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123-574: John Charles Walsham Reith, 1st Baron Reith , ( / ˈ r iː θ / ; 20 July 1889 – 16 June 1971) was a Scottish broadcasting executive who established the tradition of independent public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom. In 1922, he was employed by the BBC, then the British Broadcasting Company Ltd. , as its general manager; in 1923 he became its managing director, and in 1927 he

246-859: A PBS member station – through pay television providers in Canada via member stations located near the U.S.–Canada border . These educational public broadcasters include the English-language TVOntario (TVO) and the French-language TFO in Ontario , Télé-Québec in Quebec , and Knowledge Network in British Columbia . TVO and Télé-Québec operate through conventional transmitters and cable, while TFO and Knowledge Network are cable-only channels. Beyond these and other provincial services, Canada does not have

369-470: A cable-only educational and cultural public broadcaster owned by the government of Saskatchewan . SCN was sold to Bluepoint Investment Corporation in 2010, and like CTV Two Alberta did when it became privatized, incorporated a limited schedule of entertainment programming during the late afternoon and nighttime hours, while retaining educational and children's programs during the morning until mid-afternoon to fulfill its licensing conditions; Bluepoint later sold

492-448: A commitment to public service. Audiences had little choice apart from the upscale programming of the BBC, a government agency which had a monopoly on broadcasting. Reith, an intensely moralistic executive, was in full charge. His goal was to broadcast, "All that is best in every department of human knowledge, endeavour and achievement.... The preservation of a high moral tone is obviously of paramount importance." Reith succeeded in building

615-536: A community-funded radio network. CJRT-FM in Toronto also operated as a public government-owned radio station for many years; while no longer funded by the provincial government, it still solicits most of its budget from listener and corporate donations and is permitted to air only a very small amount of commercial advertising. City Saskatchewan originated as the Saskatchewan Communications Network,

738-587: A frequency of 96.9 FM MHz founded by the president of that era, Alfonso Quiñónez Molina . On 4 November 1964 the Government of El Salvador founded Televisión Educativa de El Salvador as an educational television with the channels 8 and 10. And since 1989, Channel 10 became the only public television channel in El Salvador. In Mexico, public stations are operated by municipalities, state governments and universities, there are five national public channels. Canal Once

861-417: A government department under the administrative hierarchy, it enjoys editorial independence . It operates seven radio channels and produces television programmes and broadcast on commercial television channels, as these channels are required by law to provide timeslots for RTHK television programmes. RTHK would be assigned a digital terrestrial television channel during 2013 to 2015. In India, Prasar Bharati

984-425: A high wall against an American-style free-for-all in radio in which the goal was to attract the largest audiences and thereby secure the greatest advertising revenue. There was no paid advertising on the BBC; all the revenue came from a tax on receiving sets. Highbrow audiences greatly enjoyed it. At a time when American, Australian and Canadian stations were drawing huge audiences cheering for their local teams with

1107-523: A large amount of households has led the receiving fee to become something of a political issue. NHK runs two national terrestrial TV stations ( NHK General and NHK Educational ) and three satellite only services ( NHK BS , NHK BS Premium4K , and NHK BS8K services). NHK also runs 3 national radio services and a number of international radio and television services, akin to the BBC World Service . NHK has also been an innovator in television, developing

1230-601: A member of parliament (MP) for Southampton . When Chamberlain fell, Churchill became Prime Minister and moved Reith to the Ministry of Transport . Reith was subsequently moved to become First Commissioner of Works which he held for the next two years, through two restructurings of the job, and was also transferred to the House of Lords by being created Baron Reith . During that period, the city centres of Coventry , Plymouth and Portsmouth were destroyed by German bombing. Reith urged

1353-514: A national broadcast about the strike from Reith's house and was coached by Reith. When Ramsay MacDonald , the leader of the Labour Party , asked to make a broadcast in reply, Reith supported the request. However, Baldwin was "quite against MacDonald broadcasting" and Reith unhappily refused the request. MacDonald complained that the BBC was "biased" and was "misleading the public" while other Labour Party figures were just as critical. Philip Snowden ,

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1476-571: A national educational public television network ( TV Cultura , launched in 1969 in São Paulo , which is available in all Brazilian states through its 135 affiliates), two radio stations ( Rádio Cultura FM and Rádio Cultura Brasil, both broadcasting to Greater São Paulo ), two educational TV channels aimed at distance education (TV Educação and Univesp TV, which is available on free-to-air digital TV in São Paulo and nationally by cable and satellite), and

1599-410: A national programming network. TVRI operates three national television channels, plus more than 32 regional stations. There are also independent local public broadcasters which founded by local government in several cities or regencies. They are obligated to network with either RRI or TVRI, depending on the medium, though they are not owned and operated by the two. In Japan, the main public broadcaster

1722-504: A national public educational network. Canada is also home to a number of former public broadcasting entities that have gone private. CTV Two Alberta , which is licensed as an educational television station in Alberta, was once owned by the Alberta government as the public broadcaster Access. In 1993, the provincial government agreed to cease to direct funding of Access after the 1994 fiscal year;

1845-615: A post box after re-thinking his approach, guessing that his Aberdonian background would carry more favour with Sir William Noble, the Chairman of the Broadcasting Committee. In his new role, he was, in his own words, "confronted with problems of which I had no experience: Copyright and performing rights ; Marconi patents; associations of concert artists, authors, playwrights, composers, music publishers, theatre managers, wireless manufacturers." In 1926, Reith came into conflict with

1968-665: A radio network in November 1936. It is the successor to the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC), which was established by the administration of Prime Minister R.B. Bennett in 1932, modeled on recommendations made in 1929 by the Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting and stemming from lobbying efforts by the Canadian Radio League . The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation took over operation of

2091-464: A reputation for prudishness in sexual matters. There is an old BBC legend that he once caught an announcer kissing a secretary and decreed that in future the announcer must not read the late-night religious programme The Epilogue . In fact, this may have been inspired by his catching the Chief Engineer, Peter Eckersley , not just kissing but being in flagrante with an actress on a studio table. He

2214-493: A secondary affiliate of the English language CBC Television service. CBC operates two national television networks ( CBC Television and Ici Radio-Canada Télé ), four radio networks ( CBC Radio One , CBC Radio 2 , Ici Radio-Canada Première , and Ici Musique ) and several cable television channels including two 24-hour news channels ( CBC News Network and Ici RDI ) in both of Canada's official languages – English and French – and

2337-482: A stretcher after the shot, he is reported to have muttered "I'm very angry and I've spoilt a new tunic." During Reith's convalescence , E W Moir referred him to a post at Pearson's project constructing the cordite factory HM Factory Gretna , comprising the fixing of contracts, estimating of costs, taking out quantities, and inspection of materials. In February 1916, he went to work at Remington Arms , Eddystone , Delaware County , Pennsylvania who were manufacturing

2460-711: A strong history of public broadcasting in South America. Inaugurated in 1963, Televisión Nacional Uruguay (TNU) is now linked to the Ministry of Education and Culture of the country. In addition, the Radiodifusión Nacional de Uruguay is a network of radios with 20 different stations in AM and FM that cover the entire country. Since 1998, the Venezuelan state had only one television channel Venezolana de Televisión , and after 2002

2583-657: A thing, I leave it," he said. In his later years, he also held directorships at the Phoenix Assurance Company , Tube Investments Ltd , the State Building Society (1960–1964) and was the vice-chairman of the British Oxygen Company (1964–1966). He took a personal interest in the preservation of the early 19th-century frigate HMS Unicorn in 1962. Reith was appointed Lord Rector of Glasgow University from 1965 to 1968. In 1967, he accepted

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2706-625: Is India's public broadcaster. It is an autonomous corporation of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India) , Government of India and comprises the Doordarshan television network ( DD National , DD India , DD News , DD Retro ) and All India Radio . Prasar Bharati was established on 23 November 1997, following a demand that the government owned broadcasters in India should be given autonomy like those in many other countries. The Parliament of India passed an Act to grant this autonomy in 1990, but it

2829-465: Is argued to exist when the benefits to viewers are relatively high in comparison to the benefits to advertisers from contacting viewers. This frequently is the case in undeveloped countries that normally have low benefits to advertising. An alternative funding model proposed by Michael Slaby is to give every citizen credits they can use to pay qualified media sources for civic information and reporting. Additionally, public broadcasting may facilitate

2952-578: Is becoming increasingly common for them to adopt the format and branding of a local news channel. Canada also has a large number of campus radio and community radio stations. Colombia had between 1955 and 1998 a public television system very similar to that adopted by the NPO in the Netherlands, where private television producers called " programadoras " were given hours on the country's two public television channels ( Cadena Uno and Canal A ). In 1998, when

3075-578: Is incompatible with commercial objectives. The other is that public broadcasting can and should compete in the marketplace with commercial broadcasters. This dichotomy is highlighted by the public service aspects of traditional commercial broadcasters. Public broadcasters in each jurisdiction may or may not be synonymous with government controlled broadcasters. Public broadcasters may receive their funding from an obligatory television licence fee, individual contributions, government funding or commercial sources. Public broadcasters do not rely on advertising to

3198-502: Is no record of such a thing in Reith's own memoir. He left Broadcasting House with no ceremony (at his request) but in tears. That evening, he attended a dinner party before driving out to Droitwich to close down a transmitter personally. He signed the visitor's book "J.C.W. Reith, late BBC." John Gunther wrote that Reith's "modernist citadel on Portland Place was more important in the life of Britain than most government offices [and] rules

3321-764: Is owned and operated by the National Politechnical Institute . It started transmissions on 2 March 1959 as the first public broadcasting television in Mexico. The government of Mexico implemented Telesecundaria in 1968 to provide secondary education to students in rural areas through broadcast television channels, such as XHGC-TV in Mexico City. With the launching of the Morelos II satellite, Telesecundaria began transmitting on one of its analog channels in 1988; in 1994, it began broadcasting in digital format with

3444-868: Is part of the university and cultural diffusion. Canal Catorce was founded in 2012 and is operated by the Sistema Público de Radiodifusión del Estado Mexicano (SPR), an agency from the Federal Government. In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources, but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses (ranging from small shops to corporations), along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . Early public stations were operated by state colleges and universities and were often run as part of

3567-581: Is said to have been the first daily paper in London to do this. Arthur Hervey (1855–1922) was the paper's music critic between 1892 and 1908. Beginning in 1900, the Australian politician Alfred Deakin wrote anonymous commentaries on Australian politics for the paper, continuing even when he had become Prime Minister . Maurice Baring was a foreign correspondent for the paper, reporting from Manchuria , Russia and Constantinople between 1904 and 1909. He

3690-615: Is the NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation). The broadcaster was set up in 1926 and was modelled on the British Broadcasting Company , the precursor to the British Broadcasting Corporation created in 1927. Much like the BBC, NHK is funded by a "receiving fee" from every Japanese household, with no commercial advertising and the maintenance of a position of strict political impartiality. However, rampant non-payment by

3813-574: Is the public service channel of Ecuador, established in October 2007. The channel was established at the same time as the installation of the Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly so that the sessions could be transmitted live to all the country. Salvadoran broadcasting has a public service radio and television channel. On 1 March 1926 began the operation as the first Central American broadcasting network called "Radio Nacional de El Salvador" with

John Reith, 1st Baron Reith - Misplaced Pages Continue

3936-416: Is these that are here and now at stake. In 1960, Reith returned to the BBC for an interview with John Freeman in the television series Face to Face . When he visited the BBC to record the programme, work was being undertaken, and Reith noticed with dismay the "girlie" pin-ups of the workmen. However, one picture was of a Henry Moore sculpture. "A Third Programme carpenter, forsooth," he growled. In

4059-554: The Bolivarian Revolution . The Bengali primary state television broadcaster is Bangladesh Television which also broadcasts worldwide through its satellite based branch, BTV World . There are also terrestrial state run TV channels: Sangsad TV owned and operated by Bengali parliament that covers the proceedings of the Parliament. The Bangladesh Betar (BB) is the country's sole state radio broadcaster. Radio transmission in

4182-791: The FM band was authorized to begin normal broadcasting. Houston 's KUHT was the nation's first public television station founded by Dr. John W. Meaney, and signed on the air on May 25, 1953, from the campus of the University of Houston . In rural areas, it was not uncommon for colleges to operate commercial stations instead (e.g., the University of Missouri 's KOMU , an NBC -affiliated television station in Columbia ). The FCC had reserved almost 250 broadcast frequencies for use as educational television stations in 1953, though by 1960, only 44 stations allocated for educational use had begun operations. The passage of

4305-486: The National Film Finance Corporation , an office he held until 1951. The BBC's Reith Lectures were instituted in 1948 in his honour. These annual radio talks, with the aim of advancing "public understanding and debate about significant issues of contemporary interest" have been held every year since, with the exception of 1992. The Independent Television Authority was created on 30 July 1954 ending

4428-778: The Pattern 1914 Enfield Mk 1 rifle for the British government. He spent the next two years in the United States , supervising armament contracts, and became attracted to the country. He was promoted to captain in 1917, before being transferred to the Royal Marine Engineers in 1918 as a major. He returned to the Royal Engineers as a captain in 1919. Reith resigned his Territorial Army commission in 1921. He returned to Glasgow as general manager of an engineering firm. In 1922, he returned to London, where he started working as secretary to

4551-612: The Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso on channels 8 and 4. Channel 8, in Valparaíso , is the first and oldest station on Chile, transmitting since 5 October 1957. As soon as 1961 universities began transmitting advertisements between their programmes, the first of them being the Channel ;9, showing a Motorola TV set. This kind of disguised advertising took the name of "Payola". This situation, added to

4674-547: The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 precipitated the development of the current public broadcasting system in the U.S. The legislation established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), a private entity that is charged with facilitating programming diversity among public broadcasters, the development and expansion of non-commercial broadcasting, and providing funding to local stations to help them create programs;

4797-597: The Royal Albert Dock . Reith, who was 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m) tall, joined up with the 5th Scottish Rifles early in the First World War and was quickly transferred to the Royal Engineers as a lieutenant. In October 1915, while fighting in France, he was severely wounded by a sniper 's bullet through his left cheek, which nearly cost him his life and left him with a noticeable scar. While lying wounded on

4920-505: The presidential election in 2018 that the public broadcaster is allegedly a "job hanger" (public company existing only for the purpose of securing positions for political allies) and has proposed to privatize or extinguish the public company. On April 9, 2021, the president inserted the public company into the National Privatization Program, with the intention of carrying out studies about the possibility of privatization of

5043-506: The 1850s, the Post was very closely associated with the Palmerston ministry. With the aid of Andrew Montagu , Borthwick purchased the Post in 1876. His son Oliver (1873–1905) was business manager and editor, but died young, and upon the father's death in 1908 control went to his daughter Lilias Borthwick (1871–1965), wife of Seymour Henry Bathurst, 7th Earl Bathurst (1864–1943). In 1881,

John Reith, 1st Baron Reith - Misplaced Pages Continue

5166-555: The Advancement of New Language Applications Ltd.'), a private not-for-profit consortium of educational institutions in the province of Quebec. Some local community stations also operate non-commercially with funding from corporate and individual donors. In addition, cable companies are required to produce a local community channel in each licensed market. Such channels have traditionally aired community talk shows, city council meetings and other locally oriented programming, although it

5289-537: The Archbishop to turn him down and explain that he feared if the talk went ahead, the government might take the company over. Although Churchill wanted to commandeer the BBC to use it "to the best possible advantage", Reith wrote that Baldwin's government wanted to be able to say "that they did not commandeer [the BBC], but they know that they can trust us not to be really impartial". Reith admitted to his staff that he regretted

5412-444: The B.B.C. with a hand of granite". He "made the B.B.C. an expression of his nonconformist conscience, and also what is probably the finest broadcasting organization in the world"; Gunther predicted that he "is almost certain to have a big political job some day". The term "Reithianism" describes certain principles of broadcasting associated with Lord Reith. These include an equal consideration of all viewpoints, probity, universality and

5535-580: The BBC's broadcasting monopoly. Lord Reith did not approve of its creation. Speaking at the Opposition despatch box in the House of Lords, he stated: Somebody introduced Christianity into England and somebody introduced smallpox , bubonic plague and the Black Death . Somebody is minded now to introduce sponsored broadcasting ... Need we be ashamed of moral values, or of intellectual and ethical objectives? It

5658-582: The CPB receives funding earmarked by the federal government as well as through public and private donations. Public television and radio in the U.S. have, from the late 1960s onward, dealt with severe criticism from conservative politicians and think-tanks (such as The Heritage Foundation ), which allege that its programming has a leftist bias and there have been successful attempts to reduce – though not eliminate – funding for public television stations by some state legislatures. The first public radio network in

5781-636: The CRBC's nine radio stations (which were largely concentrated in major cities across Canada, including Toronto , Vancouver , Montreal , and Ottawa ). The CBC eventually expanded to television in September 1952 with the sign-on of CBFT in Montreal; CBFT was the first television station in Canada to initiate full-time broadcasts, which initially served as a primary affiliate of the French language Télévision de Radio-Canada and

5904-465: The Colombian government allowed the opening of television to the private market by granting two broadcast licenses to the programadoras Caracol Televisión and RCN Televisión , these television producers went into crisis, causing many to end their activities or produce content for the private television channels. Currently, Colombia has three public channels (one is operated by a private company formed by

6027-586: The Elders of Zion , a text previously published in Russian by Sergei Nilus as the final chapter (Chapter XII), of his book Velikoye v malom i antikhrist kak blizkaya politicheskaya vozmozhnost'. Zapiski pravoslavnogo veruyushchego ("The Great within the Small and Antichrist, an Imminent Political Possibility. Notes of an Orthodox Believer"). It is widely held that Victor E. Marsden, the paper's Russian desk correspondent, used

6150-660: The Exchequer in the Churchill coalition. Complaints to the latter from fellow ministers and MPs would appear to be the more likely cause of his fall. This came at a crucial stage in Reith's career. After the outbreak of war, several major figures had told Reith that he would soon join the War Cabinet itself, not least Beaverbrook , one of the Prime Minister's closest associates. Reith's animosity towards Churchill continued. When offered

6273-549: The French-language channels Ici Explora and Ici ARTV , dedicated to science and culture respectively. CBC's national television operations and some radio operations are funded partly by advertisements, in addition to the subsidy provided by the federal government. The cable channels are commercial entities owned and operated by the CBC and do not receive any direct public funds, however, they do benefit from synergies with resources from

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6396-423: The Government, the BBC became a corporation in 1927. Reith was knighted the same year. Reith's autocratic approach became the stuff of BBC legend. His preferred approach was one of benevolent dictator, but with built-in checks to his power. Throughout his life, Reith remained convinced that that approach was the best way to run an organisation. Later Director-General Greg Dyke , profiling Reith in 2007, noted that

6519-592: The London Conservative group of MPs in the 1922 general election . That election's results were the first to be broadcast on the radio. Reith had no broadcasting experience when he replied to an advertisement in The Morning Post for a general manager for an as-yet unformed British Broadcasting Company in 1922. He later admitted that he felt he possessed the credentials necessary to "manage any company". He managed to retrieve his original application from

6642-464: The Nazis will clean things up and put Germany on the way to being a real power in Europe again. They are being ruthless and most determined." Following the July 1934 Night of the Long Knives , in which the Nazis ruthlessly exterminated their internal dissidents, Reith wrote: "I really admire the way Hitler has cleaned up what looked like an incipient revolt. I really admire the drastic actions taken, which were obviously badly needed." After Czechoslovakia

6765-446: The Public Radio Satellite System. Cultural Native American and Mexican American music and programming are also featured regionally. NPR is colloquially though inaccurately conflated with public radio as a whole, when in fact "public radio" includes many organizations. In the United States, the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) serves as the nation's main public television provider. When it launched in October 1970, PBS assumed many of

6888-456: The Royal Technical College at Glasgow (later the University of Strathclyde ) followed by an apprenticeship as an engineer at the North British Locomotive Company . During this time, he joined the Territorials and in February 1911 was commissioned as an officer in the Scottish Rifles’ 5th Territorial Battalion. In 1913, he moved to London after obtaining a post at S. Pearson and Son through Ernest William Moir , and worked on their construction of

7011-413: The Secretariat of Communication of the state government. Brazil also has many campus radio and community radio stations and several educational local TV channels (many of them belonging to public and private universities). In Canada, the main public broadcaster is the national Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC; French : Société Radio-Canada ), a crown corporation – which originated as

7134-399: The United States was founded in 1949 in Berkeley, California, as station KPFA , which became and remains the flagship station for a national network called Pacifica Radio . From the beginning, the network has refused corporate funding of any kind, and has relied mainly on listener support. KPFA gave away free FM radios to build a listener base and to encourage listeners to "subscribe" (support

7257-435: The Wind Will Listen by Andrew Boyle (1972), and a volume of his diaries edited by the Oxford academic Charles Stuart (1975). It was not until The Expense of Glory (1993) by Ian McIntyre that Reith's unexpurgated diaries and letters were published. In 1975, excerpts from Reith's diary were published which showed he had, during the 1930s, harboured pro-fascist views. On 9 March 1933, he wrote: "I am pretty certain ... that

7380-641: The absence of direct contact between the two men during Reith's period in several ministerial positions, this is unlikely to be the true reason. More plausible, is the explanation given above, and the cleavage between Reithian management methods: energetic, thorough and highly organised, and the established style of the British civil service at that time: at best, calm and deliberative; at worst, ponderously slow. Reith also frequently references in his autobiography departmental jealousies resulting from his ministerial activities, reported to him by colleagues such as Sir John Anderson , wartime Home Secretary and Chancellor of

7503-492: The advent of the Solidaridad I satellite, and Edusat was established and began transmitting in Mexico, Central America and certain regions of the United States. In 1982, Canal 22 was founded and began operations eleven years later by the Ministry of Culture as part of the "RED México". In 2005 the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM in Spanish) began transmissions as the sister channel of XEUN-AM and XEUN-FM (both radio stations founded in 1959), TV UNAM which

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7626-463: The broadcast of baseball , rugby and hockey , the BBC emphasised service for a national, rather than a regional audience. Boat races were well covered along with tennis and horse racing , but the BBC was reluctant to spend its severely limited air time on long football or cricket matches, regardless of their popularity. In 1940, Reith was appointed Minister of Information in Chamberlain's government. So as to perform his full duties, he became

7749-448: The broadcast, but would prefer it not to happen. Reith later wrote: "A nice position for me to be in between Premier and Primate, bound mightily to vex one or other." Reith asked for the government view and was advised not to allow the broadcast because, it was suspected, that would give the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Winston Churchill , an excuse to commandeer the BBC. Churchill had already lobbied Baldwin to that effect. Reith contacted

7872-450: The broadcaster. While many members have significant editorial independence, the Alliance includes organizations that have significant state control, especially with regard to island nations. In Brazil, the two main national public broadcasters are Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC) and the Fundação Padre Anchieta (FPA). EBC was created in 2007 to manage the Brazilian federal government's radio and television stations. EBC owns broadcast

7995-423: The case of accessibility, some of the principles may be poorly defined or difficult to implement. In the context of a shifting national identity, the role of public broadcasting may be unclear. Likewise, the subjective nature of good programming may raise the question of individual or public taste. Within public broadcasting there are two different views regarding commercial activity. One is that public broadcasting

8118-490: The channel to Rogers Media in 2012, expanding a relationship it began with SCN in January of that year, when Rogers began supplying entertainment programming to the channel through an affiliation agreement with its English-language broadcast network, Citytv . One television station, CFTU in Montreal , operates as an educational station owned by CANAL ( French : Corporation pour l'Avancement de Nouvelles Applications des Langages Ltée , lit.   'Corporation for

8241-515: The channel was sold to CHUM Limited in 1995, which initially acquired the channel through a majority-owned subsidiary, Learning and Skills Television of Alberta Limited (LSTA). To fulfill its license conditions as an educational station, it broadcasts educational and children's programming during the daytime hours, while airing entertainment programming favoured by advertisers and viewers in prime time. The service discontinued its broadcast transmitters in Calgary and Edmonton in August 2011, due to

8364-455: The children's TV channel TV Rá-Tim-Bum , available nationally on pay TV. Many Brazilian states also have regional and statewide public radio and television stations. One example is Minas Gerais , which has the EMC ( Empresa Mineira de Comunicação ), a public corporation created in 2016 modelled on EBC, formed by Rede Minas , a statewide television network and the two stations of Rádio Inconfidência , which operates in AM, FM and shortwave ; in

8487-400: The copy of this rare book in the British Museum to translate the last chapter for the paper. Some have questioned that because the anonymous 1923 pamphlet crediting Marsden as the translator in its preface appeared three years after Marsden's death on 28 October 1920. The articles were subsequently collected and formed the basis of the book The Cause of World Unrest , to which half

8610-490: The corporation decommissioning its network of rebroadcasters following Canada's transition to digital television in August 2011 have significantly reduced the terrestrial coverage of both CBC Television and Ici Radio-Canada Télé; the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) does require cable, satellite and IPTV providers to carry CBC and Radio-Canada stations as part of their basic tier, regardless of terrestrial availability in an individual market. Of

8733-451: The country and the station. In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting. Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages. Historically, public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries (with the notable exceptions of the United States, Mexico, and Brazil). Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries;

8856-467: The expense of transitioning the two stations to digital , and the fact that the service had mandatory carriage on television providers serving Alberta regardless of whether it ran over-the-air transmitters. The service has since operated as part of Bell Media 's CTV Two chain of stations. Public radio station CKUA in Alberta was also formerly operated by Access, before being sold to the non-profit CKUA Radio Foundation which continues to operate it as

8979-533: The fact that TV was only reaching Santiago and Valparaíso , led to the creation of a state network that should serve the entire country. This network, created in 1964 and in operation since 24 October 1969, is known as " Televisión Nacional de Chile ". After the military government of Augusto Pinochet , television was mostly deregulated. Thus, two new commercial channels were born: Megavisión (Channel 9, on 23 October 1990) and La Red (Channel 4, on 12 May 1991). The University of Chile's Channel 11 also

9102-551: The former Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer , was one of those who wrote to the Radio Times to complain. Reith's reply also appeared in the Radio Times , admitting the BBC had not had complete liberty to do as it wanted. He recognised that at a time of emergency the government was never going to give the company complete independence, and he appealed to Snowden to understand the constraints he had been under. The Labour leadership

9225-645: The functions of its predecessor, National Educational Television (NET). NET was shut down by the Ford Foundation and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting after the network refused to stop airing documentaries on varying social issues that had alienated many of the network's affiliates. PBS would later acquire Educational Television Stations , an organization founded by the National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB), in 1973. Uruguay has

9348-487: The government decided to launch the channel ViVe (2003), teleSUR (2005), TVES (2007) (a signal that until that year was occupied by RCTV ) and Asamblea Nacional Televisión in addition to supporting and financing a network of community channels as well as Ávila Television belonging to the Metropolitan Mayor's Office of Caracas. United States politicians have commented that TeleSUR is a propaganda tool in favor of

9471-529: The government during the 1926 general strike . The BBC bulletins reported, without comment, all sides in the dispute, including the Trades Union Congress 's and of union leaders. Reith attempted to arrange a broadcast by the opposition Labour Party but it was vetoed by the government, and he had to refuse a request to allow a representative Labour or Trade Union leader to put the case for the miners and other workers. Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin made

9594-563: The implementation of a cultural policy (an industrial policy and investment policy for culture). Examples include: As an industry organization for public media, the Public Media Alliance supports its members and the industry of public media more broadly. For example, the Alliance advocated against a proposal on the Isle of Man that they felt would jeopardize the editorial independence of

9717-555: The interview, he expressed his disappointment at not being "fully stretched" in his life, especially after leaving the BBC. He claimed that he could have done more than Churchill gave him to do during the war. He also disclosed an abiding dissatisfaction with his life in general. He admitted not realising soon enough that "life is for living," and suggested he perhaps still did not acknowledge that fact. He also stated that since his departure as Director-General, he had watched almost no television and listened to virtually no radio. "When I leave

9840-422: The lack of TUC and Labour voices on the airwaves. Many commentators have seen Reith's stance during that period as pivotal in establishing the state broadcaster's enduring reputation for impartiality. After the strike ended, the BBC's Programme Correspondence Department analysed the reaction to the coverage, and reported that 3,696 people complimented the BBC and 176 were critical. The British Broadcasting Company

9963-462: The local authorities to begin planning postwar reconstruction. He was dismissed from his government post at a very difficult time for Churchill in 1942, following the loss of Singapore . Pressured by Tory backbenchers who wanted a Conservative in the Information role, Reith was replaced by Duff Cooper . It has been claimed that the sacking was due to Reith being difficult to work with. However, given

10086-851: The much-cherished post of Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. His final television appearance was in a three-part documentary series entitled Lord Reith Looks Back in 1967, filmed at Glasgow University . He died in Stockbridge Edinburgh , Midlothian after a fall, at the age of 81. In accordance with his wishes, his ashes were buried at the ancient, ruined chapel of Rothiemurchus in Aviemore , Inverness-shire . Reith wrote two volumes of autobiography : Into The Wind in 1956 and Wearing Spurs in 1966. Two biographical volumes appeared shortly after his death: Only

10209-432: The nature of Reith's relationship; in the view of both his biographer, and his daughter, it was homosexual . Reith all but severed it, burning the correspondence from Bowser, after he married his wife Muriel in 1921. They remained married until his death in 1971; and Reith recorded Bowser's birthday in his diary for the rest of his life. He and Muriel had two children, Christopher (1926–2017) and Marista (1932–2019). Reith

10332-772: The network has moved its programming to stations opened by the corporation or has purchased certain affiliates from private broadcasting groups; budgetary issues led the CBC to choose not to launch new rebroadcast transmitters in markets where the network disaffiliated from a private station after 2006; the network dropped its remaining private affiliates in 2016, when CJDC-TV — Dawson Creek and CFTK-TV — Terrace, British Columbia defected from CBC Television that February and Lloydminster -based CKSA-DT disaffiliated in August of that year (to become affiliates of CTV Two and Global , respectively). The CBC's decision to disaffiliate from these and other privately owned stations, as well as

10455-413: The number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . The primary mission of public broadcasting is that of public service, speaking to and engaging as a citizen. The British model is often referenced in definitions. The model embodies the following principles: While the application of certain principles may be straightforward, as in

10578-461: The online radio service CBC Radio 3 , music streaming service CBC Music , and the launch of online news services, such as CBC Hamilton , in some markets which are not directly served by their own CBC television or radio stations. In addition, several provinces operate public broadcasters; these are not CBC subentities, but distinct networks in their own right. Most of the provincial services maintain an educational programming format, differing from

10701-499: The organisational structure of the BBC, which he had created, had left him with insufficient work to do. He was invited by Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain to become chairman of Imperial Airways , the country's most important airline and one which had fallen into public disfavour because of its inefficiency. Some commentators have suggested a conspiracy amongst the Board of Governors to remove Reith, but that has never been proved, and there

10824-412: The other CBC operations. The CBC has frequently dealt with budget cuts and labour disputes, often resulting in a debate about whether the service has the resources necessary to properly fulfill its mandate. As of 2017 , all of CBC Television's terrestrial stations are owned and operated by the CBC directly. The number of privately owned CBC Television affiliates has gradually declined in recent years, as

10947-458: The paper appointed the first woman war correspondent when it sent Lady Florence Dixie to South Africa to cover the First Boer War . The paper was noted for its attentions to the activities of the powerful and wealthy, its interest in foreign affairs, and in literary and artistic events. It began regular printing of notices of plays , concerts , and operas in the early 20th century, and

11070-535: The paper's staff contributed, as well as George Shanks and Nesta Webster . However, credit for the compilation was ascribed principally to the paper's editor, H.A. Gwynne. The book further denounced international Jewry , and cultural and social dissolution in the Christian nations . The Bathursts sold the paper to a consortium headed by the Duke of Northumberland in 1924. After Adolf Hitler 's rise to power in 1933, it

11193-471: The population of the Amazon region, and Agência Brasil , a news agency. Starting in 2021, EBC expanded the coverage of its radio stations through the new FM extended band to the metropolitan areas of São Paulo, Belo Horizonte and Recife, important Brazilian regions which did not have EBC radio stations. FPA is a non-profit foundation created by the government of the state of São Paulo in 1967 and includes

11316-555: The post of Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (a position he had long coveted), he could not bring himself to accept it, noting in his diary: "Invitation from that bloody shit Churchill to be Lord High Commissioner." He took a naval commission as a lieutenant of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) on the staff of the Rear-Admiral Coastal Services. In 1943, he

11439-410: The primarily entertainment-based CBC/Radio-Canada operations, but more closely formatted to (and carrying many of the same programs as) the U.S.-based Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), which itself is available terrestrially and – under a CRTC rule that requires Canadian cable, satellite and IPTV providers to carry affiliates of the four major U.S. commercial networks ( ABC , NBC , CBS and Fox ) and

11562-523: The public broadcaster. Some states often had problems with their public broadcasting services. In São Paulo, FPA had sometimes dealt with budget cuts, labor disputes and strikes. In Rio Grande do Sul, TVE-RS and FM Cultura were managed by the Piratini Foundation, a non-profit state foundation. However, due to the public debt crisis in the state, in 2018, the Piratini Foundation had its activities closed, and TVE-RS and FM Cultura started to be managed by

11685-520: The public eye. He personally introduced the ex-King (as 'Prince Edward'), before standing aside to allow Edward to take the chair. Doing so, Edward accidentally knocked the table leg with his foot, which was picked up by the microphone. Reith later noted in an interview with Malcolm Muggeridge that some headlines interpreted that as Reith "slamming the door" in disgust before Edward began broadcasting. By 1938, Reith had become discontented with his role as Director-General, asserting in his autobiography that

11808-586: The region now forming Bangladesh started in Dhaka on December 16, 1939. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bangladesh) is responsible for the administration of all government TV channels and Radio. Radio Television Brunei (RTB) is the only public broadcaster in Brunei Darussalam. In Hong Kong, the Radio Television Hong Kong ( RTHK ) is the sole public service broadcaster. Although being

11931-406: The rest of the day broadcast only religious services, classical music and other non-frivolous programming. European commercial stations Radio Normandie and Radio Luxembourg competed with the BBC on "Reith Sunday" and other days of the week by broadcasting more popular music. In 1936, Reith directly oversaw the abdication broadcast of Edward VIII . By then his style had become well-established in

12054-550: The same degree as commercial broadcasters, or at all; this allows public broadcasters to transmit programmes that are not commercially viable to the mass market , such as public affairs shows, radio and television documentaries , and educational programmes . One of the principles of public broadcasting is to provide coverage of interests for which there are missing or small markets. Public broadcasting attempts to supply topics of social benefit that are otherwise not provided by commercial broadcasters. Typically, such underprovision

12177-464: The schools' cooperative extension services . Stations in this era were internally funded, and did not rely on listener contributions to operate, some accepted advertising. Networks such as Iowa Public Radio , South Dakota Public Radio , and Wisconsin Public Radio began under this structure. The concept of a " non-commercial, educational " station per se did not show up in U.S. law until 1941, when

12300-498: The seven years of Stuart's proprietorship, the paper's circulation rose from 350 to over 4,000. From 1803 until his death in 1833, the owner and editor of the Post was Nicholas Byrne; his son William Pitt Byrne later held these roles. Later the paper was acquired by a Lancashire papermaker named Crompton. In 1848 he hired Peter Borthwick , a Scot who had been a Conservative MP for Evesham (1835–1847), as editor. When Peter died in 1852, his son Algernon took over. During

12423-489: The shares of four former programadoras ) and eight public radio stations (three stations are regional broadcasters). Chilean television was founded through universities, in an attempt to bring public television without the state having to pay directly and control content. The University of Chile (owner of the former channels 9 and 11 until 1993), the Catholic University of Chile on channels 2 and 13 until 2010, and

12546-717: The state of Pará , the state-funded foundation FUNTELPA ( Fundação Paraense de Radiodifusão ) operates the public educational state-wide television network Rede Cultura do Pará (which covers the entire state of Pará, reaching many cities of Brazilian Amazon ) and Rádio Cultura, a public radio station which broadcasts in FM for Belém . The state of Espírito Santo has the RTV-ES ( Rádio e Televisão Espírito Santo ), with its television channel TVE-ES ( TV Educativa do Espírito Santo ) and an AM radio station ( Rádio Espírito Santo ), and in Rio Grande do Sul ,

12669-651: The state-wide public television channel TVE-RS ( TV Educativa do Rio Grande do Sul ) and the public radio station FM Cultura (which broadcasts for Porto Alegre metropolitan area) are the two public broadcasters in the state. Regional public television channels in Brazil often broadcast part of TV Brasil or TV Cultura programming among with some hours of local programming. Since the government of Michel Temer , EBC has received several criticism from some politicians for having an alleged political bias. The president of Brazil from 2019 to 2022, Jair Bolsonaro , said in his campaign for

12792-487: The station directly with donations). It is the world's oldest listener-supported radio network. Since the creation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Pacifica has sometimes received CPB support. Pacifica runs other stations in Los Angeles , New York City , Washington, D.C. , and Houston , as well as repeater stations and a large network of affiliates. A national public radio network, National Public Radio (NPR),

12915-575: The television channel TV Brasil (launched in 2007, being the merger of TVE Brasil, launched in Rio de Janeiro in 1975, and TV Nacional, launched in Brasilia in 1960), the radio stations Rádio Nacional and Rádio MEC , broadcast to Brasilia , Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Recife , and Tabatinga , Rádio Nacional da Amazônia , a shortwave radio station based in Brasília with programming aimed to

13038-550: The term Reithian has entered the dictionary to denote a style of management, particularly with relation to broadcasting. Reith summarised the BBC's purpose in three words: inform, educate, entertain ; this remains part of the organisation's mission statement to this day. It has also been adopted by broadcasters throughout the world, notably the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) in the United States. Reith earned

13161-428: The three major French-language television networks in Canada, Ici Radio-Canada Télé is the only one that maintains terrestrial owned-and-operated stations and affiliates in all ten Canadian provinces , although it maintains only one station ( Moncton, New Brunswick -based CBAFT-DT ) that serves the four provinces comprising Atlantic Canada . In recent years, the CBC has also expanded into new media ventures including

13284-551: The title "Defender of the Empire" and "the man who saved India". The editor of the Morning Post had received waves of letters containing contributions. The Morning Post received criticism during the sittings of the Hunter commission investigating the massacre as not being impartial. The paper gained notoriety in 1920, after it ran a series of 17 or 18 articles based on The Protocols of

13407-748: The world's first high-definition television technology in 1964 and launching high definition services in Japan in 1981. The public broadcaster in Malaysia is the state-owned Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) and TV Alhijrah . RTM was previously funded publicly through money obtained from television licensing , however it is currently state-subsidised, as television licences have been abolished. As of 2021 RTM operates 6 national, 16 state and 11 district radio stations as well as 6 national terrestrial television channels: TV1 , TV2 , TV Okey , Sukan RTM , Berita RTM , and TV6. The Morning Post The Morning Post

13530-550: Was invaded by the Nazis in 1939 he wrote: "Hitler continues his magnificent efficiency." Reith also expressed admiration for Benito Mussolini . Reith's daughter, Marista Leishman , wrote that in the 1930s her father did everything possible to keep Winston Churchill and other anti- appeasement Conservatives off the airwaves. Aged 22, Reith met 15-year-old male Charlie Bowser. Reith had what has been variously described as "a deep affection" and "love" for Bowser. Opinions have varied on

13653-567: Was a conservative daily newspaper published in London from 1772 to 1937, when it was acquired by The Daily Telegraph . The paper was founded by John Bell . According to historian Robert Darnton , The Morning Post scandal sheet consisted of paragraph-long news snippets, much of it false. Its original editor, the Reverend Sir Henry Bate Dudley , earned himself nicknames such as "Reverend Bruiser" or "The Fighting Parson", and

13776-644: Was created in February 1970, following the passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. This network replaced the Ford Foundation–backed National Educational Radio Network . Some independent local public radio stations buy their programming from distributors such as NPR; Public Radio International (PRI); American Public Media (APM); Public Radio Exchange (PRX); and Pacifica Radio , most often distributed through

13899-570: Was employed as the Director-General of the British Broadcasting Corporation created under a royal charter . His concept of broadcasting as a way of educating the masses marked for a long time the BBC and similar organisations around the world. An engineer by profession, and standing at 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m) tall, he was a larger-than-life figure who was a pioneer in his field. The BBC's Reith Lectures were instituted in his honour. Born at Stonehaven , Kincardineshire , Reith

14022-400: Was not enacted until 15 September 1997. Though a public broadcaster, it airs commercial advertisements. In Indonesia, there are three types of public broadcaster. The first two are national-scale broadcasters: Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) and Televisi Republik Indonesia (TVRI). RRI currently operates four radio networks carried by some or all of more than 90 local stations, one of them is

14145-441: Was not the only high-profile body denied a chance to comment on the strike. The Archbishop of Canterbury , Randall Davidson , wanted to broadcast a "peace appeal" drawn up by church leaders which called for an immediate end to the strike, renewal of government subsidies to the coal industry and no cuts in miners' wages. Davidson telephoned Reith about his idea on 7 May, saying he had spoken to Baldwin, who had said he would not stop

14268-470: Was part-share owned by a committee of members of the wireless industry, including British Thomson-Houston , The General Electric Company , Marconi and Metropolitan-Vickers . However, Reith had been in favour of the company being taken into public ownership, as he felt that despite the boards under which he had served so far, allowing him a high degree of latitude on all matters, not all future members might do so. Although opposed by some, including members of

14391-700: Was promoted to captain (RNVR), and appointed Director of the Combined Operations Material Department at the Admiralty , a post he held until early 1945. In 1946, he was appointed chairman of the Commonwealth Telecommunications Board , a post he held until 1950. He was then appointed chairman of the Colonial Development Corporation which he held until 1959. In 1948, he was also appointed the chairman of

14514-517: Was rented to a private operator on 1 October 1993 and is now known today as " Chilevisión ". Televisión Nacional, popularly known as Channel 7 due to its Santiago frequency, is governed by a seven-member board appointed by both the President and the Senate . It is meant to be independent of political pressures, although accusations of bias have been made, especially during election campaigns. Ecuador TV

14637-407: Was soon replaced by an even more vitriolic editor, Reverend William Jackson , also known as "Dr. Viper". Originally a Whig paper, it was purchased by Daniel Stuart in 1795, who made it into a moderate Tory organ. A number of well-known writers contributed, including Samuel Taylor Coleridge , Charles Lamb , James Mackintosh , Robert Southey , Mary Robinson , and William Wordsworth . In

14760-645: Was the fifth son and the youngest, by ten years, of the seven children of the Rev. George Reith, a Scottish Presbyterian minister of the College Church at Glasgow and later Moderator of the United Free Church of Scotland . He was to carry strict Presbyterian religious convictions forward into his adult life. Reith was educated at the Glasgow Academy then at Gresham's School , Holt , Norfolk. He spent two years at

14883-512: Was the protagonist of Jack Thorne 's 2023 play When Winston Went to War with the Wireless , played by Stephen Campbell Moore ; Charlie Bowser was played by Luke Newberry and Muriel Reith by Mariam Haque. Public service broadcasting Common media include AM , FM , and shortwave radio ; television; and the Internet . Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated, depending on

15006-594: Was to be somewhat embarrassed when one of his staff ran off with the quite new wife of the then rising young writer Evelyn Waugh . Reith also had to deal with Eckersley after the BBC Chief Engineer had a rather public affair with a married woman on the staff. Up to the Second World War any member of BBC staff involved in a divorce could lose their job. Under Reith, the BBC did not broadcast on Sunday before 12:30 PM, to give listeners time to attend church, and for

15129-582: Was war correspondent with Russian forces during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). Also, Harold Williams started to write from Russia. Howell Arthur Gwynne took over as editor in 1911. Upon General Reginald Dyer 's return to India in 1920 , after his role in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar , the Morning Post collected and presented £ 26,317 to him, along with a golden sword and

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