or disorders , infections , lifestyle , or environmental health problems such as pollution , malnutrition , brain damage , spinal cord injury , nerve injury , or gluten sensitivity (with or without intestinal damage or digestive symptoms). Metal poisoning, where metals accumulate in

442-488: The University Psychiatric Services Bern  [ de ] . In 1915, Rorschach took the position of assistant director at the regional psychiatric hospital at Herisau , and in 1921 he wrote his book Psychodiagnostik , which was to form the basis of the inkblot test. Rorschach graduated in medicine at Zurich in 1909 and at the same time became engaged to Olga Stempelin, a girl from Kazan (in

476-663: The "Vintage Freud" series by Vintage Books in 2005, features artwork by Michael Salu based on a Rorschach Inkblot. In 2016, the Phobrain website began showing dynamically generated pairs of photos, which the author dubs 'Rorschach pairs' when labelled accept/reject by a user. Unlike descriptions of inkblots and their characterizations, this instantiation of the Rorschach concept is numerically/topologically analysable, with neural nets and latent space geometries capable of predicting preference to as much as 90% accuracy. The immediate application

510-648: The beginning, and he often tutored other students at his school. After Ernst Haeckel suggested a career in science, Rorschach attended Académie de Neuchâtel in 1904 studying geology and botany . After just a single term, he transferred to the Université de Dijon to take French classes. The same year he enrolled in medical school at the University of Zurich . While studying, Rorschach began learning Russian , and in 1906, while studying in Berlin , he traveled to Russia for

544-573: The body's own immune system ; lysosomal storage diseases such as Niemann–Pick disease can lead to neurological deterioration. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends considering the evaluation of underlying coeliac disease in people with unexplained neurological symptoms, particularly peripheral neuropathy or ataxia . In a substantial minority of cases of neurological symptoms, no neurological cause can be identified using current testing procedures, and such " idiopathic " conditions can invite different theories about what

578-495: The bones of the skull and spinal vertebrae , and chemically isolated by the blood–brain barrier , they are very susceptible if compromised. Nerves tend to lie deep under the skin but can still become exposed to damage. Individual neurons , the neural circuits , and nerves into which they form are susceptible to electrochemical and structural disruption. Neuroregeneration may occur in the peripheral nervous system and thus overcome or work around injuries to some extents, but it

612-537: The criticism as pseudoscience being lifted. In November 2013, Google celebrated the 129th anniversary of Rorschach's birth with a Google Doodle showing an interpretation of his inkblot test. Aside from the MMPI , the Rorschach Inkblot Method has generated more published research than any other psychological personality measure. The cover of The Essentials of Psycho-analysis by Sigmund Freud , published in

646-737: The following overlapping categories: Many of the diseases and disorders listed above have neurosurgical treatments available, such as Tourette syndrome , Parkinson's disease , and essential tremor . Neurological disorders in non-human animals are treated by veterinarians . A neurological examination can, to some extent, assess the impact of neurological damage and disease on brain function in terms of behavior , memory , or cognition . Behavioral neurology specializes in this area. In addition, clinical neuropsychology uses neuropsychological assessment to precisely identify and track problems in mental functioning, usually after some sort of brain injury or neurological impairment. Alternatively,

680-429: The human body and disrupt biological processes, has been reported to induce neurological problems, at least in the case of lead . The neurological problem may start in another body system that interacts with the nervous system. For example, cerebrovascular disease involves brain injury due to problems with the blood vessels ( cardiovascular system ) supplying the brain; autoimmune disorders involve damage caused by

714-456: The largest town in constituency Rorschach, canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland Rorschach railway station , the largest railway station in Rorschach, canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland Rorschach Hafen railway station , the railway station near the port of Rorschach, canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland Rorschach Stadt railway station , the railway station near the town center of Rorschach, canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland Topics referred to by

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748-670: The nervous system, however. In clinical practice, mental disorders are usually indicated by a mental state examination , or other type of structured interview or questionnaire process. At the present time, neuroimaging (brain scans) alone cannot accurately diagnose a mental disorder or tell the risk of developing one; however, it can be used to rule out other medical conditions such as a brain tumor . In research, neuroimaging and other neurological tests can show correlations between reported and observed mental difficulties and certain aspects of neural function or differences in brain structure. In general, numerous fields intersect to try to understand

782-516: The neurological disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are linked to DNA damage accumulation and DNA repair deficiency. Neurological disorders can be categorized according to the primary location affected, the primary type of dysfunction involved, or the primary type of cause. The broadest division is between central nervous system disorders and peripheral nervous system disorders. The Merck Manual lists brain, spinal cord disorders, and nerve disorders in

816-548: The onset functional symptoms appear to be causally linked to emotional states or responses to social stress or social contexts, it may be referred to as conversion disorder . On the other hand, dissociation refers to partial or complete disruption of the integration of a person's conscious functioning, such that a person may feel detached from one's emotions, body and/or immediate surroundings. In extreme cases, this may be diagnosed as depersonalization-derealization disorder . There are also conditions viewed as neurological where

850-572: The origins for his ink blot experiment. All the while, Rorschach remained fascinated by Russian culture. In 1913, he obtained a fellowship opportunity in Russia, where he continued to study contemporary psychiatric methods. Rorschach spent some time in the village of Kryukovo outside of Moscow , and in 1914 he returned to Switzerland to work at the Waldau University Hospital in Bern , part of

884-454: The other. Neuropsychiatry deals with mental disorders arising from specific identified diseases of the nervous system. One area that can be contested is in cases of idiopathic neurological symptoms - conditions where the cause cannot be established. It can be decided in some cases, perhaps by exclusion of any accepted diagnosis , that higher-level brain/mental activity is causing symptoms, referred to as functional symptoms , rather than

918-425: The pattern of epigenetic alterations required for normal neuronal function. Neurons are highly oxygenated cells and as a consequence DNA damage caused by chronic exposure to endogenous reactive oxygen species is a substantial challenge for neurons. Germline mutations deficient in the repair of DNA damages cause neuronal dysfunction and are etiologically linked to many neurological disorders. For example,

952-407: The present-day Russia). The couple were married in 1913 and lived in Russia until their return to Switzerland, for Rorschach's work, in 1915. They had two children, a daughter Elizabeth (called "Lisa", 1917–2006) and a son, Ulrich Wadin (called "Wadim", 1919–2010). Neither Lisa nor Wadim had children. One year after writing Psychodiagnostik , Rorschach died of peritonitis , probably resulting from

986-404: The psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler , who had taught Carl Jung . The excitement in intellectual circles over psychoanalysis constantly reminded Rorschach of his childhood inkblots. Wondering why different people often saw entirely different things in the same inkblots, he began, while still a medical student, showing inkblots to schoolchildren and analyzing their responses. This dissertation contained

1020-533: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Rorschach . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rorschach&oldid=1199714937 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Swiss-German surnames Hidden categories: Short description

1054-650: The subject's personality . His method has come to be referred to as the Rorschach test , iterations of which have continued to be used over the years to help identify personality , psychotic , and neurological disorders . Rorschach continued to refine the test until his premature death at age 37. Rorschach was born in Zürich, Switzerland , the eldest of three children born to Ulrich and Philippine Rorschach. He had one sister, Anna, and one brother, Paul. He spent his childhood and youth in Schaffhausen , in northern Switzerland. He

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1088-589: The symptoms originating in the area of the nervous system from which they may appear to originate. Cases involving these symptoms are classified as functional disorders ("functional" in this context is usually contrasted with the old term " organic disease "). For example, in functional neurologic disorder (FND), those affected present with various neurological symptoms such as functional seizures , numbness , paresthesia , and weakness , among others. Such cases may be contentiously interpreted as being "psychological" rather than "neurological." conversion disorder , If

1122-422: Was inspired by an accidental inkblot. It has been speculated that the book was known to Rorschach. French psychologist Alfred Binet had also experimented with inkblots as a creativity test . Rorschach's father, an art teacher, encouraged him to express himself creatively through painting and drawing conventional pictures. As the time of Rorschach's high school graduation approached, he could not decide between

1156-426: Was known to his school friends and in his fraternity ( Scaphusia  [ de ] ) as Klex , or "inkblot" since he enjoyed klecksography , the making of fanciful inkblot "pictures". By the time of Rorschach's youth, consideration of the projective significance of inkblots already had some historical context. For example, in 1857, German doctor Justinus Kerner had published a popular book of poems, each of which

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