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44-515: AGPL may refer to: Actual Ground Position Line , the current line dividing Indian and Pakistani forces in the Siachen Glacier GNU Affero General Public License , a free software license published in 2007 to succeed the original Affero GPL published in 2002 Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

88-558: A night stay in Ladakh were opened for the tourists by the Government of India (GoI), all located above the altitude of 14,000 ft, and the maximum limit of travel permit was raised from 7 days to 15 days: Jammu Jammu ( / ˈ dʒ ʌ m uː / ) is a city in Indian -administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region. It is the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir, which

132-572: A population of 657,314. Most of Jammu and Kashmir's Hindus live in the Jammu region; many speak Dogri . The city of Jammu had a significant Muslim population prior to the Partition of India , 30.4 per cent by the 1941 census. During the 1947 Jammu massacres , which preceded and continued during the Pakistan tribal invasion of Kashmir , many Muslims were killed and many driven away to Pakistan. The estimates of

176-616: A railway station called Jammu Tawi (station code JAT) that is connected with major cities of India. The old railway link to Sialkot was suspended by Pakistan in September 1947, and Jammu had no rail services until 1971, when the Indian Railways laid the Pathankot -Jammu Tawi Broad Gauge line. The new Jammu Tawi station opened in October 1972 and is an origination point for express trains. With

220-630: A series of uneven ridges of low heights in the Shivalik hills . It is surrounded by the Shivalik range to the north, east, and southeast while the Trikuta Range borders it in the northwest. It is approximately 600 kilometres (370 mi) from the national capital, New Delhi . The city straddles the Tawi river. The old city overlooks the river from the north (right bank) while the new neighbourhoods are spread around

264-680: Is 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Kathua town, while it is 68 kilometres (42 mi) from Udhampur city. The famous pilgrimage town of Katra is 49 kilometres (30 mi) from Jammu. Jammu Airport is in the middle of Jammu. It has direct flights to Srinagar , Delhi , Amritsar , Chandigarh , Leh , Mumbai and Bengaluru . Jammu Airport operates daily 30 arrival and departure of flights which are served by Go First , Air India , SpiceJet , IndiGo and Vistara . The city has JKSRTC city buses and minibusses for local transport which run on some defined routes. These minibusses are called "Matadors". Besides this auto-rickshaw and cycle-rickshaw service

308-738: Is a dish made with potatoes. Jammu cuisine features various chaats , especially gol gappas , kachalu, Chole bhature , gulgule, rajma kulche and dahi palla , among various others. Being comparatively safe from terrorism, Jammu city has become a hub of refugees. These primarily include Kashmiri Hindus who migrated from Kashmir Valley in 1989. Hindus from Pakistan-administered Jammu and Kashmir who migrated to India have also settled in Jammu city. According to records, approximately 31,619 Hindu families had migrated from Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir to India. Of these 26,319 families are settled in Jammu. Rohingyas who fled Myanmar during 2016 have also currently settled in Jammu. Some believes

352-667: Is also a focal point for the pilgrims going to Vaishno Devi and Kashmir valley as it is second last railway terminal in North India. All the routes leading to Kashmir, Poonch, Doda and Laddakh start from Jammu city. So throughout the year, the city remains full of people from all the parts of India. Places of interest include old historic palaces like Mubarak Mandi Palace , Purani Mandi, Rani Park, Amar Mahal , Bahu Fort , Raghunath Temple , Ranbireshwar Temple, Karbala, Peer Meetha, Old city. Religion in Jammu City (2011) As of 2011 census,

396-417: Is also available. Local taxis are also available. Jammu city serves as the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir state from November to April when all the offices move from Srinagar to Jammu. Srinagar serves as the summer capital from May to October. Jammu was a municipal committee during 2001 census of India. With effect from 5 September 2003, it has upgraded status of a municipal corporation. Jammu city

440-585: Is an Indian-administered union territory . It is the headquarters and the largest city in Jammu district . Lying on the banks of the river Tawi , the city of Jammu, with an area of 240 km (93 sq mi), is surrounded by the Himalayas in the north and the northern plains in the south. Jammu is the second-most populous city of the union territory. Jammu is known as "City of Temples" for its ancient temples and Hindu shrines. According to local tradition, Jammu

484-584: Is another state mentioned in Rajatarangini , some of whose rulers also appear by in the Vamshavali (family chronicles) of later Jammu rulers. These rulers are believed to have enjoyed almost independent status and allied themselves with the Sultans of Delhi . Jammu is mentioned by name in the chronicles of Timur ( r.  1370–1406 ), who invaded Delhi in 1398 and returned to Samarkand via Jammu. Raja Bhim Dev

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528-561: Is divided into four types of borders: disputed Sir Creek (SC) riverine border, mutually agreed India–Pakistan International Border (IB) from north of Sir Creek to north of Dhalan near Jammu , LoC across disputed Kashmir and Ladakh regions from north of Dhalan in India and west of Chicken's Neck in Pakistan to Point NJ9842 , and Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL) across Siachen from Point NJ9842 to Indira Col West . Siachen lies south of

572-401: Is named after its founder, Raja Jambulochan, who is believed to have ruled the area in the 9th century. Local tradition holds the city to be 3000 years old but this is not supported by historians. Jammu is located at 32°44′N 74°52′E  /  32.73°N 74.87°E  / 32.73; 74.87 . It has an average elevation of 300 m (980 ft). Jammu city is situated on

616-509: Is prominently mentioned in the Delhi chronicles as a supporter of Mubarah Shah ( r.  1421–1434 ) against Jasrat . Between 1423 and 1442, Jammu came under control of Jasrat ( r.  1405–1442 ) who conquered it after killing his arch-enemy Bhim Dev in 1423. Later, Jasrat appointed Manik Dev (also known as Ajeo Dev) as vassal, and married his daughter. In the Mughal chronicles of Babur in

660-420: Is the highest post and requires an 80-kilometre (50 mi) trek that takes up to 20 days for troops to reach. Pahalwan Post (6,100 metres (20,000 ft)), and Indira Col (5,800 metres (19,000 ft)), are other high posts. India has two major bases, each with a brigade strength of five to eight battalions supported by additional artillery, air defence, engineer and other logistic units: Thoise which serves

704-453: Is the main cultural and economic centre of the administrative division of Jammu. A famous local basmati rice is produced in the RS Pura area near Jammu, and processed in rice mills in Jammu. The industrial estate at Bari Brahamna has a large presence of industrial units manufacturing a variety of products including carpets and electronic goods. Tourism is the largest industry in Jammu city. It

748-590: The Finance Minister of India , proposed an Indian Institute of Technology and an Indian Institute of Management for the division. List of some educational institutions is provided below. Jammu is known for its sund panjeeri , patisa , rajma with rice and Kalari cheese . Dogri food specialties include ambal, khatta meat, kulthein di dal , dal patt, maa da madra, rajma , and auriya . Pickles typical of Jammu are made of kasrod , girgle , mango with saunf , jimikand , tyaoo , seyoo , and potatoes. Auriya

792-624: The Saltoro Mountains subrange of Karakoram : The Karachi Agreement of 1949 created the Line of Control between India and Pakistan, but this line ended at a location called Khor in Nubra . The only additional relevant text for the Saltoro – Siachen area in either the 1949 or the superseding 1972 Simla Agreement was "thence north to the glaciers." The countries interpreted that differently, leading to

836-537: The Shaksgam ceded by Pakistan to China via the 1963 Sino-Pakistan Agreement but also claimed by India and Aksai Chin held by China since 1962 but also claimed by India. The Shaksgam Tract, controlled by China, is located north of the Saltoro mountain range from the Apsarasas Kangri Range to 90 km (56 mi) northwest of K2 . AGPL alignment, from south to north, runs near the following features of

880-583: The Siachen conflict . As part of the Simla Agreement signed on 2 July 1972, prime ministers Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto agreed that "the line of control resulting from the ceasefire of December 17, 1971, shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognised position of either side". In November–December 1972, the military delegations of the two sides met in Suchetgarh to delineate

924-478: The Sialkot District and other parts of Pakistani Punjab. Many prominent Punjabi residents in Pakistan, including politician Chaudhry Amir Hussain , economist Mahbub ul Haq , Air Marshal Asghar Khan , journalist Khalid Hasan and singer Malika Pukhraj were from Jammu. A large number of these refugees also returned and resettled in the territory. In the 2014–2015 General Budget of India , Arun Jaitley ,

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968-520: The AGPL. India allows several tourist and civilian activities in Siachen area. To exploit the potential for tourism, the government is making ongoing efforts to improve connectivity. There is a recurring planned annual civilian expedition from Siachen Base Camp to Indira Ridge, Indira Col and other features. India has opened up the entire area from Siachen Base Camp at 12,000 ft to Kumar Post at 15,000 ft for

1012-399: The Line of Control. After delineation, signed maps were exchanged by the two sides and submitted to the respective governments for ratification. Scholar Brian Cloughley remarked that the delineation represented remarkable territorial precision. However, it terminated at the grid reference NJ9842, leaving undelimited 60 to 75 km to the border with China. In 1984 by India's successful captured

1056-664: The Mughal empire treated these hill chiefs as allies and partners in the empire. After the decline of the Mughal power in the 18th century, the Jammu state under Raja Dhruv Dev of the Jamuwal ( Jamwal ) family asserted its supremacy among the Dugar states. Its ascent reached its peak under his successor, Raja Ranjit Dev (r. 1728–1780), who was widely respected among the hill states. Ranjit Dev promoted religious freedom and security, which attracted many craftsmen and traders to settle in Jammu, contributing to its economic prosperity. Towards

1100-692: The Pakistani soldiers from climbing up to the Saltoro Range heights. The Pakistan Army has base camps at Goma and posts at its Gayari subsector in the sub glaciers southwest of the Saltoro Range, and access on the Baltoro Glacier to the Conway Saddle in the northern extremes of the region. The peaks and passes under Pakistan's control such as Gayari Camp , Chogolisa , Baltoro Glacier , Conway Saddle , Baltoro Muztagh , and Gasherbrum lie west of

1144-526: The Saltoro Ridge. Indian soldiers, following the often-internationally accepted principal of the highest watershed (mountain peaks and ridges) as the border, have held all of the Siachen Glacier and all its main passes since 1984. India launched Operation Meghdoot in 1984 during the Siachen conflict, and took control of the Siachen Glacier. Indian Army posts are along the Saltoro Ridge, west of

1188-472: The age of 45 are allowed up to Kumar Base (16,000 ft) on a 30-day trek organised by Army Adventure Cell in August–September, during which tourists go through the highly altitude conditioning at Leh Base, Siachen Base and forward staging posts, at the end of which they undertake an extreme adventure 9-day return track from Siachen Base to Kumar Base 60 km away. In 2018, five road routes and four trails with

1232-659: The commencement of the Jammu–Baramulla line , all trains to the Kashmir Valley will pass through Jammu Tawi. A part of the Jammu–Baramulla project has been executed and the track has been extended to Katra . Jalandhar - Pathankot -Jammu Tawi section has been doubled and electrified. National Highway 44 which passes through Jammu connects it to the Kashmir valley . National Highway 1B connects Jammu with Poonch town. Jammu

1276-488: The disputed Siachen Glacier through its Operation Meghdoot , and subsequently continued with Operation Rajiv . India took control of the 76-kilometre-long (47 mi) Siachen Glacier and its tributary glaciers, as well as all the main passes and heights of the Saltoro Ridge immediately west of the glacier, including Sia La , Bilafond La , and Gyong La . Pakistan controls the glacial valleys and slopes immediately west of

1320-455: The early 16th century, Jammu is mentioned as a powerful state in the Punjab hills. It is said to have been ruled by Manhas Rajputs. Emperor Akbar brought the hill kingdoms of the region under Mughal suzerainty, but the kings enjoyed considerable political autonomy. In addition to Jammu, other kingdoms of the region such as Kishtwar and Rajauri were also prominently mentioned. It is evident that

1364-620: The end of Ranjit Dev's rule, the Sikh clans of Punjab ( misls ) gained ascendency, and Jammu began to be contested by the Bhangi , Kanhaiya and Sukerchakia misls . Around 1770, the Bhangi misl attacked Jammu and forced Ranjit Dev to become a tributary. Brij Lal Dev, Ranjit Dev's successor, was defeated by the Sukerchakia chief Mahan Singh, who sacked Jammu and plundered it. Thus Jammu lost its supremacy over

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1408-413: The main Siachen glacier, along a line roughly connecting Gyong La, Bilafond La, Sia La, and Indira Col. Pakistan controls the region west of Saltoro Ridge. India has more than 50 military posts across the length of AGPL which are located almost 3,000 ft above Pakistani posts, with 80 km line of sight visibility range in the clear weather. The Indian soldiers hold on to the heights on the ridge, preventing

1452-566: The number killed in the whole province vary between 20,000 and 100,000. The killings were carried out by extremist Hindus and Sikhs, allegedly orchestrated by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , and aided and abetted by the state forces and the Maharaja Hari Singh . As a result of the violence and migration, by 1961, about 17.2 per cent of the population in the city of Jammu was Muslim. The displaced Muslims took refuge in

1496-462: The population of Jammu city was 502,197. Males constituted 52.7% of the population; females numbered constituted 47.3% of the population. The sex ratio was 898 females per 1,000 males against the national average of 940. Jammu had an average literacy rate of 89.66%, much higher than the national average of 74.4%: male literacy was 93.13% and female literacy was 85.82%. 8.47% of the population were under 6 years of age. The urban agglomeration of Jammu had

1540-714: The regular tourism for the civilians. Bana Post at 20,500 ft will remain off limit to tourists. Temperatures drop to below minus 60 degrees Celsius during the winter. Until 2010, civilian tourists were permitted only in the Nubra Valley up to Panamik . Since 2010 tourist have been permitted in Nubra Valley up to Turtuk and beyond to Tyakshi on the LAC; both of these villages were captured from Pakistan by India in Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 . From 2019, medically fit civilians below

1584-520: The southern Siachen sector, and Siachen Base Camp which serves the northern and middle sectors of Siachen. Kumar Post, a logistics subbase of Siachen Base Camp, is a 60-kilometre (37 mi) 9-day return trek from Siachen Base camp towards Indira Col. India has significant tactical advantage as it occupies most of the higher peaks on the Saltoro Mountain Range in the western sector of Siachen. The Pakistani Army hold posts at lower heights on

1628-573: The southern side (left bank) of the river. There are five bridges over the river. According to Tarikh-i-Azmi , Jammu came into existence around 900 CE. The state of Durgara (modern forms "Duggar" and " Dogra )") is also attested from around this time. The capital of the Durgara state at that time is believed to have been Vallapura (identified with modern Billawar ). Its rulers are repeatedly mentioned in Kalhana's Rajatarangini . Babbapura (modern Babor)

1672-768: The surrounding country. In the Battle of Rumal, the Jammu ruler was killed by Sikhs. In 1808, Jammu itself was annexed to the Sikh Empire by Ranjit Singh , the son of Mahan Singh. In 1818 Raja Kishore Singh, father of Raja Gulab Singh , was appointed and anointed the ruler of Jammu principality, and hence started the Jamwal dynasty, aka Dogra dynasty , which came to rule the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir under British suzerainty. The rulers built large temples, renovated old shrines, built educational institutes and many more. A 43 km long railway line connecting Jammu with Sialkot

1716-431: The temperature to 46 °C (115 °F). Following the hot season, the monsoon lashes the city with heavy downpours along with thunderstorms; rainfall may total up to 669 mm (26.3 in) in the wettest months. The city is exposed to heatwaves. Highest recorded temperature: 47.4 °C (117.3 °F) on 31 May 1988. Lowest recorded temperature: 0.5 °C (32.9 °F) on 24 January 2016. Jammu city has

1760-712: The title AGPL . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AGPL&oldid=1210439929 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Actual Ground Position Line India has at least 108 forward military outposts and artillery observation posts in this area where temperature goes down to −86 °C (−123 °F) during winters with icy 300 km/h (190 mph) blizzards . Bana Top (6,200 metres (20,500 ft))

1804-460: The weather conditions. Till 2013, 26 decorations have been awarded to the Indian soldiers in this sectors, including a Paramvir Chakra (PVC), five Mahavir Chakra and 20 Vir Chakra to 11 officers and 15 OR of which nine are posthumous. Additionally, many more Kirti Chakra , Shaurya Chakra , Sena Medal and Vayu Sena Medal have been awarded in this sectors. The actual India-Pakistan boundary

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1848-475: The western slopes of the spurs of the Saltoro Ridge. Pakistan has not been able to scale the crest of the Saltoro Range occupied by India. Each post has an artillery officer who are deployed in the rotation of 45 days. The average temperature is between minus 25°C during day and minus 55°C during the night. As of 2013, Siachen operations cost INR 3,000 crore annually where over 850 Indian and over 1,800 Pakistani soldiers have died, mostly not in combat, but due to

1892-648: The winter months occasionally falling below 4 °C (39 °F). June is the hottest month with average highs of 40.6 °C (105.1 °F), while January is the coldest month with average lows reaching 7 °C (45 °F). Average yearly precipitation is about 1,400 mm (55 in) with the bulk of the rainfall in the months from June to September, although the winters can also be rather wet. In winter dense smog causes much inconvenience and temperature even drops to 2 °C (36 °F). In summer, particularly in May and June, extremely intense sunlight or hot winds can raise

1936-465: Was laid in 1897 Jammu has historically been the capital of Jammu Province and the winter capital of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (1846–1952). After the partition of India, Jammu continues as the winter capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir . Jammu, like the rest of north-western India, features a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ), with extreme summer highs reaching 46 °C (115 °F), and temperatures in

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