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90-601: Jade is an ornamental stone. Jade , JADE , or The Jade ( s ) may also refer to: Jade Jade is well known for its ornamental use in East Asian , South Asian , and Southeast Asian art . It is commonly used in Latin America , such as Mexico and Guatemala . The use of jade in Mesoamerica for symbolic and ideological ritual was influenced by its rarity and value among pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures , such as

180-458: A dominant wavelength between roughly 585 and 620 nanometres . In traditional colour theory , it is a secondary colour of pigments, produced by mixing yellow and red. In the RGB colour model , it is a tertiary colour . It is named after the fruit of the same name . The orange colour of many fruits and vegetables, such as carrots , pumpkins , sweet potatoes , and oranges , comes from carotenes ,

270-457: A French scientist Louis Vauquelin discovered the mineral crocoite , or lead chromate , which led in 1809 to the invention of the synthetic pigment chrome orange . Other synthetic pigments, cobalt red , cobalt yellow , and cobalt orange, the last made from cadmium sulfide plus cadmium selenide , soon followed. These new pigments, plus the invention of the metal paint tube in 1841, made it possible for artists to paint outdoors and to capture

360-540: A bright orange dress, which won wide acclaim. Albert Joseph Moore painted festive scenes of Romans wearing orange cloaks brighter than any of the Romans ever likely wore. In the United States, Winslow Homer brightened his palette with vivid oranges. In France, painters took orange in an entirely different direction. In 1872 Claude Monet painted Impression, Sunrise , a tiny orange sun and some orange light reflected on

450-489: A broader meaning) such as red deer , red hair , the Red Planet and robin redbreast . When orange was infrequently used in heraldry , it was referred to as tawny or brusk . In ancient Egypt , and ancient India , artists used an orange colour on some of their items. In Egypt, a mineral pigment called realgar was used for tomb paintings, as well as for other purposes. Orange carnelians were significantly used during

540-565: A brownish ochre, dyed from the wood of the jackfruit tree. In Europe and America orange and yellow are the colours most associated with amusement, frivolity and entertainment. In this regard, orange is the exact opposite of its complementary colour, blue, the colour of calm and reflection. Mythological paintings traditionally showed Bacchus (known in Greek mythology as Dionysus ), the god of wine, ritual madness and ecstasy, dressed in orange. Clowns have long worn orange wigs. Toulouse-Lautrec used

630-527: A colour name in English was in 1502, in a description of clothing purchased for Margaret Tudor . Another early recorded use was in 1512, in a will now filed with the Public Record Office . By the 17th century, the fruit and its colour were familiar enough that 'orange-coloured' shifted in use to 'orange' as an adjective. The place name " Orange " has a separate etymology and is not related to that of

720-471: A deep orange red, all simply called saffron , are closely associated with Hinduism and Buddhism, and are commonly worn by monks and holy men across Asia. In Hinduism, the divinity Krishna is commonly portrayed dressed in yellow or yellow orange. Yellow and saffron are also the colours worn by sadhu , or wandering pious men in India. In Buddhism, orange (or more precisely saffron) was the colour of illumination,

810-407: A fibrous matrix as nephrite is.) It only occurs in metamorphic rocks. Both nephrite and jadeite were used from prehistoric periods for hardstone carving . Jadeite has about the same hardness (between 6.0 and 7.0 Mohs hardness ) as quartz, while nephrite is slightly softer (6.0 to 6.5) and so can be worked with quartz or garnet sand, and polished with bamboo or even ground jade. However nephrite

900-572: A house with Gauguin in Arles for a time. For Van Gogh orange and yellow were the pure sunlight of Provence. He produced his own oranges with mixtures of yellow, ochre and red, and placed them next to slashes of sienna red and bottle green, and below a sky of turbulent blue and violet. He put an orange moon and stars in a cobalt blue sky. He wrote to his brother Theo of searching for oppositions of blue with orange, of red with green, of yellow with violet, searching for broken colours and neutral colours to harmonize

990-449: A long time to get the correctly sober colour. Saffron and ochre, usually made with dye from the curcuma longa plant or the heartwood of the jackfruit tree, are the most common colours. The so-called forest monks usually wear ochre robes and city monks saffron, though this is not an official rule. The colour of robes also varies somewhat among the different vehicles (schools) of Buddhism, and by country, depending on their doctrines and

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1080-449: A lower intensity green light, with the blue light turned off entirely. Orange is a tertiary colour which is numerically halfway between gamma-compressed red and yellow, as can be seen in the RGB colour wheel . Regarding painting, blue is the complementary colour to orange. As many painters of the 19th century discovered, blue and orange reinforce each other. The painter Vincent van Gogh wrote to his brother Theo that in his paintings, he

1170-479: A palette of yellow, black and orange in his posters of Paris cafes and theatres, and Henri Matisse used an orange, yellow and red palette in his painting, the Joy of Living . Orange is the colour most easily seen in dim light or against the water, making it, particularly the shade known as safety orange , the colour of choice for life rafts, life jackets or buoys . Highway temporary signs about construction or detours in

1260-421: A pipe. Jadeite, with its bright emerald-green, lavender, pink, orange , yellow, red, black, white, near-colorless and brown colors was imported from Burma to China in quantity only after about 1800. The vivid white to green variety became known as fei cui (翡翠) or kingfisher jade, due to its resemblance to the feathers of the kingfisher bird. That definition was later expanded to include all other colors that

1350-432: A prism. In the traditional colour wheel used by painters, orange is the range of colours between red and yellow, and painters can obtain orange simply by mixing red and yellow in various proportions; however these colours are never as vivid as a pure orange pigment. In the RGB colour model (the system used to display colours on a television or computer screen), orange is generated by combining high intensity red light with

1440-582: A radical as parts of other characters. Jade in Japan was used for jade bracelets. It was a symbol of wealth and power. Leaders also used jade in rituals. It is the national stone of Japan. Examples of use in Japan can be traced back to the early Jomon period about 7,000 years ago. XRF analysis results have revealed that all jade used in Japan since the Jomon period is from Itoigawa . The jade culture that blossomed in ancient Japan respected green ones, and jade of other colors

1530-494: A type of photosynthetic pigment . These pigments convert the light energy that the plants absorb from the Sun into chemical energy for the plants' growth. Similarly, the hues of autumn leaves are from the same pigment after chlorophyll is removed. In Europe and the United States, surveys show that orange is the colour most associated with amusement, the unconventional, extroversion, warmth, fire, energy, activity, danger, taste and aroma,

1620-558: A type of photosynthetic pigment . These pigments convert the light energy that the plants absorb from the sun into chemical energy for the plants' growth. The carotenes themselves take their name from the carrot. Autumn leaves also get their orange colour from carotenes. When the weather turns cold and production of green chlorophyll stops, the orange colour remains. Before the 18th century, carrots from Asia were usually purple, while those in Europe were either white or red. Dutch farmers bred

1710-453: A variety that was orange; according to some sources, as a tribute to the stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland , William of Orange . The long orange Dutch carrot, first described in 1721, is the ancestor of the orange horn carrot, one of the most common types found in supermarkets today. It takes its name from the town of Hoorn , in the Netherlands. Orange is traditionally associated with

1800-601: A wide range of jade hilted daggers, mostly owned by the former Sultans of Hyderabad. Today, it is estimated that Myanmar is the origin of upwards of 70% of the world's supply of high-quality jadeite. Most of the jadeite mined in Myanmar is not cut for use in Myanmar, instead being transported to other nations, primarily in Asia , for use in jewelry and other products. The jadeite deposits found in Kachinland , in Myanmar's northern regions

1890-429: Is azure – a colour that is one quarter of the way between blue and green on the colour spectrum. The actual complementary colour of true blue is yellow. Orange pigments are largely in the ochre or cadmium families, and absorb mostly greenish-blue light. Other orange pigments include: The orange colour of carrots , pumpkins , sweet potatoes , oranges , and many other fruits and vegetables comes from carotenes ,

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1980-625: Is also often added to children's medicine, and to chicken feed to make the egg yolks more orange. The United States Government and the European Union certify a small number of synthetic chemical colourings to be used in food. These are usually aromatic hydrocarbons , or azo dyes , made from petroleum. The most common ones are: Because many consumers are worried about possible health consequences of synthetic dyes, some companies are beginning to use natural food colours. Since these food colours are natural, they do not require any certification from

2070-455: Is also the only mine that produces maw sit sit, a kosmochlor-rich jade rock. Mines at Tawmaw and Hweka are mostly exhausted. From 1964 to 1981, mining was exclusively an enterprise of the Myanmar government. In 1981, 1985, and 1995, the Gemstone laws were modified to allow increasing private enterprise. In addition to this region, there are also notable mines in the neighboring Sagaing District, near

2160-407: Is called actinolite (the silky fibrous mineral form is one form of asbestos ). The higher the iron content, the greener the colour. Tremolite occurs in metamorphosed dolomitic limestones, and actinolite in metamorphic greenschists/glaucophane schists. Jadeite is a sodium- and aluminium-rich pyroxene . The more precious kind of jade, this is a microcrystalline interlocking growth of crystals (not

2250-441: Is closely connected with such jewellery production as Fabergé , whose workshops combined the green stone with gold, diamonds, emeralds, and rubies. In the 1950s and 1960s, there was a strong belief among many Siberians , which stemmed from tradition, that jade was part of a class of sacred objects that had life. In the 1950s and 1960s, there was a strong belief among many Mongolians , which came from ancient tradition, that jade

2340-574: Is derived (via French l'ejade and Latin ilia 'flanks, kidney area') from the Spanish term piedra de ijada (first recorded in 1565) or 'loin stone', from its reputed efficacy in curing ailments of the loins and kidneys . Nephrite is derived from lapis nephriticus , a Latin translation of the Spanish piedra de ijada . During Neolithic times, the key known sources of nephrite jade in China for utilitarian and ceremonial jade items were

2430-509: Is different from colour and texture quality. In other words, Type A jadeite is not enhanced but can have poor colour and texture. There are three main methods of enhancement, sometimes referred to as the ABC Treatment System: The jade trade in Myanmar consists of the mining , distribution, and manufacture of jadeite —a variety of jade—in the nation of Myanmar (Burma). The jadeite deposits found in Myanmar's northern regions are

2520-466: Is done from large boulders that contain bountiful deposits of jade. Jade is exposed using diamond-tipped core drills in order to extract samples. This is done to ensure that the jade meets requirements. Hydraulic spreaders are then inserted into cleavage points in the rock so that the jade can be broken away. Once the boulders are removed and the jade is accessible, it is broken down into more manageable 10-tonne pieces using water-cooled diamond saws. The jade

2610-739: Is found in small quarries and as pebbles and boulders in the rivers flowing from the Kuen-Lun mountain range eastward into the Takla-Makan desert area. The river jade collection is concentrated in the Yarkand , the White Jade ( Yurungkash ) and Black Jade ( Karakash ) Rivers. From the Kingdom of Khotan , on the southern leg of the Silk Road , yearly tribute payments consisting of the most precious white jade were made to

2700-468: Is highly toxic. It was also used as a fly poison and to poison arrows. Because of its yellow-orange colour, it was also a favourite with alchemists who were searching for a way to make gold, both in China and in the West. Before the late 15th century, the colour orange existed in Europe, but without the name; it was simply called yellow-red. Portuguese merchants brought the first orange trees to Europe from Asia in

2790-608: Is named after the House of Orange-Nassau. In the 18th century, orange was sometimes used to depict the robes of Pomona , the goddess of fruitful abundance; her name came from the pomon , the Latin word for fruit. Oranges themselves became more common in northern Europe, thanks to the 17th-century invention of the heated greenhouse, a building type which became known as an orangerie . The French artist Jean-Honoré Fragonard depicted an allegorical figure of inspiration dressed in orange. In 1797

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2880-468: Is one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world. It was in existence for at least 3,000 years, where its peak production was from 2000 BCE to 500 CE, older than the Silk Road in mainland Eurasia. It began to wane during its final centuries from 500 CE until 1000 CE. The entire period of the network was a golden age for the diverse animist societies of

2970-519: Is provided by spices such as paprika , saffron and curry powder . In the United States, with Halloween on 31 October, and in North America with Thanksgiving in October (Canada) and November (US) orange is associated with the harvest colour, and also is the colour of the carved pumpkins, or jack-o-lanterns, used to celebrate the holiday. People associate certain colours with certain flavours , and

3060-487: Is second only to a red level. The US Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices specifies orange for use in temporary and construction signage. Because of its symbolic meaning as the orange colour of activity, orange is often used as the colour of political and social movements. In the United States Army , orange has traditionally been associated with the dragoons , the mounted infantry units which eventually became

3150-722: Is the highest quality jadeite in the world, considered precious by sources in China going as far back as the 10th century. Jadeite in Myanmar is primarily found in the "Jade Tract" located in Lonkin Township in Kachin State in northern Myanmar which encompasses the alluvial region of the Uyu River between the 25th and 26th parallels. Present-day extraction of jade in this region occurs at the Phakant-gyi, Maw Sisa, Tin Tin, and Khansee mines. Khansee

3240-674: Is then loaded onto trucks and transported to the proper storage facilities. Russia imported jade from China for a long time, but in the 1860s its own jade deposits were found in Siberia. Today, the main deposits of jade are located in Eastern Siberia, but jade is also extracted in the Polar Urals and in the Krasnoyarsk territory (Kantegirskoye and Kurtushibinskoye deposits). Russian raw jade reserves are estimated at 336 tons. Russian jade culture

3330-442: Is tougher and more resistant to breakage. Among the earliest known jade artifacts excavated from prehistoric sites are simple ornaments with bead, button, and tubular shapes. Additionally, jade was used for adze heads, knives , and other weapons , which can be delicately shaped. As metal-working technologies became available, the beauty of jade made it valuable for ornaments and decorative objects. The name Nephrite derives from

3420-403: Is used to denote the several types of stone known in English as "jade" (e.g. 玉器, jadewares), such as jadeite (硬玉, 'hard jade', another name for 翡翠) and nephrite (軟玉, 'soft jade'). While still in use, the terms "hard jade" and "soft jade" resulted from a mistranslation by a Japanese geologist, and should be avoided. But because of the value added culturally to jades throughout Chinese history,

3510-742: The Cape Colony (now part of South Africa ) migrated into the Southern African heartlands in the 19th century, they founded what they called the Orange Free State . In the United States , the flag of New York City has an orange stripe, to remember the Dutch colonists who founded the city. William of Orange is also remembered as the founder of the College of William & Mary , and Nassau County, New York

3600-639: The Eighty Years' War comprising resistance against Spain, a war that lasted eighty years, until the Netherlands won its independence. The House's arguably most prominent member, William III of Orange , became King of England in 1689, after the downfall of the Catholic James II in the Glorious Revolution . Due to William III , orange became an important political colour in Britain and Europe. William

3690-531: The Indus Valley Civilisation which was, in turn, obtained by the people of Kutch , Gujarat , India. The colour was also used later by medieval artists for the colouring of manuscripts. Pigments were also made in ancient times from a mineral known as orpiment . Orpiment was an important item of trade in the Roman Empire and was used as a medicine in ancient China although it contains arsenic and

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3780-529: The Nalgonda district , Telangana , India is home to a 5-foot (1.5 m) high sculpture of Mahavira that is carved entirely out of jade. India is also noted for its craftsman tradition of using large amounts of green serpentine or false jade obtained primarily from Afghanistan in order to fashion jewellery and ornamental items such as sword hilts and dagger handles. The Salar Jung Museum in Hyderabad has

3870-843: The Olmecs , the Maya , and other ancient civilizations of the Valley of Mexico . Jade is classified into three main types: Type A, Type B, and Type C. Type A jade refers to natural, untreated jadeite jade, prized for its purity and vibrant colors. It is the most valuable and sought-after type, often characterized by its vivid green hues and high translucency. Type A jade is revered for its symbolism of purity, harmony, and protection in various cultures, especially in East Asia where it holds significant cultural and spiritual importance. Types B and C have been enhanced with resin and colourant respectively. The English word jade

3960-503: The Philippines by the animist indigenous Filipinos. Some were also processed in Vietnam , while the peoples of Brunei , Cambodia , Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , and Thailand also participated in the massive animist-led nephrite jade trading network, where other commodities were also traded. Participants in the network at the time had a majority animist population. The maritime road

4050-579: The US Cavalry . The 1st Cavalry Regiment was founded in 1833 as the United States Dragoons. The modern coat of arms of the 1st Cavalry features the colour orange and orange-yellow shade called dragoon yellow, the colours of the early US dragoon regiments. The US Signal Corps , founded at the beginning of the American Civil War , adopted orange and white as its official colours in 1872. Orange

4140-561: The autumn and Allhallowtide seasons, as well as having long been the national colour of the Netherlands and the House of Orange . It also serves as the political colour of the Christian democracy political ideology and most Christian democratic political parties. In Asia, it is an important symbolic colour in Buddhism and Hinduism. In English, the colour orange is named after the appearance of

4230-522: The autumn season, with the harvest and autumn leaves. The flowers, like orange fruits and vegetables and autumn leaves, get their colour from the photosynthetic pigments called carotenes . Orange is a very common colour of fruits, vegetables, spices, and other foods in many different cultures. As a result, orange is the colour most often associated in western culture with taste and aroma. Orange foods include peaches, apricots , mangoes , carrots , shrimp , salmon roe , and many other foods. Orange colour

4320-424: The yang , and the female passive principle, the yin . Yellow was the colour of perfection and nobility; red was the colour of happiness and power. Yellow and red were compared to light and fire, spirituality and sensuality, seemingly opposite but really complementary. Out of the interaction between the two came orange, the colour of transformation. A wide variety of colours, ranging from a slightly orange yellow to

4410-907: The ' mere ' (short club), and the hei-tiki (neck pendant). Nephrite jewellery of Maori design is widely popular with locals and tourists, although some of the jade used for these is now imported from British Columbia and elsewhere. Pounamu taonga include tools such as toki (adzes), whao (chisels), whao whakakōka (gouges), ripi pounamu (knives), scrapers , awls, hammer stones, and drill points. Hunting tools include matau (fishing hooks) and lures, spear points, and kākā poria (leg rings for fastening captive birds); weapons such as mere (short handled clubs); and ornaments such as pendants ( hei-tiki , hei matau and pekapeka), ear pendants (kuru and kapeu), and cloak pins. Functional pounamu tools were widely worn for both practical and ornamental reasons, and continued to be worn as purely ornamental pendants (hei kakï) even after they were no longer used as tools. Jade

4500-668: The Americas after World War II. In Ukraine in November–December 2004, it became the colour of the Orange Revolution , a popular movement which carried activist and reformer Viktor Yushchenko into the presidency. In parts of the world, especially Northern Ireland , the colour is associated with the Orange Order , a Protestant fraternal organisation and relatedly, Orangemen, marches and other social and political activities, with

4590-472: The Chinese Imperial court and there worked into objets d'art by skilled artisans as jade had a status-value exceeding that of gold or silver . Jade became a favourite material for the crafting of Chinese scholars' objects, such as rests for calligraphy brushes, as well as the mouthpieces of some opium pipes , due to the belief that breathing through jade would bestow longevity upon smokers who used such

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4680-508: The Food and Drug Administration. The most popular natural food colours are: In Confucianism, the religion and philosophy of ancient China, orange was the colour of transformation. In China and India, the colour took its name not from the orange fruit, but from saffron, the finest and most expensive dye in Asia. According to Confucianism, existence was governed by the interaction of the male active principle,

4770-455: The Greek word meaning "kidney". This is because in ancient times it was believed that wearing this kind of jade around the waist could cure kidney disease. Nephrite can be found in a creamy white form (known in China as "mutton fat" jade) as well as in a variety of light green colours, whereas jadeite shows more colour variations, including blue, brown, red, black, dark green, lavender and white. Of

4860-677: The Middle Mumun Pottery Period ( c.  850 –550 BC). Comma-shaped jades are found on some of the gold crowns of Silla royalty ( c.  300 /400–668 AD) and sumptuous elite burials of the Korean Three Kingdoms . After the state of Silla united the Korean Peninsula in 668, the widespread popularisation of death rituals related to Buddhism resulted in the decline of the use of jade in burials as prestige mortuary goods. The Jain temple of Kolanpak in

4950-435: The United States are orange, because of its visibility and its association with danger. It is worn by people wanting to be seen, including highway workers and lifeguards. Prisoners are also sometimes dressed in orange clothing to make them easier to see during an escape. Lifeguards on the beaches of Los Angeles County , both real and in television series, wear orange swimsuits to make them stand out. Orange astronaut suits have

5040-512: The brutality of extremes, trying to make the colours intense, and not a harmony of greys. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the colour orange had highly varied associations, both positive and negative. The high visibility of orange made it a popular colour for certain kinds of clothing and equipment. During World War II , US Navy pilots in the Pacific began to wear orange inflatable life jackets, which could be spotted by search and rescue planes. After

5130-526: The clouds and water in the centre of a hazy blue landscape. This painting gave its name to the Impressionist movement. Orange became an important colour for all the Impressionist painters. They all had studied the recent books on colour theory, and they know that orange placed next to azure blue made both colours much brighter. Auguste Renoir painted boats with stripes of chrome orange paint straight from

5220-511: The colour of food can influence the perceived flavour in anything from candy to wine . Since orange is popularly associated with good flavour, many companies add orange food colouring to improve the appearance of their packaged foods. Orange pigments and dyes, synthetic or natural, are added to many orange sodas and juices, cheeses (particularly cheddar cheese , Gloucester cheese , and American cheese ); snack foods, butter and margarine; breakfast cereals, ice cream, yoghurt , jam and candy. It

5310-459: The colour orange being associated with Protestantism similar to the Netherlands. In optics , orange is the colour seen by the eye when looking at light with a wavelength between approximately 585–620   nm . It has a hue of 30° in HSV colour space . Isaac Newton's Opticks distinguished between pure orange light and mixtures of red and yellow light by noting that mixtures could be separated using

5400-462: The colour. Before this word was introduced to the English-speaking world, saffron already existed in the English language. Crog also referred to the saffron colour, so that orange was also referred to as ġeolurēad ( yellow-red ) for reddish orange, or ġeolucrog ( yellow-saffron ) for yellowish orange. Alternatively, orange things were sometimes described as red (which then had

5490-583: The colours of natural light. In Britain, orange became highly popular with the Pre-Raphaelites and with history painters. The flowing red-orange hair of Elizabeth Siddal , a prolific model and the wife of painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti , became a symbol of the Pre-Raphaelite movement . Lord Leighton , the president of the Royal Academy, produced Flaming June , a painting of a sleeping young woman in

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5580-630: The dyes available. The monks of the strict Vajrayana , or Tantric Buddhism , practised in Tibet, wear the most colourful robes of saffron and red. The monks of Mahayana Buddhism , practised mainly in Japan, China and Korea, wear lighter yellow or saffron, often with white or black. Monks of Theravada Buddhism , practised in Southeast Asia, usually wear ochre or saffron colour. Monks of the forest tradition in Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia wear robes of

5670-471: The fog. Next to red, it is the colour most popular for extroverts, and as a symbol of activity. Orange is sometimes used, like red and yellow, as a colour warning of possible danger or calling for caution. A skull against an orange background means a toxic substance or poison. In the colour system devised by the US Department of Homeland Security to measure the threat of terrorist attack, an orange level

5760-467: The highest state of perfection. The saffron colours of robes to be worn by monks were defined by the Buddhist texts. The robe and its colour is a sign of renunciation of the outside world and commitment to the order. The candidate monk, with his master, first appears before the monks of the monastery in his own clothes, with his new robe under his arm and asks to enter the order. He then takes his vows, puts on

5850-436: The highest visibility in space, or against blue sea. An aircraft's two types of "black box", or flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder , are actually bright orange, so they can be found more easily. In some cars, connectors related to safety systems, such as the airbag, may be coloured orange. The Golden Gate Bridge at the entrance of San Francisco Bay is painted international orange to make it more visible in

5940-506: The late 15th and early 16th century, along with the Sanskrit word nāraṅga , which gradually became part of several European languages : naranja in Spanish, laranja in Portuguese, and orange in English & French. In mid-16th century England, the colour referred to as 'orange' was a reddish-brown, matching the deteriorated appearance of the fruit after a long journey from where it

6030-491: The material was highly symbolic, and it was often employed in the performance of ideological practices and rituals . Jade was first identified in Canada by Chinese settlers in 1886 in British Columbia. At this time jade was considered worthless because the settlers were searching for gold. Jade was not commercialized in Canada until the 1970s. The mining business Loex James Ltd., which was started by two Californians, began commercial mining of Canadian jade in 1972. Mining

6120-426: The now-depleted deposits in the Ningshao area in the Yangtze River Delta ( Liangzhu culture 3400–2250 BC) and in an area of the Liaoning province and Inner Mongolia ( Hongshan culture 4700–2200 BC). Dushan Jade (a rock composed largely of anorthite feldspar and zoisite) was being mined as early as 6000 BC. In the Yin Ruins of the Shang Dynasty (1600 to 1050 BC) in Anyang, Dushan Jade ornaments were unearthed in

6210-422: The principal sources of modern gem jadeite. In the area of Mogaung in the Myitkyina District of Upper Burma, jadeite formed a layer in the dark-green serpentine, and has been quarried and exported for well over a hundred years. Canada provides the major share of modern lapidary nephrite. Jade may be enhanced (sometimes called "stabilized"). Some merchants will refer to these as grades, but degree of enhancement

6300-889: The region. Nephrite jade in New Zealand is known as pounamu in the Māori language (often called "greenstone" in New Zealand English ), and plays an important role in Māori culture . It is considered a taonga , or treasure, and therefore protected under the Treaty of Waitangi , and the exploitation of it is restricted and closely monitored. It is found only in the South Island of New Zealand, known as Te Wai Pounamu in Māori —"The [land of] Greenstone Water", or Te Wahi Pounamu —"The Place of Greenstone". Pounamu taonga increase in mana (prestige) as they pass from one generation to another. The most prized taonga are those with known histories going back many generations. These are believed to have their own mana and were often given as gifts to seal important agreements. Tools, weapons and ornaments were made of it; in particular adzes ,

6390-551: The ripe orange fruit . The word comes from the Old French : orange , from the old term for the fruit, pomme d'orange . The French word, in turn, comes from the Italian arancia , based on Arabic نارنج ( nāranj ), borrowed from Persian نارنگ ( nārang ), derived from Sanskrit नारङ्ग ( nāraṅga ), which in turn derives from a Dravidian root word (compare நரந்தம் / നാരങ്ങ nārandam / nārañja which refers to bitter orange in Tamil and Malayalam ). The earliest known recorded use of orange as

6480-427: The robes, and with his begging bowl, goes out to the world. Thereafter, he spends his mornings begging and his afternoons in contemplation and study, either in a forest, garden, or in the monastery. According to Buddhist scriptures and commentaries, the robe dye is allowed to be obtained from six kinds of substances: roots and tubers, plants, bark, leaves, flowers and fruits. The robes should also be boiled in water for

6570-453: The rock is found in. It quickly became almost as popular as nephrite and a favorite of Qing Dynasty's aristocracy, while scholars still had strong attachment to nephrite (white jade, or Hetian jade), which they deemed to be the symbol of a nobleman. In the history of the art of the Chinese empire, jade has had a special significance, comparable with that of gold and diamonds in the West. Jade

6660-481: The source of the highest quality jadeite in the world, noted by sources in China going as far back as the 10th century. Chinese culture places significant weight on the meaning of jade; as their influence has grown in Myanmar, so has the jade industry and the practice of exporting the precious mineral. Orange (colour) Orange is the colour between yellow and red on the spectrum of visible light . The human eyes perceive orange when observing light with

6750-468: The tiny Principality of Orange , a feudal state of 108 square miles (280 km ) north of Avignon in southern France. The Principality of Orange took its name not from the fruit, but from a Roman-Celtic settlement on the site which was founded in 36 or 35 BC and was named after the Celtic water god Arausio ; however, the name may have been slightly altered, and the town associated with the colour, because it

6840-561: The tomb of the Shang kings. Jade was considered to be the "imperial gem" and was used to create many utilitarian and ceremonial objects, from indoor decorative items to jade burial suits . From the earliest Chinese dynasties to the present, the jade deposits most used were not only those of Khotan in the Western Chinese province of Xinjiang but other parts of China as well, such as Lantian, Shaanxi . There, white and greenish nephrite jade

6930-454: The towns of Nasibon and Natmaw and Hkamti. Sagaing is a district in Myanmar proper, not a part of the ethic Kachin State. Carved nephrite jade was the main commodity trade during the historical Maritime Jade Road , an extensive trading network connecting multiple areas in Southeast Asia. The nephrite jade was mined in eastern Taiwan by the animist Taiwanese indigenous peoples and processed mostly in

7020-601: The tube. Paul Cézanne did not use orange pigment, but produced his own oranges with touches of yellow, red and ochre against a blue background. Toulouse-Lautrec often used oranges in the skirts of dancers and gowns of Parisiennes in the cafes and clubs he portrayed. For him, it was the colour of festivity and amusement. The Post-Impressionists went even further with orange. Paul Gauguin used oranges as backgrounds, for clothing and skin colour, to fill his pictures with light and exoticism. But no other painter used orange so often and dramatically as Vincent van Gogh . who had shared

7110-431: The two, jadeite is rarer, documented in fewer than 12 places worldwide. Translucent emerald-green jadeite is the most prized variety, both historically and today. As "quetzal" jade, bright green jadeite from Guatemala was treasured by Mesoamerican cultures, and as "kingfisher" jade, vivid green rocks from Burma became the preferred stone of post-1800 Chinese imperial scholars and rulers. Burma ( Myanmar ) and Guatemala are

7200-750: The war, these jackets became common on both civilian and naval vessels of all sizes, and on aircraft flown over water. Orange is also widely worn (to avoid being hit) by workers on highways and by cyclists. A herbicide called Agent Orange was widely sprayed from aircraft by the Royal Air Force during the Malayan Emergency and the US Air Force during the Vietnam War to remove the forest and jungle cover beneath which enemy combatants were believed to be hiding, and to expose their supply routes. The chemical

7290-429: The word has also come to refer more generally to precious or ornamental stones, and is very common in more symbolic usage as in phrases like 拋磚引玉/抛砖引玉 (lit. "casting a brick (i.e. the speaker's own words) to draw a jade (i.e. pearls of wisdom from the other party)"), 玉容 (a beautiful face; "jade countenance"), and 玉立 (slim and graceful; "jade standing upright"). The character has a similar range of meanings when appearing as

7380-682: Was a Protestant, and as such, he defended the Protestant minority of Ireland against the majority Roman Catholic population. As a result, the Protestants of Ireland were known as Orangemen . Orange eventually became one of the colours of the Irish flag , symbolising the Protestant heritage. His orange-white-and-blue rebel flag became the forerunner of The Netherlands' modern flag. When the Dutch settlers living in

7470-583: Was a rare and valued material in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica . The only source from which the various indigenous cultures , such as the Olmec and Maya , could obtain jade was located in the Motagua River valley in Guatemala . Jade was largely an elite good, and was usually carved in various ways, whether serving as a medium upon which hieroglyphs were inscribed, or shaped into symbolic figurines . Generally,

7560-622: Was grown in Portugal or |Spain Improvements in transportation and the introduction of an orange grove in Surrey allowed the fresh fruit to become more familiar in England, and the colour referred to as orange shifted in the 17th century toward its modern understanding. The House of Orange-Nassau was one of the most influential royal houses in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. It originated in 1163 in

7650-474: Was not actually orange, but took its name from the colour of the steel drums in which it was stored. Agent Orange was toxic, and was later linked to birth defects and other health problems. Orange also had and continues to have a political dimension. Orange serves as the colour of Christian democratic political ideology, which is based on Catholic social teaching and Neo-Calvinist theology; Christian democratic political parties came to prominence in Europe and

7740-565: Was not used. There is a theory that the reason why the meaning is that it was believed that the color of green enables the reproduction of fertility, the life, and the soul of the earth. The use of jade and other greenstone was a long-term tradition in Korea ( c.  850 BC – AD 668). Jade is found in small numbers of pit-houses and burials . The craft production of small comma -shaped and tubular "jades" using materials such as jade, microcline , jasper , etc., in southern Korea originates from

7830-536: Was on the route by which quantities of oranges were brought from southern ports such as Marseille to northern France. The family of the Prince of Orange eventually adopted the name and the colour orange in the 1570s. The colour came to be associated with Protestantism, due to participation by the House of Orange on the Protestant side in the French Wars of Religion . One member of the house, William I of Orange , organised

7920-523: Was part of a class of sacred objects that had life. It was not until 1863 that French mineralogist Alexis Damour determined that what was referred to as "jade" could in fact be one of two different minerals , either nephrite or jadeite . Nephrite consists of a microcrystalline interlocking fibrous matrix of the calcium, magnesium-iron rich amphibole mineral series tremolite (calcium-magnesium)-ferroactinolite (calcium-magnesium-iron). The middle member of this series with an intermediate composition

8010-471: Was trying to reveal "the oppositions of blue with orange, of red with green, of yellow with violet   ... trying to make the colours intense and not a harmony of grey". In another letter he wrote simply, "There is no orange without blue." Van Gogh, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and many other Impressionist and Post-Impressionist painters frequently placed orange against azure or cobalt blue, to make both colours appear brighter. The actual complement of orange

8100-412: Was used for the finest objects and cult figures, and for grave furnishings for high-ranking members of the imperial family. Due to that significance and the rising middle class in China, in 2010 the finest jade when found in nuggets of "mutton fat" jade – so-named for its marbled white consistency – could sell for $ 3,000 an ounce, a tenfold increase from a decade previously. The Chinese character 玉 (yù)

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