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99-521: This is a list of fictional concepts in Artemis Fowl , a novel series by Eoin Colfer . A high-tech, fairy-manufactured guided missile, also known as a "bio-bomb" or a "blue-rinse" because of its blue colour. Once detonated, it employs the radioactive energy source Solinium 2 (an element not yet discovered by humans), destroying all living tissue in the area while leaving landscape and buildings untouched. It

198-510: A better vowel?" The Classical approach and Aristotelian categories may be a better descriptor in some cases. Theory-theory is a reaction to the previous two theories and develops them further. This theory postulates that categorization by concepts is something like scientific theorizing. Concepts are not learned in isolation, but rather are learned as a part of our experiences with the world around us. In this sense, concepts' structure relies on their relationships to other concepts as mandated by

297-488: A category. There have been a number of experiments dealing with questionnaires asking participants to rate something according to the extent to which it belongs to a category. This question is contradictory to the Classical Theory because something is either a member of a category or is not. This type of problem is paralleled in other areas of linguistics such as phonology, with an illogical question such as "is /i/ or /o/

396-604: A child every twenty years). This is the most basic model of the Neutrino in the Artemis Fowl books. It is used in the short story "LEPrecon". It is only mentioned in this story and is currently outdated. The latest, lightweight model of fairy handguns, with three settings: "Scorched, well done, and crisped to a cinder." The Neutrinos are nuclear powered, so they have almost unlimited ammunition. Neutrinos can only knock out people, they can't kill. The gun shoots an orange beam of heat at

495-491: A completely new language as a base language, making it next to impossible to translate. As noted by one of Jon Spiro 's staff members, Dr. Pearson, and Artemis Fowl II himself, theoretically it would take an eternity to get through the code. Concept In contemporary philosophy , three understandings of a concept prevail: Concepts are classified into a hierarchy, higher levels of which are termed "superordinate" and lower levels termed "subordinate". Additionally, there

594-420: A concept of a tree. In cognitive linguistics , abstract concepts are transformations of concrete concepts derived from embodied experience. The mechanism of transformation is structural mapping, in which properties of two or more source domains are selectively mapped onto a blended space (Fauconnier & Turner, 1995; see conceptual blending ). A common class of blends are metaphors . This theory contrasts with

693-412: A concept's ontology, etc. There are two main views of the ontology of concepts: (1) Concepts are abstract objects, and (2) concepts are mental representations. Within the framework of the representational theory of mind , the structural position of concepts can be understood as follows: Concepts serve as the building blocks of what are called mental representations (colloquially understood as ideas in

792-437: A definitional structure. Adequate definitions of the kind required by this theory usually take the form of a list of features. These features must have two important qualities to provide a comprehensive definition. Features entailed by the definition of a concept must be both necessary and sufficient for membership in the class of things covered by a particular concept. A feature is considered necessary if every member of

891-431: A dog can still be a dog with only three legs. This view is particularly supported by psychological experimental evidence for prototypicality effects. Participants willingly and consistently rate objects in categories like 'vegetable' or 'furniture' as more or less typical of that class. It seems that our categories are fuzzy psychologically, and so this structure has explanatory power. We can judge an item's membership of

990-682: A fish (this misconception came from an incorrect theory about what a whale is like, combining with our theory of what a fish is). When we learn that a whale is not a fish, we are recognizing that whales don't in fact fit the theory we had about what makes something a fish. Theory-theory also postulates that people's theories about the world are what inform their conceptual knowledge of the world. Therefore, analysing people's theories can offer insights into their concepts. In this sense, "theory" means an individual's mental explanation rather than scientific fact. This theory criticizes classical and prototype theory as relying too much on similarities and using them as

1089-412: A hazel-colored lens, causing Jon Spiro to realize that something is "wrong with [his] eyes". It is used as a remote camera, which also has several filters, including thermal and x-ray. Whenever one changes filters, a small shock passes through the iris-cam, which may cause discomfort. The invention of the iris cam won Foaly a school science project, Opal Koboi being runner up with her wing designs. Part of

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1188-405: A laser at a slower speed, penetrating the target (instead of incapacitating), causing greater damage than a normal laser. The B'wa Kell goblin triad was armed with these weapons by Opal Koboi in the failed storming of Police Plaza. A radioactive element, still not in the human periodic table . It has a half-life of 14 seconds and is the main energy source of a bio-bomb. The "bio bomb" used by

1287-403: A particular mental theory about the state of the world. How this is supposed to work is a little less clear than in the previous two theories, but is still a prominent and notable theory. This is supposed to explain some of the issues of ignorance and error that come up in prototype and classical theories as concepts that are structured around each other seem to account for errors such as whale as

1386-403: A person has seen a specific image before. Based on the premise that every image that a person sees leaves an infinitesimal etching on the retina that never disappears and therefore cannot be fooled by a mind-wipe, two suction cups resembling plungers are used to read the etchings on the subject's retinas. The seals on the suction cups are implanted with micro needles, which inject sedative through

1485-422: A positron collide, they annihilate to a virtual particle , either a photon or a Z boson . The virtual particle almost immediately decays into other elementary particles, which are then detected by huge particle detectors . The Large Electron–Positron Collider had four detectors, built around the four collision points within underground halls. Each was the size of a small house and was capable of registering

1584-541: A posteriori concept is a general representation ( Vorstellung ) or non-specific thought of that which is common to several specific perceived objects (Logic §1, Note 1) A concept is a common feature or characteristic. Kant investigated the way that empirical a posteriori concepts are created. The logical acts of the understanding by which concepts are generated as to their form are: In order to make our mental images into concepts, one must thus be able to compare, reflect, and abstract, for these three logical operations of

1683-464: A posteriori concepts, but also pure or a priori concepts. Instead of being abstracted from individual perceptions, like empirical concepts, they originate in the mind itself. He called these concepts categories , in the sense of the word that means predicate , attribute, characteristic, or quality . But these pure categories are predicates of things in general , not of a particular thing. According to Kant, there are twelve categories that constitute

1782-504: A roughly circular shape in opposite directions and therefore can be collided over and over. This enables a high rate of collisions and facilitates collection of a large amount of data, which is important for precision measurements or for observing very rare decays. However, the energy of the bunches is limited due to losses from synchrotron radiation . In linear colliders, particles move in a straight line and therefore do not suffer from synchrotron radiation, but bunches cannot be re-used and it

1881-467: A sufficient constraint. It suggests that theories or mental understandings contribute more to what has membership to a group rather than weighted similarities, and a cohesive category is formed more by what makes sense to the perceiver. Weights assigned to features have shown to fluctuate and vary depending on context and experimental task demonstrated by Tversky. For this reason, similarities between members may be collateral rather than causal. According to

1980-438: A transcendental world of pure forms that lay behind the veil of the physical world. In this way, universals were explained as transcendent objects. Needless to say, this form of realism was tied deeply with Plato's ontological projects. This remark on Plato is not of merely historical interest. For example, the view that numbers are Platonic objects was revived by Kurt Gödel as a result of certain puzzles that he took to arise from

2079-604: Is instantiated (reified) by all of its actual or potential instances, whether these are things in the real world or other ideas . Concepts are studied as components of human cognition in the cognitive science disciplines of linguistics , psychology , and philosophy , where an ongoing debate asks whether all cognition must occur through concepts. Concepts are regularly formalized in mathematics , computer science , databases and artificial intelligence . Examples of specific high-level conceptual classes in these fields include classes , schema or categories . In informal use,

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2178-462: Is a name or label that regards or treats an abstraction as if it had concrete or material existence, such as a person, a place, or a thing. It may represent a natural object that exists in the real world like a tree, an animal, a stone, etc. It may also name an artificial (man-made) object like a chair, computer, house, etc. Abstract ideas and knowledge domains such as freedom, equality, science, happiness, etc., are also symbolized by concepts. A concept

2277-593: Is also stated in Book 7, Artemis Fowl and the Atlantis Complex , that when a person was mesmerized, "A large part of their brains were switched off and the parts left awake were not going to be winning any Nobel prizes". The mind-wipe is a technology designed to erase parts of sentient memory, usually human. Any sighting of the People by a human being is erased from the memory of any humans involved. The mind-wipe has two forms;

2376-549: Is artificially changed (using sleeping pills , for example), the person in question will have dropped out of the time-stopped area into the outside world. The person will later wake up after the time-stop has disappeared, while to anyone still in the time-stop, the person will have disappeared. A fairy with strong magic skills who is highly trained in the magical arts. In the past warlocks have been used to stop time and wipe minds. In modern times, since Foaly "had them do their thing into lithium batteries," Warlocks are still trained in

2475-730: Is capable of picking most human locks. Seen in Artemis Fowl and the Eternity Code and Artemis Fowl and the Time Paradox . Holly's mother had one, which she passed down to Holly upon the former’s death. Mulch Diggums stole it during the Hamburg Incident as mentioned in The Time Paradox and "Artemis Fowl" (first book) Powered by "gaseous columns vented from the earth's core", fairies can ride in titanium eggs or more leisurely shuttles to

2574-437: Is itself another word for concept, and "sorting" thus means to organize into concepts.) The semantic view of concepts suggests that concepts are abstract objects. In this view, concepts are abstract objects of a category out of a human's mind rather than some mental representations. There is debate as to the relationship between concepts and natural language . However, it is necessary at least to begin by understanding that

2673-429: Is merely a symbol, a representation of the abstraction. The word is not to be mistaken for the thing. For example, the word "moon" (a concept) is not the large, bright, shape-changing object up in the sky, but only represents that celestial object. Concepts are created (named) to describe, explain and capture reality as it is known and understood. Kant maintained the view that human minds possess not only empirical or

2772-433: Is not straightforward to determine the energy of the collisions), and therefore more challenging to analyze and less amenable to precision measurements. The shape of the collider is also important. High energy physics colliders collect particles into bunches, and then collide the bunches together. However, only a very tiny fraction of particles in each bunch actually collide. In circular colliders, these bunches travel around

2871-509: Is noted by Butler that they "may have ruined a few honeymoon videos", showing the Solinium wipes digital visual recordings as well as preventing them. A tool used by the Fairies in the Artemis Fowl series . It stops time in a selected area using magic. Historically, time-stop fields were created by five warlocks who created a pentagram around the intended area. The process was mechanized by Foaly;

2970-407: Is slightly easier to translate than Gnommish because many of the symbols look similar to their English counterparts. It can be read fluently once familiar, and is more like a recognisable font than a language. A thin sheet of foil that is wrapped around the body to imitate invisibility and to blend in with the surrounding environment. The foil is dotted with a series of micro-cameras, which enable

3069-430: Is the "basic" or "middle" level at which people will most readily categorize a concept. For example, a basic-level concept would be "chair", with its superordinate, "furniture", and its subordinate, "easy chair". Concepts may be exact or inexact. When the mind makes a generalization such as the concept of tree , it extracts similarities from numerous examples; the simplification enables higher-level thinking . A concept

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3168-574: Is therefore more challenging to collect large amounts of data. As a circular lepton collider, LEP was well suited for precision measurements of the electroweak interaction at energies that were not previously achievable. Construction of the LEP was a significant undertaking. Between 1983–1988, it was the largest civil engineering project in Europe. When the LEP collider started operation in August 1989 it accelerated

3267-406: Is traced back to 1554–60 (Latin conceptum – "something conceived"). LEP The Large Electron–Positron Collider ( LEP ) was one of the largest particle accelerators ever constructed. It was built at CERN , a multi-national centre for research in nuclear and particle physics near Geneva , Switzerland . LEP collided electrons with positrons at energies that reached 209 GeV. It

3366-443: Is usually taken as a definition of time. Given that most later theories of concepts were born out of the rejection of some or all of the classical theory, it seems appropriate to give an account of what might be wrong with this theory. In the 20th century, philosophers such as Wittgenstein and Rosch argued against the classical theory. There are six primary arguments summarized as follows: Prototype theory came out of problems with

3465-466: The Higgs particle of a mass around 115 GeV might have been observed, a sort of Holy Grail of current high-energy physics . The run-time was extended for a few months, to no avail. The strength of the signal remained at 1.7 standard deviations which translates to the 91% confidence level , much less than the confidence expected by particle physicists to claim a discovery, and was at the extreme upper edge of

3564-566: The LEP to incapacitate any foes they may face. They are designed as bludgeoning weapons, and once powered, they will send a 1,000 volt shock (10,000 volts in Artemis Fowl and the Atlantis Complex when used by Turnball) into the target, enough to incapacitate a fairy but insufficient when used against a human. An LEPretrieval squad attempted to use them against Butler in the Fowl Manor siege, but to no avail. A script only known by centaurs . The cipher

3663-497: The hard problem of consciousness . Research on ideasthesia emerged from research on synesthesia where it was noted that a synesthetic experience requires first an activation of a concept of the inducer. Later research expanded these results into everyday perception. There is a lot of discussion on the most effective theory in concepts. Another theory is semantic pointers, which use perceptual and motor representations and these representations are like symbols. The term "concept"

3762-406: The Book. If a human touches the Book without the fairy's permission it will combust. Originally, the book was printed in spirals, which is how ancient fairy texts were read. Reading in circles gave fairies migraines , so normally printed versions have been made (ordinary Gnommish), this is in the typical western version of reading: left-to-right and top-to-bottom. A fairy weapon, primarily used by

3861-408: The Eternity Code . It can read any medium, electronic or organic, because it contains an "omnisensor", a piece of fairy technology that can sense anything. It was stolen by Jon Spiro, and had to be retrieved because it has the potential to compromise the People's security. It is encoded with an Eternity Code (see below). Created by Artemis Fowl II, it is a code like any other code, except that it uses

3960-598: The LEP experiments allowed precise values of many quantities of the Standard Model —most importantly the mass of the Z boson and the W boson (which were discovered in 1983 at an earlier CERN collider, the Proton-Antiproton Collider ) to be obtained—and so confirm the Model and put it on a solid basis of empirical data. Near the end of the scheduled run time, data suggested tantalizing but inconclusive hints that

4059-689: The LEP utilizes Solinium in order to kill only living tissue. It is standard procedure to spray any LEP property with solinium-based tracker, as shown in The Arctic Incident . Foaly was able to find Mulch Diggums by tracking the gold he stole from the Fowl Manor Siege . Artemis Fowl also used a Solinium-based device, concealed in a button on his bodyguard Butler's jacket, to prevent electronic devices spying on him in Spain, as seen in The Lost Colony – it

List of concepts in Artemis Fowl - Misplaced Pages Continue

4158-466: The age of the Battle of Taillte, when the People were battling the "Mud People" to stay above ground, they gave up due to overwhelming numbers. Apparently, the human race once lived in mud, hence the term "Mud People". This term also conveys fairies' dislike and even contempt towards the human race because of their pollution and the fact that humans forced fairies underground (partly because fairies can only have

4257-469: The block wipe, which obliterates the memory of a set period of time from the targeted mind, and the fine-tuned wipe, designed to remove only specific memories from the targeted mind. It was also mentioned that a block mind-wipe can cause a drop in IQ. A part of the process not fully understood by the People is that human minds usually invent new memories to fill in the gaps. If the subject sees something related to what

4356-470: The brain. Some of these are: visual association areas, prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and temporal lobe. The Prototype perspective is proposed as an alternative view to the Classical approach. While the Classical theory requires an all-or-nothing membership in a group, prototypes allow for more fuzzy boundaries and are characterized by attributes. Lakoff stresses that experience and cognition are critical to

4455-460: The classical view of conceptual structure. Prototype theory says that concepts specify properties that members of a class tend to possess, rather than must possess. Wittgenstein , Rosch , Mervis, Brent Berlin , Anglin, and Posner are a few of the key proponents and creators of this theory. Wittgenstein describes the relationship between members of a class as family resemblances . There are not necessarily any necessary conditions for membership;

4554-543: The collisions cannot reach the same energy that can be achieved with heavier particles. Hadrons are composite particles (composed of quarks) and are relatively heavy; protons, for example, have a mass 2000 times greater than electrons. Because of their higher mass, they can be accelerated to much higher energies, which is the key to directly observing new particles or interactions that are not predicted by currently accepted theories. However, hadron collisions are very messy (there are often many unrelated tracks, for example, and it

4653-399: The concept "dog" is philosophically distinct from the things in the world grouped by this concept—or the reference class or extension . Concepts that can be equated to a single word are called "lexical concepts". The study of concepts and conceptual structure falls into the disciplines of linguistics , philosophy , psychology , and cognitive science . In the simplest terms, a concept

4752-517: The concepts are useful and mutually compatible, they are accepted on their own. For example, the concepts of the derivative and the integral are not considered to refer to spatial or temporal perceptions of the external world of experience. Neither are they related in any way to mysterious limits in which quantities are on the verge of nascence or evanescence, that is, coming into or going out of existence. The abstract concepts are now considered to be totally autonomous, even though they originated from

4851-442: The crystals together, it is applied to the wounded area. It is not as effective as magic, but it can be useful in a tight spot. A magical power, similar to hypnosis , that most of the fairy families are able to use, since only a small amount of magic is needed to mesmerize someone. It is even said that some humans have the power to do it. Someone who is under the mesmer has no control over their actions, and becomes entranced with

4950-405: The day's hippocampal events and objects into cortical concepts is often considered to be the computation underlying (some stages of) sleep and dreaming. Many people (beginning with Aristotle) report memories of dreams which appear to mix the day's events with analogous or related historical concepts and memories, and suggest that they were being sorted or organized into more abstract concepts. ("Sort"

5049-401: The denoted class has that feature. A feature is considered sufficient if something has all the parts required by the definition. For example, the classic example bachelor is said to be defined by unmarried and man . An entity is a bachelor (by this definition) if and only if it is both unmarried and a man. To check whether something is a member of the class, you compare its qualities to

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5148-492: The detection range of the experiments with the collected LEP data. There was a proposal to extend the LEP operation by another year in order to seek confirmation, which would have delayed the start of the LHC . However, the decision was made to shut down LEP and progress with the LHC as planned. For years, this observation was the only hint of a Higgs Boson; subsequent experiments until 2010 at

5247-438: The electrons and positrons to a total energy of 45  GeV each to enable production of the Z boson , which has a mass of 91 GeV. The accelerator was upgraded later to enable production of a pair of W bosons, each having a mass of 80 GeV. LEP collider energy eventually topped at 209 GeV at the end in 2000. At a Lorentz factor ( = particle energy/rest mass = [104.5 GeV/0.511 MeV]) of over 200,000, LEP still holds

5346-606: The experiment was a play on words, as some of the founding members of the scientific collaboration which first proposed the design had previously worked on the JADE detector at DESY in Hamburg . OPAL was a general-purpose detector designed to collect a broad range of data. Its data were used to make high precision measurements of the Z boson lineshape, perform detailed tests of the Standard Model, and place limits on new physics. The detector

5445-441: The fairy encounters resistance from non-vibrating clothing, equipment, etc., which causes a slight shimmer in the air. A shielded fairy would cause any object they were sitting upon to shatter under the high vibrations. Fairies have difficulty shielding in areas with high levels of radiation , like northern Russia . A shielded fairy can also be seen by if an anti-shield filter or by a high-speed camera, but requires viewers to look at

5544-531: The fairy language. As it contains the history of the People and their life teachings, Artemis Fowl manages to secure a copy from an alcoholic fairy in Ho Chi Minh City and use it to kidnap Holly Short , and to decode Gnommish. The first few lines are included in the first book. Some of the first lines are: It also states the proper Ritual in which one buries an acorn to regain magic powers. Apart from Artemis and his bodyguard, no humans are said to have seen

5643-423: The features in the definition. Another key part of this theory is that it obeys the law of the excluded middle , which means that there are no partial members of a class, you are either in or out. The classical theory persisted for so long unquestioned because it seemed intuitively correct and has great explanatory power. It can explain how concepts would be acquired, how we use them to categorize and how we use

5742-446: The function of language, and Labov's experiment found that the function that an artifact contributed to what people categorized it as. For example, a container holding mashed potatoes versus tea swayed people toward classifying them as a bowl and a cup, respectively. This experiment also illuminated the optimal dimensions of what the prototype for "cup" is. Prototypes also deal with the essence of things and to what extent they belong to

5841-509: The linguistic representations of states of affairs in the world, it seems to follow that we may understand concepts as the manner in which we grasp the world. Accordingly, concepts (as senses) have an ontological status. According to Carl Benjamin Boyer , in the introduction to his The History of the Calculus and its Conceptual Development , concepts in calculus do not refer to perceptions. As long as

5940-458: The magical arts, but their training leans more towards the medical sides, such as emergency medicine. Most warlocks have a strong pacifist creed. Demon Warlock Demon Warlocks are the most powerful warlocks by far, and risked being shunned by other demons owing to the fact normal demons are bloodthirsty and non-magical. Their powers extend to time-travel and firing bolts of magic. In the 21st century, only three Demon Warlocks are still alive: Qwan

6039-657: The mass of the W-boson and Z-boson to within one part in a thousand. The number of families of particles with light neutrinos was determined to be 2.982 ± 0.013 , which is consistent with the Standard Model value of 3. The running of the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) coupling constant was measured at various energies and found to run in accordance with perturbative calculations in QCD. DELPHI stands for DE tector with L epton, P hoton and H adron I dentification . OPAL stands for O mni- P urpose A pparatus for L EP . The name of

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6138-584: The memories totally after hearing merely his first name, Domovoi. There was nothing on the disk for Juliet, although Juliet herself achieves total recall in The Atlantis Complex , by listening to Turnball mesmerizing people. The mood blanket is a multi-sensor massage and homeopathic garment meant for centaurs, created by Foaly. The terms 'Mud People', 'Mud Men', 'Mud Woman', 'Mud Maid', 'Mud Boy', 'Mud Girl', 'Mud Kid,' and 'Mud Whelp' are generalizations used by fairies to address humans. This term comes from

6237-440: The mesmer although he gave in in the end. It is also notable that the Book forbids fairies from "mesmerizing" other fairies. It is also said that if someone resists the mesmer too much, his or her brain cells might be fried. If a someone is constantly mesmerized their pupils become increasingly ragged until they eventually go blind. In Book 6, The Time Paradox , Butler had a heart attack when he tried to resist Opal Koboi's mesmer. It

6336-513: The mind ). Mental representations, in turn, are the building blocks of what are called propositional attitudes (colloquially understood as the stances or perspectives we take towards ideas, be it "believing", "doubting", "wondering", "accepting", etc.). And these propositional attitudes, in turn, are the building blocks of our understanding of thoughts that populate everyday life, as well as folk psychology. In this way, we have an analysis that ties our common everyday understanding of thoughts down to

6435-405: The most powerful such ever built. For context, modern colliders can be generally categorized based on their shape (circular or linear) and on what types of particles they accelerate and collide (leptons or hadrons). Leptons are point particles and are relatively light. Because they are point particles, their collisions are clean and amenable to precise measurements; however, because they are light,

6534-511: The officers Section 8 helmet also have flying thrusters as demonstrated by Foaly in the fifth book. Magnastrips power the automobiles in Haven City. LEP automobiles have the ability to push other vehicles out of the way in case of emergency During the lockdown in Artemis Fowl and the Eternity Code , all non-emergency vehicles lost power. Invented by Foaly , the medi-pac is an ice pack infused with magic healing crystals. Activated by crumpling

6633-494: The official LEP uniform, the LEP Helmet was developed by Foaly . The helmet includes a motion-sensor filter which flags moving objects "with an orange corona". The casing of the LEP helmet is made of impregnable polymer. An LEP helmet contains a visor, a camera, two 400-watt lamps, and a pollution mask, as well as a microphone, and loudspeaker. All LEP helmets have a self-destruct system which can be activated remotely. When activated,

6732-564: The particle accelerator speed record, extremely close to the limiting speed of light. At the end of 2000, LEP was shut down and then dismantled in order to make room in the tunnel for the construction of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). LEP was fed with electrons and positrons delivered by CERN's accelerator complex. The particles were generated and initially accelerated by the LEP Pre-Injector , and further accelerated to nearly

6831-422: The particle beam (i.e. keep the particles together). The function of the accelerators was to increase the particles' energies so that heavy particles can be created when the particles collide. When the particles were accelerated to maximum energy (and focused to so-called bunches), an electron and a positron bunch were made to collide with each other at one of the collision points of the detector. When an electron and

6930-502: The particles by their energy , momentum and charge, thus allowing physicists to infer the particle reaction that had happened and the elementary particles involved. By performing statistical analysis of this data, knowledge about elementary particle physics is gained. The four detectors of LEP were called Aleph, Delphi, Opal, and L3. They were built differently to allow for complementary experiments . ALEPH stands for A pparatus for LEP pH ysics at CERN . The detector determined

7029-446: The perspective is compatible with Jamesian pragmatism, the notion of the transformation of embodied concepts through structural mapping makes a distinct contribution to the problem of concept formation. Platonist views of the mind construe concepts as abstract objects. Plato was the starkest proponent of the realist thesis of universal concepts. By his view, concepts (and ideas in general) are innate ideas that were instantiations of

7128-439: The phenomenological accounts. Gottlob Frege , founder of the analytic tradition in philosophy, famously argued for the analysis of language in terms of sense and reference. For him, the sense of an expression in language describes a certain state of affairs in the world, namely, the way that some object is presented. Since many commentators view the notion of sense as identical to the notion of concept, and Frege regards senses as

7227-406: The process of abstracting or taking away qualities from perceptions until only the common, essential attributes remained. The classical theory of concepts, also referred to as the empiricist theory of concepts, is the oldest theory about the structure of concepts (it can be traced back to Aristotle ), and was prominently held until the 1970s. The classical theory of concepts says that concepts have

7326-449: The rationalist view that concepts are perceptions (or recollections , in Plato 's term) of an independently existing world of ideas, in that it denies the existence of any such realm. It also contrasts with the empiricist view that concepts are abstract generalizations of individual experiences, because the contingent and bodily experience is preserved in a concept, and not abstracted away. While

7425-470: The referent class of a concept by comparing it to the typical member—the most central member of the concept. If it is similar enough in the relevant ways, it will be cognitively admitted as a member of the relevant class of entities. Rosch suggests that every category is represented by a central exemplar which embodies all or the maximum possible number of features of a given category. Lech, Gunturkun, and Suchan explain that categorization involves many areas of

7524-409: The scientific and philosophical understanding of concepts. In a physicalist theory of mind , a concept is a mental representation, which the brain uses to denote a class of things in the world. This is to say that it is literally a symbol or group of symbols together made from the physical material of the brain. Concepts are mental representations that allow us to draw appropriate inferences about

7623-405: The self-destruct system releases acid, which dissolves the helmet and anyone who was wearing it. Section Eight helmets, which are more sophisticated than normal LEP helmets, have more advanced functions, such as a visor with digital display, plus all of a normal LEP helmet's capabilities. Section Eight helmets can also be controlled from Haven and be moved around independently using microbead bags and

7722-399: The sheer amount of fairy-related culture, this method was somewhat unreliable for detecting breaches of security. A shield is a form of magic which allows the user to stay invisible to most observers. Fairies shield by increasing their heart rate, causing their bodies to vibrate so quickly that they are never in one place long enough to be seen by the naked eye. Usually, when using the shield,

7821-486: The sheet to fail. A specialized cannon designed to incapacitate any creature whose DNA is coded into the cannon with a laser. Most notably, the Koboi Laboratories is protected with DNA stun cannons. A tiny LEP-issue camera within a contact lens ; once attached to the user's eye, it is virtually invisible. To lower visibility, fairies tend to use one that matches their eye color. In The Eternity Code , Artemis uses

7920-461: The sheet to make an image of the wearer's background. Unfortunately, the entire surface uses circuits, which means that the invisibility can fail in rain or if the sheet is flattened by an object. In Artemis Fowl and the Lost Colony , Eoin Colfer states that the cam-foils are made of fairy-made diamonds that reflect light regardless of the direction and angle of viewing. Crushing the beads causes

8019-548: The speed of light by the Proton Synchrotron and the Super Proton Synchrotron . From there, they were injected into the LEP ring. As in all ring colliders , the LEP's ring consisted of many magnets which forced the charged particles into a circular trajectory (so that they stay inside the ring), RF accelerators which accelerated the particles with radio frequency waves , and quadrupoles that focussed

8118-471: The structure of a concept to determine its referent class. In fact, for many years it was one of the major activities in philosophy — concept analysis . Concept analysis is the act of trying to articulate the necessary and sufficient conditions for the membership in the referent class of a concept. For example, Shoemaker's classic " Time Without Change " explored whether the concept of the flow of time can include flows where no changes take place, though change

8217-482: The subject's pores. The Ritual is explained in the Book (the "Fairy Bible"). It consists of picking an acorn from an ancient oak tree at a bend in a river during a full moon and planting it far from the ancient oak. When a fairy does this, his or her magic is replenished. In Artemis Fowl and the Time Paradox , it is shown that magic may be replenished with the help of a warlock, demonstrated by N1 . In Artemis Fowl , Artemis and Butler captured Holly Short while she

8316-449: The surface to perform the Ritual or for other business. The elevators are natural vents which allow magma streams to shoot toward the surface; these irregular pressure releases are watched by the LEP technicians, and "flare-prediction teams" are accurate to about a tenth of a second with a 99.8% accuracy rating. A piece of fairy technology developed by Foaly that infallibly tells whether or not

8415-422: The target. The new version of the Neutrino 2000 that Foaly designed after the B'wa Kell rebellion . The guns are registered to only respond to one person, and every shot loosed by the Neutrino 3000 is recorded on a computer log. There are no metal parts, and, as Foaly describes, it is "powered by kinetics, the motion of your body, with a backup mini-nuke cell... The casing is virtually impregnable". A device that

8514-408: The theory of ideasthesia (or "sensing concepts"), activation of a concept may be the main mechanism responsible for the creation of phenomenal experiences. Therefore, understanding how the brain processes concepts may be central to solving the mystery of how conscious experiences (or qualia ) emerge within a physical system e.g., the sourness of the sour taste of lemon. This question is also known as

8613-595: The type of entities we encounter in our everyday lives. Concepts do not encompass all mental representations, but are merely a subset of them. The use of concepts is necessary to cognitive processes such as categorization , memory , decision making , learning , and inference . Concepts are thought to be stored in long term cortical memory, in contrast to episodic memory of the particular objects and events which they abstract, which are stored in hippocampus . Evidence for this separation comes from hippocampal damaged patients such as patient HM . The abstraction from

8712-452: The understanding are essential and general conditions of generating any concept whatever. For example, I see a fir, a willow, and a linden. In firstly comparing these objects, I notice that they are different from one another in respect of trunk, branches, leaves, and the like; further, however, I reflect only on what they have in common, the trunk, the branches, the leaves themselves, and abstract from their size, shape, and so forth; thus I gain

8811-555: The understanding of phenomenal objects. Each category is that one predicate which is common to multiple empirical concepts. In order to explain how an a priori concept can relate to individual phenomena, in a manner analogous to an a posteriori concept, Kant employed the technical concept of the schema . He held that the account of the concept as an abstraction of experience is only partly correct. He called those concepts that result from abstraction "a posteriori concepts" (meaning concepts that arise out of experience). An empirical or an

8910-583: The video frame by frame. In The Atlantis Complex , Butler and Juliet see a shielded fairy using a type of sunglasses that Artemis had created which enable the wearer to see through fairy shields. Rats and two species of monkey can naturally see through the shield. The softnose laser is an illegal type of laser weapon with a lifetime of less than ten years. They were originally powered with solar cells, but were adapted to be powered by simple AA alkaline batteries in The Arctic Incident . The softnose fires

9009-528: The voice of the one mesmerizing. It requires direct eye contact, as well as a voice laced with suggestion; thus, the mesmer is useless against mirrored surfaces such as mirrored sunglasses or mirrored contact lenses, it is shown that a person of high intelligence can resist the mesmer, such as at the beginning of Artemis Fowl, the Arctic Incident when Holly was using the mesmer against Butler to command him to put down his weapon. Butler had been able to resist

9108-472: The warlocks send their magic into lithium batteries, in which it can be stored until needed. Time-stops cut off an area entirely from the outside world; communications to the "outside world" are rendered useless, as nothing is able to penetrate the field. Once in a time-stop, it is impossible to change one's state of consciousness. If, upon entering the field, one is conscious, then it will be impossible to fall asleep, and vice versa. If one's state of consciousness

9207-409: The word concept can refer to any idea . A central question in the study of concepts is the question of what they are . Philosophers construe this question as one about the ontology of concepts—what kind of things they are. The ontology of concepts determines the answer to other questions, such as how to integrate concepts into a wider theory of the mind, what functions are allowed or disallowed by

9306-424: Was a circular collider with a circumference of 27 kilometres built in a tunnel roughly 100 m (300 ft) underground and passing through Switzerland and France . LEP was used from 1989 until 2000. Around 2001 it was dismantled to make way for the Large Hadron Collider , which re-used the LEP tunnel. To date, LEP is the most powerful accelerator of leptons ever built. LEP was a circular lepton collider –

9405-557: Was attempting to complete the Ritual. An extract from the Fairy Bible describing the Ritual reads, "From the earth thine power flows, Given through courtesy, so thanks are owed. Pluck thou the magick seed, Where full moon, ancient oak and twisted water meet. And bury it far from where it was found, So return your gift into the ground." A computer system invented by Foaly that monitors all human telecommunications and reviews phone calls with fairy-related "buzzwords". Because of

9504-551: Was dismantled in 2000 to make way for LHC equipment. The lead glass blocks from the OPAL barrel electromagnetic calorimeter are currently being re-used in the large-angle photon veto detectors at the NA62 experiment at CERN. L3 was another LEP experiment. Its enormous octagonal magnet return yoke remained in place in the cavern and became part of the ALICE detector for the LHC. The results of

9603-420: Was mind wiped from them, the brain recalls the lost information. Artemis Fowl II , Domovoi Butler and Juliet all submitted to a fine-tune mind-wipe at the end of The Eternity Code , but Artemis and Butler managed to initiate a total recall through a disk containing specific knowledge to trigger recall. Artemis' was an in-depth description of his escapades, as was Butler's, but Butler was able to recall all

9702-567: Was the only survivor of the petrification following Leon Abbot's interference in the time-spell; his apprentice Qweffor was melded with Abbot and eventually suppressed in the Leader's mind, and No 1 was the first Warlock born since the time-spell. Following the return of the Demon island Hybras to Earth, No 1 releases Qweffor from Abbot's control, and begins training under Qwan. A device made by Artemis Fowl II from stolen fairy technology in Artemis Fowl and

9801-625: Was used on Fowl Manor in Artemis Fowl , and, later, in Artemis Fowl and the Opal Deception , Opal Koboi manufactures a larger missile-guided bio-bomb and a compact bio-bomb with a plasma screen that can only be blocked by the rigid polymer used in the manufacturing of LEP helmets. The Book of the People is the Fairy bible , known by the fairies themselves simply as the Book . It is written in Gnommish ,

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