50-473: Reinard may refer to: Reinard the Fox , a fox in medieval European literature Ketua kelas People with the surname Reinard [ edit ] Julian Reinard (born 1983), German footballer Reinard Wilson (born 1973), American football linebacker Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
100-617: A finished and completed poem by itself, Van den vos Reinaerde does not have a set ending. Like Pierre, very little is known of the author, other than the description by the copyist in the first sentences: Willem, die Madocke maecte, daer hi dicken omme waecte, hem vernoyde so haerde dat die avonture van Reynaerde in Dietsche onghemaket bleven – die Arnout niet hevet vulscreven – dat hi die vijte dede soucken ende hise na den Walschen boucken in Dietsche dus hevet begonnen. Willem who made Madocke , which often kept him awake,
150-583: A highly sophisticated development of Reynardian material as part of his Morall Fabillis in the sections known as The Talking of the Tod . In 1498, Hans van Ghetelen, a printer of Incunabula in Lübeck , printed a Low German version called Reinke de Vos . It was translated to Latin and other languages, which made the tale popular across Europe. Reynard is also referenced in the Middle English poem Sir Gawain and
200-592: A number of Latin sequences by the early-13th-century preacher Odo of Cheriton . Both of these early sources seem to draw on a pre-existing store of popular culture featuring the character. The first "branch" (or chapter) of the Roman de Renart appears in 1174, written by Pierre de St. Cloud, although in all French editions it is designated as "Branch II". The same author wrote a sequel in 1179—called "Branch I". From that date onwards, many other French authors composed their own adventures for Renart li goupil ("the fox"). There
250-542: A setting in Luxembourg. It is known to be a satirical mirror image of Luxembourg's social sphere after the turmoils of the Luxembourg Crisis , whereby the author transposed his criticism and social scepticism to the animal society in which his fox 'Renert' lives. Beyond that, it is insightful analysis of the different regional and sub-regional linguistic differences of the country, where distinct dialects are used to depict
300-411: Is a Romance dialect spoken by a minority in the southern part of the region. The duchy produced a number of important painters, including Claude Lorrain , Georges de La Tour and Jean LeClerc . Like most of France's regional languages (such as Breton , Franco-Provençal , Occitan , Alsatian , Catalan , Basque and Flemish ), Lorrain and Lorraine Franconian were largely replaced by French with
350-483: Is also the Middle High German text Reinhard Fuchs by Heinrich der Glïchezäre , dated to c. 1180. Roman de Renart fits into the genre of romance. Roman de Renart gets its start using the history of fables that have been written since the time of Aesop. The romance genre of the middle ages is not what we think of the romance genre of today. It was a fictional telling of a character's life. The protagonist of
400-540: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Reinard the Fox Reynard the Fox is a literary cycle of medieval allegorical Dutch , English , French and German fables . The first extant versions of the cycle date from the second half of the 12th century. The genre was popular throughout the Late Middle Ages , as well as in chapbook form throughout
450-520: Is in the Old French Le Roman de Renart written by Pierre de Saint-Cloud around 1170, which sets the typical setting. Reynard has been summoned to the court of king Noble (or Leo), the lion, to answer charges brought against him by Isengrim the wolf. Other anthropomorphic animals, including Bruin the bear, Baldwin the ass, and Tibert (Tybalt) the cat, all attempt one stratagem or another. The stories typically involve satire , whose usual butts are
500-700: The Canterbury Tales ; in " The Nun's Priest's Tale ", Reynard appears as "Rossel" and an ass as "Brunel". Renyard (spelt "Renard") is also briefly mentioned in The Legend of Phyllis from Chaucer's The Legend of Good Women . In 1481, the English William Caxton printed The Historie of Reynart the Foxe , which was translated from Van den vos Reynaerde . Also in the 1480s, the Scottish poet Robert Henryson devised
550-493: The Early Modern period . The stories are largely concerned with the main character Reynard, an anthropomorphic red fox , trickster figure. His adventures usually involve his deceiving other anthropomorphic animals for his own advantage, or trying to avoid their retaliatory efforts. His main enemy and victim across the cycle is his uncle, the wolf, Isengrim (or Ysengrim). While the character of Reynard appears in later works,
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#1732851882592600-708: The Electorate of Trier , the County of Bar and the " Three Bishoprics " of Verdun , Metz and Toul . The border between the Empire and the Kingdom of France remained relatively stable throughout the Middle Ages . In 1301, Count Henry III of Bar had to receive the western part of his lands ( Barrois mouvant ) as a fief by King Philip IV of France . In 1475, the Burgundian duke Charles
650-645: The aristocracy and the clergy , making Reynard a peasant-hero character. The Catholic Church used the story of the preaching fox, as found in the Reynard literature, in church art as propaganda against the Lollards . Reynard's principal castle, Maupertuis , is available to him whenever he needs to hide away from his enemies. Some of the tales feature Reynard's funeral, where his enemies gather to deliver maudlin elegies full of insincere piety, and which feature Reynard's posthumous revenge. Reynard's wife Hermeline appears in
700-543: The fabliaux and Arthurian romance : Seigneurs, oï avez maint conte Que maint conterre vous raconte Conment Paris ravi Elaine, Le mal qu'il en ot et la paine, De Tristan que la Chievre fist Qui assez bellement en dist Et fabliaus et chançons de geste Romanz d'Yvain et de sa beste Maint autre conte par la terre. Mais onques n'oïstes la guerre Qui tant fu dure de gran fin, Entre Renart et Ysengrin. Lords, you have heard many tales, That many tellers have told to you. How Paris took Helen , The evil and
750-565: The Bold campaigned for the Duchy of Lorraine, but was finally defeated and killed at the 1477 Battle of Nancy . In the 1552 Treaty of Chambord , a number of insurgent Protestant Imperial princes around Maurice, Elector of Saxony ceded the Three Bishoprics to King Henry II of France in turn for his support. Due to the weakening of Imperial authority during the 1618–1648 Thirty Years' War , France
800-452: The Fox and Wolf were known to the Franks as early as the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries". From the twelfth and thirteenth centuries there are around twenty-six different tales of Reynard the Fox. While there might have been more that were written, these are the ones that survive. Many of these are written by different authors and anonymous authors. An extensive appearance of the character
850-502: The Fox), is also made up of rhymed verses (the same AA BB scheme ). Van den vos Reinaerde and Reinaert Historie (referred to as R I and R II, respectively) are two poems written by two different authors with R II being a continuation of R I. With different writers comes different variations. This can best be seen with Reynard. While describing the same character the Reynard from R I has many different character traits of that in R II. While
900-564: The Great , in 942 King Louis IV of France renounced all claims to Lotharingia. In 953, the German king Otto I had appointed his brother Bruno the Great Duke of Lotharingia. In 959, Bruno divided the duchy into Upper and Lower Lorraine ; this division became permanent following his death in 965. The Upper Duchy was further "up" the river system, that is, it was inland and to the south. Upper Lorraine
950-571: The Green Knight during the third hunt. Tybalt in Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet is named after the cat in Reynard the Fox, and is called 'Prince of Cats' by Mercutio in reference to this. Jonson 's play Volpone is heavily indebted to Reynard. With the invention of the printing press, the tales of Reynard the fox became more popular and started to be translated and recreated in many different languages. The tales of Reynard don't follow
1000-647: The Habsburg possessions under the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 . Leszczyński received Lorraine with the understanding that it would fall to the French crown on his death. The title of Duke of Lorraine was given to Stanisław, but also retained by Francis Stephen, and it figures prominently in the titles of his successors (as a non-claimant family name), the House of Habsburg-Lorraine . When Stanisław died on 23 February 1766, Lorraine
1050-501: The Idols , Nietzsche uses Reynard the Fox as an example of a dialectician . German artist Johann Heinrich Ramberg made a series of thirty drawings, which he also etched and published in 1825. Renert [full original title: Renert oder de Fuuß am Frack an a Ma'nsgrëßt ], was published in 1872 by Michel Rodange , a Luxembourgeois author. An epic satirical work—adapted from the 1858 Cotta Edition of Goethe 's fox epic Reineke Fuchs to
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#17328518825921100-525: The animals are of Old High German origin. Most of them were in common use as personal names in medieval Lorraine . The characters of Reynard the Fox were based on the medieval hierarchy, and are treated as human throughout the tales. Since multiple authors wrote the text, characters' personalities often change. Throughout the stories, these characters often switch between human and animal form and often without notice. The characters who switch between human and animal form are often those of elite status, while
1150-500: The central character with "a certain Reinard of Lorraine, famous for his vulpine qualities in the ninth century". Joseph Jacobs , while seeing an origin in Lorraine, traces classical, German, and "ancient northern folk-lore" elements within the Reynard stories. Jacob Grimm in his Reinhart Fuchs (Berlin, 1834) provided evidence for the supposition on etymological grounds that "stories of
1200-425: The characters who don't change tend to be peasants. Often, the readers will find themselves able to empathize with Reynard. They find that the situations he is in are not often that different from their own lives, and this carries across the decades. The common usage of animals as characters in tales has made it so the stories that touch on morally gray areas are easier to understand and accept. Foxes in general have
1250-615: The core stories were written during the Middle Ages by multiple authors and are often seen as parodies of medieval literature, such as courtly love stories and chansons de geste , as well as a satire of political and religious institutions. The trickster fox, Reynard, lives in a society of other talking animals (lion, bear, wolf, donkey, etc), making the stories a beast epic . The original copies were written in Old French , and have since been translated into many different languages. However,
1300-457: The crusades. There is debate over whether or how closely they related to identifiable societal events, but there is a growing camp that see direct societal connections and even implicit political statements in the tales. The stories are told in a way that makes associations easy to make, but difficult to substantiate. Reynard stories translate difficult laws and legal concepts into common language, allowing people to both understand them and enjoy
1350-442: The early modern editions of Reynard the Fox, the characteristics of the animals were based on literary topoi , appealing to the middle class reader. Reinecke Fuchs by Goethe is a poem in hexameters, in twelve parts, written 1793 and first published 1794. Goethe adapted the Reynard material from the edition by Johann Christoph Gottsched (1752), based on the 1498 Reynke de vos . In Friedrich Nietzsche 's 1889 The Twilight of
1400-467: The fox and his companions. Disney's Robin Hood animated film from 1973 is partly based on Reynard the Fox. Duchy of Lorraine The Duchy of Lorraine ( French : Lorraine [lɔʁɛn] ; German : Lothringen [ˈloːtʁɪŋən] ), originally Upper Lorraine , was a duchy now included in the larger present-day region of Lorraine in northeastern France. Its capital
1450-409: The legal predicaments and antics of the characters. The court operates just as those in medieval society. The king heard cases only on one specified date, and all disputes were heard at once. Many versions follow Reynard's fights with Ysengrin, the fox's regular antagonist throughout the stories. Violence between them and other characters is a common thematic element. It is a matter of debate whether
1500-618: The northern one. His realm then comprised a larger territory stretching from the County of Burgundy in the south to the North Sea . In French, this area became known as Lorraine , while in German, it was eventually known as Lothringen . In the Alemannic language once spoken in Lorraine, the -ingen suffix signified a property; thus, in a figurative sense, "Lotharingen" can be translated as "Land belonging to Lothair", or more simplified *Lothair's realm*. As Lothair II had without heirs, his territory
1550-579: The only thing deemed likely is that Arnout was French-speaking ("Walschen" in Middle Dutch referred to northern French-speaking people, specifically the Walloons ). Willem's work became one of the standard versions of the legend, and was the foundation for most later adaptations in Dutch, German, and English, including those of William Caxton , Goethe , and F. S. Ellis . Geoffrey Chaucer used Reynard material in
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1600-467: The pain he felt Of Tristan that la Chevre Spoke rather beautifully about; And fabliaux and epics; Of the Romance of Yvain and his beast And many others told in this land But never have you heard about the war That was difficult and lengthy Between Reynard and Isengrim A mid-13th-century Middle Dutch version of the story by Willem die Madoc maecte ( Van den vos Reynaerde , Of Reynaert
1650-512: The reputation of tricksters in traditional European folklore . The specific character of Reynard is thought to have originated in Lorraine folklore , from where it spread to France, Germany, and the Low Countries . Alternatively, a 19th-century edition of a retelling of the Reynard fable states definitively with "no doubt whatever that it is of German origin" and relates a conjecture associating
1700-433: The romance genre often has an adventure or a call to action, almost always caused by an outside force. In the 13th century, French was a standard literary language, and many works during the Middle Ages were written in French, including Reynard the Fox. Many popular works from the Middle Ages fall into the romance genre. Pierre de St. Cloud opens his work on the fox by situating it within the larger tradition of epic poetry,
1750-522: The stories, but plays little active role. In some versions she remarries when Reynard is thought dead, thereby becoming one of the people he plans revenge upon. Isengrim, alternate French spelling: Ysengrin , is Reynard's most frequent antagonist and foil, and generally ends up outwitted, though he occasionally gets revenge. An individual tale might span several genres, which makes classification difficult. Tales often include themes from contemporary society with references to relics, pilgrimage, confession, and
1800-478: The tales of Reynard come from all across Europe and each retelling has details that are specific to its area. The tales, no matter where they take place, are designed to represent the society around them and include the structures of society around them, such as a noble court. While the authors take many liberties with the story telling, not all of the satire is meant to be rude or malicious in intent. The main characters are anthropomorphic animals. The given names of
1850-430: The title Reinard . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinard&oldid=1109732916 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with given-name-holder lists Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
1900-408: The typical sense of reprinting, as there is no clear chronology to the stories. Many of the original pages to these stories have been lost, so it is difficult to tell what the exact literary changes are, of which there aren't many, with the exception of the typical changes that are seen from the early days of the printing press. There are also slight changes to the wording that show modernization of
1950-443: The uses and differing orders of the words. While the changes might appear to be mistakes, they are not thought of as such and are often kept in the modernization of the tales. There haven't been many attempts to better the works in during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Changes to the tales during the fifteenth century are not seen as mistakes because of specific roles in the process of printing designed to eliminate mistakes. In
2000-405: The violence shows animals simply acting as such, or is anthropomorphically meant to reflect the violence in human society, especially the various wars that common folk endured at the time. Reynard appears first in the medieval Latin poem Ysengrimus , a long Latin mock-epic written c. 1148–53 by the medieval poet Nivardus, that collects a great store of Reynard's adventures. He also appears in
2050-464: Was Nancy . It was founded in 959 following the division of Lotharingia into two separate duchies: Upper and Lower Lorraine , the westernmost parts of the Holy Roman Empire . The Lower duchy was quickly dismantled, while Upper Lorraine came to be known as simply the Duchy of Lorraine. The Duchy of Lorraine was coveted and briefly occupied by the dukes of Burgundy and the kings of France , but
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2100-521: Was able to occupy the duchy in 1634 and retained it until 1661 when Charles IV was restored. In 1670, the French invaded again, forcing Charles into exile; his nephew and heir Charles V (1643–1690) spent his life in the service of the Imperial House of Habsburg . France returned the Duchy in the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick ending the Nine Years' War and Charles' son Leopold (1679–1729), became duke and
2150-651: Was also father-in-law to King Louis XV of France, and had recently lost out to a candidate backed by Russia and Austria in the War of the Polish Succession. The duke of Lorraine, Francis Stephen , betrothed to the Emperor's daughter Archduchess Maria Theresa , was compensated with the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , where the last Medici ruler had recently died without issue. France also promised to support Maria Theresa as heir to
2200-609: Was an independent Carolingian kingdom under the rule of King Lothair II (855–869). Its territory had originally been a part of Middle Francia , created in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun , when the Carolingian empire was divided between the three sons of Louis the Pious . Middle Francia was allotted to Emperor Lothair I , therefore called Lotharii Regnum . On his death in 855, it was further divided into three parts, of which his son Lothair II took
2250-463: Was annexed by France and reorganized as a province by the French government. Two regional languages survive in the region. Lorraine Franconian , known as francique or platt (lorrain) in French, is a West Central German dialect spoken by a minority in the northern part of the region. This is distinct from the neighbouring Alsatian language , although the two are often confused. Neither has any form of official recognition. Lorrain
2300-638: Was divided by the 870 Treaty of Meerssen between East and West Francia and finally came under East Frankish rule as a whole by the 880 Treaty of Ribemont . After the East Frankish Carolingians became extinct with the death of Louis the Child in 911, Lotharingia once again attached itself to West Francia, but was conquered by the German king Henry the Fowler in 925. Stuck in the conflict with his rival Hugh
2350-417: Was first denominated as the Duchy of Mosellane, both in charters and narrative sources, and its duke was the dux Mosellanorum . Lower Lorraine disintegrated into several smaller territories and only the title of a " Duke of Lothier " remained, held by Brabant . By the time Upper Lorraine came into the possession of René of Anjou , several territories had already split off, such as the County of Luxembourg ,
2400-741: Was known as 'Leopold the Good;' in the 1701–1714 War of the Spanish Succession , parts of Lorraine, including the capital Nancy, were again occupied by France, but Leopold continued to reign at the Château de Lunéville . In 1737, after the War of the Polish Succession , an agreement between France, the Habsburgs and the Lorraine House of Vaudémont assigned the Duchy to Stanisław Leszczyński , former king of Poland . He
2450-473: Was ruled by the dukes of the House of Lorraine after 1473. In 1737, the duchy was given to Stanisław Leszczyński , the former king of Poland , who had lost his throne as a result of the War of the Polish Succession , with the understanding that it would fall to the French crown on his death. When Stanisław died on 23 February 1766, Lorraine was annexed by France and reorganized as the province of Lorraine and Barrois . Lorraine's predecessor, Lotharingia ,
2500-573: Was so extremely annoyed that the tales of Reynaert – which Arnout has not finished – remained unwritten in Dutch that he had the life looked for and, following the French books he began it in Dutch as follows. Madocke or Madoc is thought to be another one of Willem's works that at one point existed but had been lost. The Arnout mentioned was an earlier Reynard poet whose work Willem (the writer) alleges to have finished. However, there are serious objections to this notion of joint authorship, and
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