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69-552: Rhawnhurst is a residential neighborhood in the Northeast section of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States, named for George and William Rhawn by area real estate developers. Roughly bordered by Cottman Avenue to the south, Pennway Street to the west, the Pennypack Creek to the north, and Roosevelt Boulevard to the east, Rhawnhurst encompasses ZIP codes 19152 and part of ZIP code 19111. The geographic center of Rhawnhurst

138-559: A Chabadnik ( Hebrew : חבדניק ), or a Chabadsker ( Yiddish : חבדסקער ). Chabad's adherents include both Hasidic followers, as well as non-Hasidim, who have joined Chabad synagogues and other Chabad-run institutions. Although the Chabad movement was founded and originally based in Eastern Europe , various Chabad communities span the globe, including Crown Heights , Brooklyn , and Kfar Chabad , Israel . The movement has attracted

207-475: A K-8 school , opened 1959 during the buildup of the Bell's Corner section of Rhawnhurst. Rhawnhurst Elementary School , which serves another section of the area, opened in 1948 during a period of growth in the neighborhood. Castor Gardens Middle School , which predates the neighborhood and though on the south side of Cottman Avenue, is the middle school serving those zoned to Rhawnhurst Elementary. Northeast High School

276-410: A residents' committee ; these are subdivided into residents' small groups of fifteen to forty families. In most urban areas of China, neighbourhood , community , residential community , residential unit , residential quarter have the same meaning: 社区 or 小区 or 居民区 or 居住区 , and is the direct sublevel of a subdistrict ( 街道办事处 ), which is the direct sublevel of a district ( 区 ), which

345-536: A Chabad emissary, maintains warm relations with Russian President Vladimir Putin . Lazar also received the Order of Friendship and Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" medals from him. The Chabad movement has been led by a succession of Hasidic rebbes . The main branch of the movement, Chabad-Lubavitch, has had seven rebbes: Chabad's influence among world Jewry has been far-reaching since World War II . Chabad pioneered

414-434: A Jewish children's movement, called Tzivos Hashem (lit. "Army [of] God"), for under bar/bat mitzvah -age children, to inspire them to increase in study of Torah and observance of mitzvot . Rabbi Schneerson also encouraged the use of modern technology in outreach efforts such as Mitzva tanks , which are mobile homes that travel a city or country. The Chabad website, chabad.org , a pioneer of Jewish religious outreach on

483-513: A demand for housing that continued into the 1960s. The new housing stock was built in the open areas of Northeast Philadelphia . Most homes in Rhawnhurst are twins, along with some ranchers and duplexes, largely built by local home builder A.P. Orleans. The two major modes of transportation in Rhawnhurst are private car and public transportation. Major roads include Cottman Avenue ( PA 73 ), Bustleton Avenue ( PA 532 ), Castor Avenue, Rhawn Street, and

552-796: A high level of regulation of social life by officials. For example, in the Tang period Chinese capital city Chang'an, neighbourhoods were districts and there were state officials who carefully controlled life and activity at the neighbourhood level. Neighbourhoods in preindustrial cities often had some degree of social specialisation or differentiation. Ethnic neighbourhoods were important in many past cities and remain common in cities today. Economic specialists, including craft producers, merchants, and others, could be concentrated in neighbourhoods, and in societies with religious pluralism neighbourhoods were often specialised by religion. One factor contributing to neighbourhood distinctiveness and social cohesion in past cities

621-456: A number of educational institutions. Most are Jewish day schools ; others offer secondary and adult education: Many of the movement's activities emphasize outreach activities. This is due to Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson encouraging his followers to reach out to other Jews. Chabad outreach includes activities promoting the practice of Jewish commandments ( Mitzvah campaigns ), as well as other forms of Jewish outreach. Much of Chabad's outreach

690-474: A significant number of Sephardic adherents in the past several decades, and some Chabad communities include both Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. For example, in Montreal , close to 25% of Chabad households include a Sephardi parent. According to sociologists studying contemporary Jewry, the Chabad movement fits into neither the standard category of Haredi nor that of modern Orthodox among Orthodox Jews. This

759-420: A small area within a town or city. The label is commonly used to refer to organisations which relate to such a very local structure, such as neighbourhood policing or Neighbourhood watch schemes. In addition, government statistics for local areas are often referred to as neighbourhood statistics, although the data themselves are broken down usually into districts and wards for local purposes. In many parts of

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828-496: A specific geographic area and functionally as a set of social networks. Neighbourhoods, then, are the spatial units in which face-to-face social interactions occur—the personal settings and situations where residents seek to realise common values, socialise youth, and maintain effective social control." In the words of the urban scholar Lewis Mumford , "Neighborhoods, in some annoying, inchoate fashion exist wherever human beings congregate, in permanent family dwellings; and many of

897-538: A student of Dov Ber of Mezeritch , the successor to Hasidism's founder, Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov . Rabbi Dovber Shneuri , the Second Rebbe, moved the movement to Lyubavichi ( Yiddish : ליובאַװיטש , Lyubavitsh ), in current-day Russia, in 1813. The movement was centered in Lyubavichi for a century until the fifth Rebbe, Rabbi Shalom Dovber left the village in 1915 and moved to the city of Rostov-on-Don . During

966-490: A unit of analysis. In mainland China , the term is generally used for the urban administrative division found immediately below the district level, although an intermediate, subdistrict level exists in some cities. They are also called streets (administrative terminology may vary from city to city). Neighbourhoods encompass 2,000 to 10,000 families. Within neighbourhoods, families are grouped into smaller residential units or quarters of 100 to 600 families and supervised by

1035-707: Is Pennypack Park , one of the largest urban parks in the U.S., and the northern border of the neighborhood. Bradford Park, a smaller park popular as a dog park is located near the Roosevelt Mall. The Pelbano Recreation Center (colloquially called "Solly" because of its location on Solly Avenue), is a playground operated by the City of Philadelphia. Other recreational destinations include the Northeast Regional Library. Neighbourhood A neighbourhood (Commonwealth English) or neighborhood (American English)

1104-451: Is a book by Rabbi Shneur Zalman first published in 1797. It is the first schematic treatment of Hasidic moral philosophy and its metaphysical foundations. According to the Tanya , the intellect consists of three interconnected processes: Chochma (wisdom), Bina (understanding), and Da'at (knowledge). While other branches of Hasidism primarily focused on the idea that "God desires

1173-426: Is a geographically localized community within a larger city , town , suburb or rural area , sometimes consisting of a single street and the buildings lining it. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members. Researchers have not agreed on an exact definition, but the following may serve as a starting point: "Neighbourhood is generally defined spatially as

1242-430: Is also known as Likutei Amarim ("Collected Sayings"). Sefer Shel Beinonim analyzes the inner struggle of the individual and the path to resolution. Citing the biblical verse "the matter is very near to you, in your mouth, your heart, to do", the philosophy is based on the notion that the human is not inherently evil; rather, every individual has an inner conflict that is characterized by two different inclinations,

1311-596: Is at the intersection of Castor Avenue and Rhawn Street. By 1940, development in Philadelphia had almost reached Cottman Avenue, but large areas of the Northeast, including Rhawnhurst, were still farmland. Though much development had taken place in neighboring Mayfair , the area between Pennypack Park and Cottman Avenue west of the Roosevelt Boulevard had not been subdivided. The baby boom after World War II caused

1380-722: Is commonly referred to as bringing "heaven down to earth", i.e. making the Earth a dwelling place for God. Chabad philosophy is rooted in the teachings of Rabbis Yisroel ben Eliezer , (the Baal Shem Tov, founder of Hasidism) and Dovber ben Avraham , the "Maggid of Mezritch" (Rabbi Yisroel's successor). Rabbi Shneur Zalman 's teachings, particularly in the Tanya , formed the basis of Chabad philosophy, as expanded by succeeding generations. Many Chabad activities today are understood as applications of Shneur Zalman's teachings. The Tanya ( תניא )

1449-546: Is due in part to the existence of the number of Chabad supporters and affiliates who are not Orthodox (dubbed by some scholars as "non-Orthodox Hasidim"), the general lack of official recognition of political and religious distinctions within Judaism, and the open relationship with non-Orthodox Jews represented by the activism of Chabad emissaries. In 2018, Marcin Wodziński conducted the first global estimate of worldwide Hasidism in

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1518-404: Is made to provide an atmosphere in which the nonobservant will not feel intimidated by any perceived contrast between their lack of knowledge of Jewish practice and the advanced knowledge of some of the people they meet there. The term "Chabad House" originated with the creation of the first such outreach center on the campus of UCLA by Rabbi Shlomo Cunin . A key to the Chabad house was given to

1587-474: Is performed by Chabad emissaries (see Shaliach (Chabad) ). Most of the communities that Chabad emissaries reach out to are other Jewish communities, such as Reform Jews . Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn , 6th leader of the Chabad-Lubavitch branch of Hasidic Judaism , and then his successor, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson were responsible for focusing Chabad's activities on outreach. Rabbi Schneerson

1656-577: Is the direct sublevel of a city ( 市 ). (See Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China ) The term has no general official or statistical purpose in the United Kingdom, but is often used by local boroughs for self-chosen sub-divisions of their area for the delivery of various services and functions, as for example in Kingston-upon-Thames or is used as an informal term to refer to

1725-567: Is the zoned high school. The current building is a replacement for the old Northeast High School building at 8th Street and Lehigh Avenue, opened in 1957. A parochial school, Resurrection of Our Lord Catholic School , opened in 1929 and is operated by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia . Rhawnhurst is home to people of several faiths. Resurrection and BVM are the only Roman Catholic churches in Rhawnhurst. Major Protestant churches include Redemption Lutheran Church (1929),

1794-530: Is very little industry in Rhawnhurst. There is, however, commercial development. Major shopping centers include the Bell's Corner Shopping Center, the Cottman Bustleton Center, and the Roosevelt Mall , which opened in 1964 at Cottman Avenue and the Roosevelt Boulevard. Many smaller storefronts also line Castor Avenue, Bustleton Avenue, and Cottman Avenue. The major recreation attraction in Rhawnhurst

1863-415: The 2008 Mumbai attacks , the local Chabad house was targeted. The local Chabad emissaries, Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivka, and four other Jews were tortured and murdered by Islamic terrorists. Chabad received condolences from around the world. Funds for activities of a Chabad center rely entirely on the local community. Chabad centers do not receive funding from Lubavitch headquarters. For

1932-609: The Historical Atlas of Hasidism . Using Chabad community directories, Wodziński estimated that Chabad included 16,000–17,000 households, or 90,000–95,000 individuals, representing 13% of the total Hasidic population and ranking Chabad as the second-largest Hasidic community behind the Satmar community . Estimates for Chabad and other Hasidic groups are often based on extrapolation from the limited information available in US census data for some of

2001-527: The Internet , was started by Rabbi Yosef Y. Kazen and developed by Rabbi D. Zirkind. In 2023, it was reportedly the largest faith-based website, with 52 million unique visitors and 102,129 content pages covering all facets of Judaism . In June 1994, Rabbi Schneerson died with no successor. Since then, over two thousand couples have taken up communal leadership roles in outreach, bringing the estimated total number of "Shluchim" to over five thousand worldwide. In

2070-718: The Market-Frankford Line elevated train (the "El" ), the Broad Street Line , and regional rail lines . The United States Postal Service operates the Roosevelt Mall branch at 2311 Cottman Avenue. This post office serves the communities in 19152. Residents in the portion of Rhawnhurst in 19111 get mail from the Fox Chase post office, located on 7232 Rising Sun Ave. There are five primary and secondary schools in Rhawnhurst. The School District of Philadelphia operates four schools in Rhawnhurst. Farrell Elementary School ,

2139-549: The Messiah , with his own position on the matter debated among scholars. Messianic ideology in Chabad sparked controversy in various Jewish communities and it is still an unresolved matter. Following his death, no successor was appointed as a new central leader. The Rebbe was also known to have never visited Israel, for reasons which remain disputed among the Chabad community. The global population of Chabad has been estimated to be 90,000–95,000 adherents as of 2018, accounting for 13% of

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2208-695: The interwar period , following Bolshevik persecution, the Chabad-Lubavitch movement, under the Sixth Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak, was centered in Riga and then in Warsaw . The outbreak of World War II led the Sixth Rebbe to move to the United States . Since 1940, the movement's center has been in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn . While the movement spawned a number of offshoot groups throughout its history,

2277-559: The 1900s, Clarence Perry described the idea of a neighbourhood unit as a self-contained residential area within a city. The concept is still influential in New Urbanism . Practitioners seek to revive traditional sociability in planned suburban housing based on a set of principles. At the same time, the neighbourhood is a site of interventions to create Age-Friendly Cities and Communities (AFCC) as many older adults tend to have narrower life space. Urban design studies thus use neighbourhood as

2346-432: The 1960s. Chabad adherents follow Chabad traditions and prayer services based on Lurianic Kabbalah . General Chabad customs, called minhagim (or minhagei Chabad ), distinguish the movement from other Hasidic groups. Some of the main Chabad customs are minor practices performed on traditional Jewish holidays : There are a number of days marked by the Chabad movement as special days. Major holidays include

2415-570: The 1980s, tensions arose between Chabad and Satmar Chasidim as a result of several assaults on Chabad Hasidim by Satmar Hasidim. The Chabad movement was subjected to governmental oppression in Russia. The Russian government, first under the Czar , later under the Bolsheviks , imprisoned all but one of the Chabad rebbes. The Bolsheviks also imprisoned, exiled and executed a number of Chabad Hasidim. During

2484-401: The Chabad-Lubavitch branch is the only one still active, making it the movement's main surviving line. Historian Jonathan Sarna has characterized Chabad as having enjoyed the fastest rate of growth of any Jewish religious movement in the period 1946–2015. In the early 1900s, Chabad-Lubavitch legally incorporated itself under Agudas Chasidei Chabad ("Association of Chabad Hasidim"). In

2553-509: The New York metropolitan area, Chabad in the New York area accounts for around 15% of the total New York Hasidic population. Chabad is estimated to have an annual growth of 3.6%: The Chabad community in France is estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000. The majority of the Chabad community in France are the descendants of immigrants from North Africa (specifically Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) during

2622-605: The Rebbe and he asked if that meant that the new house was his home. He was told yes and he replied, "My hand will be on the door of this house to keep it open twenty-four hours a day for young and old, men and women alike." Followers of Chabad can be seen attending to tefillin booths at the Western Wall and Ben Gurion International Airport as well as other public places and distributing Shabbat candles on Fridays. Chabad rabbis and their families are sent to various major cities around

2691-796: The Rhawnhurst Baptist Church, All Saints Episcopal Church, the Rhawnhurst Presbyterian Church (1929), the Philadelphia First Church of the Nazarene and the Philadelphia Boulevard Seventh-day Adventist Church . There are several synagogues and Jewish congregations in Rhawnhurst including Ahavas Torah , Beth Medrash Harav , B'nai Israel – Ohev Zedek , The Lubavitcher Center, Mesillat Yesharim and Congregation Dibrot Eliyahu . There

2760-425: The Roosevelt Boulevard ( U.S. 1 ). The intersection of Cottman Avenue and the Roosevelt Boulevard is one of the most dangerous in the city; recently red light cameras were installed there to reduce traffic violations. (In a ranking done by State Farm Insurance in 2001, 2 of the 10 most dangerous intersections in the U.S. were on the Roosevelt Boulevard.) Several SEPTA bus lines serve Rhawnhurst, with connections to

2829-567: The Second World War, many Chabad Hasidim evacuated to the Uzbek cities of Samarkand and Tashkent where they established small centers of Hasidic life, while at the same time seeking ways to emigrate from Soviet Russia due to the government's suppression of religious life. The reach of Chabad in Central Asia also included earlier efforts that took place in the 1920s. Following the war, and well after

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2898-498: The UK wards are roughly equivalent to neighbourhoods or a combination of them. In the United States and Canada , neighbourhoods are often given official or semi-official status through neighbourhood associations , neighbourhood watches or block watches. These may regulate such matters as lawn care and fence height, and they may provide such services as block parties , neighbourhood parks and community security . In some other places

2967-698: The United States, where the Rebbe lived on 770 Eastern Parkway until the end of his life. Between 1951 and 1994, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson transformed the movement into one of the most widespread Jewish movements in the world. Under his leadership, Chabad established a large network of institutions that seek to satisfy the religious, social and humanitarian needs of Jews across the world. Chabad institutions provide outreach to unaffiliated Jews and humanitarian aid, as well as religious, cultural and educational activities. During his life and after his death, Schneerson has been believed by some of his followers to be

3036-479: The areas where Hasidim live. A 2006 estimate was drawn from a study on the Montreal Chabad community (determining average household size), in conjunction with language and other select indicators from US census data, it is estimated that Chabad in the United States includes approximately 4,000 households, which contains between 22,000 and 25,000 people. In terms of Chabad's relation to other Hasidic groups, within

3105-632: The center of the Chabad movement moved to the United States , the movement remained active in Soviet Russia, aiding the local Jews known as Refuseniks who sought to learn more about Judaism. And throughout the Soviet era, the Chabad movement maintained a secret network across the USSR. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, state persecution of Chabad ceased. The Chief Rabbi of Russia , Berel Lazar ,

3174-463: The city of Liozno in the Russian Empire , the name "Chabad" ( חב״ד ) is an acronym formed from the three Hebrew words— Chokmah , Binah , Da'at — for the first three sefirot of the kabbalistic Tree of Life after Keter : חכמה, בינה, דעת , "Wisdom, Understanding, and Knowledge"—which represent the intellectual and kabbalistic underpinnings of the movement. The name Lubavitch derives from

3243-719: The control of city or state officials. In some preindustrial urban traditions, basic municipal functions such as protection, social regulation of births and marriages, cleaning and upkeep are handled informally by neighbourhoods and not by urban governments; this pattern is well documented for historical Islamic cities. In addition to social neighbourhoods, most ancient and historical cities also had administrative districts used by officials for taxation, record-keeping, and social control. Administrative districts are typically larger than neighbourhoods and their boundaries may cut across neighbourhood divisions. In some cases, however, administrative districts coincided with neighbourhoods, leading to

3312-428: The dates of the release of the leaders of the movement, the rebbes of Chabad, from prison, others corresponded to the leaders' birthdays, anniversaries of death, and other life events. The days marking the leaders' release, are celebrated by the Chabad movement as "Days of Liberation" ( Hebrew : יום גאולה ( Yom Geulah )). The most noted day is Yud Tes Kislev —the liberation of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi ,

3381-539: The day-to-day operations, local emissaries do all the fundraising by themselves. Chabad emissaries often solicit the support of local Jews. Funds are used toward purchasing or renovating Chabad centers, synagogues and mikvahs . The Chabad movement has been involved in numerous activities in contemporary Jewish life. These activities include providing Jewish education to different age groups, outreach to non-affiliated Jews, publishing Jewish literature, and summer camps for children, among other activities. Chabad runs

3450-435: The early 2000s, Community Development Corporations, Rehabilitation Networks, Neighbourhood Development Corporations, and Economic Development organisations would work together to address the housing stock and the infrastructures of communities and neighbourhoods (e.g., community centres). Community and Economic Development may be understood in different ways, and may involve "faith-based" groups and congregations in cities. In

3519-576: The equivalent organization is the parish , though a parish may have several neighbourhoods within it depending on the area. In localities where neighbourhoods do not have an official status, questions can arise as to where one neighbourhood begins and another ends. Many cities use districts and wards as official divisions of the city, rather than traditional neighbourhood boundaries. ZIP Code boundaries and post office names also sometimes reflect neighbourhood identities. Lubavitcher Founded in 1775 by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (1745–1812) in

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3588-454: The founder of the Chabad movement. The day is also called the "New Year of Hasidism". The birthdays of several of the movement's leaders are celebrated each year including Chai Elul , the birthday of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi , the founder of the Chabad movement, and Yud Aleph Nissan , the birthday of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson , the seventh rebbe of Chabad. The anniversaries of death, or yartzeit , of several of

3657-585: The functions of the city tend to be distributed naturally—that is, without any theoretical preoccupation or political direction—into neighborhoods." Most of the earliest cities around the world as excavated by archaeologists have evidence for the presence of social neighbourhoods. Historical documents shed light on neighbourhood life in numerous historical preindustrial or nonwestern cities. Neighbourhoods are typically generated by social interaction among people living near one another. In this sense they are local social units larger than households not directly under

3726-587: The global Hasidic population. However, up to one million Jews are estimated to attend Chabad services at least once a year. In a 2020 study, the Pew Research Center found that 16% of American Jews participated in Chabad services or activities at least semi-regularly. The Chabad movement was established after the First Partition of Poland in the town of Liozno, Pskov Governorate , Russian Empire (now Liozna , Belarus ), in 1775, by Shneur Zalman ,

3795-445: The globe, to teach college students, build day schools, and create youth camps. Many of these efforts are geared towards secular or less religious Jews . Additionally, unmarried rabbinical students spend weeks during the summer in locations that do not yet have a permanent Chabad presence, making housecalls, putting up mezuzot and teaching about Judaism. This is known as Merkos Shlichus. Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson also initiated

3864-445: The good and the bad. Chabad often contrasted itself with what is termed the Chagat schools of Hasidism. While all schools of Hasidism put a central focus on the emotions, Chagat saw emotions as a reaction to physical stimuli, such as dancing, singing, or beauty. Shneur Zalman, on the other hand, taught that the emotions must be led by the mind, and thus the focus of Chabad thought

3933-460: The heart," Shneur Zalman argued that God also desires the mind, and he also argued that the mind is the "gateway" to the heart. With the Chabad philosophy, he elevated the mind above the heart, arguing that "understanding is the mother of fear and love for God". The Tanya has five sections. The original name of the first section is Sefer Shel Beinonim , the "Book of the Intermediates". It

4002-408: The highest concentration of Chabad centers is North America. The continent with the fewest centers is Africa. A Chabad house is a form of Jewish community center , primarily serving both educational and observance purposes. Often, until the community can support its own center, the Chabad house is located in the shaliach 's home, with the living room being used as the "synagogue". Effort

4071-734: The majority are in the United States and Israel . There are over 100 countries with a small Chabad presence. In total, according to its directory, Chabad maintains a presence in 950 cities around the world: 178 in Europe, 14 in Africa, 200 in Israel, 400 in North America, 38 in South America, and about 70 in Asia (excluding Israel, including Russia). Chabad presence varies from region to region. The continent with

4140-666: The movement at large, Agudas Chasidei Chabad , is headed by Rabbi Abraham Shemtov . The educational, outreach and social services arms, Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch and Machneh Israel are headed by Rabbi Yehuda Krinsky , as well as the Chabad-Lubavitch publishing house, Kehot Publication Society . Local Chabad centers and institutions are usually incorporated as separate legal entities. As of 2020 there were over 3,500 Chabad centers in 100 countries. The Chabad movement's online directory lists around 1,350 Chabad institutions. This number includes schools and other Chabad-affiliated establishments. The number of Chabad centers vary per country;

4209-437: The movement's leaders are celebrated each year, include Yud Shvat , the yartzeit of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn , the sixth rebbe of Chabad, Gimmel Tammuz , the yartzeit of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson , the seventh rebbe of Chabad, and Chof Beis Shvat , the yartzeit of Chaya Mushka Schneerson , the wife of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. Chabad's central organization representing

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4278-431: The neighbourhood as a small-scale democracy , regulated primarily by ideas of reciprocity among neighbours. Neighbourhoods have been the site of service delivery or "service interventions" in part as efforts to provide local, quality services, and to increase the degree of local control and ownership. Alfred Kahn, as early as the mid-1970s, described the "experience, theory and fads" of neighbourhood service delivery over

4347-684: The one Orthodox group which evokes great affection from large segments of American Jewry . Chabad Hasidic philosophy focuses on religious and spiritual concepts such as God, the soul, and the meaning of the Jewish commandments. Classical Judaic writings and Jewish mysticism, especially the Zohar and the Kabbalah of Rabbi Isaac Luria , are frequently cited in Chabad works. These texts are used both as sources of Chabad teachings and as material requiring interpretation by Chabad authors. Many of these teachings discuss what

4416-732: The post-World War II Jewish outreach movement, which spread Judaism to many assimilated Jews worldwide, leading to a substantial number of baalei teshuva ("returnees" to Judaism). The very first Yeshiva/Rabbinical College for such baalei teshuva, Hadar Hatorah , was established by the Lubavitcher rebbe. It is reported that up to a million Jews attend Chabad services at least once a year. According to journalist Steven I. Weiss , Chabad's ideology has dramatically influenced non-Hasidic Jews' outreach practices. Because of its outreach to all Jews, including those Jews who are quite alienated from religious Jewish traditions, Chabad has been described as

4485-571: The prior decade, including discussion of income transfers and poverty. Neighbourhoods, as a core aspect of community, also are the site of services for youth, including children with disabilities and coordinated approaches to low-income populations. While the term neighbourhood organisation is not as common in 2015, these organisations often are non-profit, sometimes grassroots or even core funded community development centres or branches. Community and economic development activists have pressured for reinvestment in local communities and neighbourhoods. In

4554-465: The town in which the now-dominant line of leaders resided from 1813 to 1915. Other, non-Lubavitch scions of Chabad either disappeared or merged into the Lubavitch line. In the 1930s, the sixth Rebbe of Chabad, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn , moved the center of the Chabad movement from Russia to Poland. After the outbreak of World War II, he moved the center of the movement to Brooklyn, New York, in

4623-453: Was a pioneer in the field of Orthodox Judaism outreach ( Kiruv ). Each sent out large numbers of rabbinic emissaries, known as " Shluchim ", to settle in places across the world for outreach purposes. The centers that these Shluchim established were termed " Chabad houses ". Chabad has been active in reaching out to Jews through its synagogues, and various forms of more direct outreach efforts. The organization has been recognized as one of

4692-482: Was the role of rural to urban migration. This was a continual process in preindustrial cities, and migrants tended to move in with relatives and acquaintances from their rural past. Neighbourhood sociology is a subfield of urban sociology which studies local communities Neighbourhoods are also used in research studies from postal codes and health disparities , to correlations with school drop out rates or use of drugs. Some attention has also been devoted to viewing

4761-436: Was to be Torah study and prayer rather than esotericism and song. As a Talmudist, Shneur Zalman endeavored to place Kabbalah and Hasidism on a rational basis. In Tanya , he defines his approach as moach shalit al halev ( Hebrew : מוח שליט על הלב , "the brain ruling the heart"). An adherent of Chabad is called a Chabad Chasid (or Hasid ) ( Hebrew : חסיד חב"ד ), a Lubavitcher ( Yiddish : ליובאַוויטשער ),

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