56-448: Falco milvus Linnaeus, 1758 Milvus regalis ( Pall. , 1811) The red kite ( Milvus milvus ) is a medium-large bird of prey in the family Accipitridae , which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles , buzzards , and harriers . The species currently breeds only in Europe, though it formerly also bred in west Asia and northwest Africa . Historically, it
112-444: A bird is one of a set of feathers , called coverts (or tectrices ), which cover other feathers. The coverts help to smooth airflow over the wings and tail. The ear coverts are small feathers behind the bird's eye which cover the ear opening (the ear of a bird has no external features). The uppertail and undertail coverts cover the base of the tail feathers above and below. Sometimes these coverts are more specialised. The "tail" of
168-518: A detested kite , and he wrote "when the kite builds, look to your lesser linen" in reference to them stealing washing hung out to dry in the nesting season. In the mid-15th century, King James II of Scotland decreed that they should be "killed wherever possible", but they remained protected in England and Wales for the next 100 years as they kept the streets free of carrion and rotting food. Under Tudor "vermin laws" many creatures were seen as competitors for
224-454: A peacock is made of elongated uppertail coverts. The upperwing coverts fall into two groups: those on the inner wing, which overlay the secondary flight feathers , known as the secondary coverts, and those on the outer wing, which overlay the primary flight feathers , the primary coverts. Within each group, the feathers form a number of rows. The feathers of the outermost, largest, row are termed greater (primary-/secondary-) coverts; those in
280-415: A 175–195 cm (69–77 in) wingspan; males weigh 800–1,200 g (28–42 oz), and females 1,000–1,300 g (35–46 oz). It is an elegant bird, soaring on long wings held at a dihedral , and long forked tail, twisting as it changes direction. The body, upper tail and wing coverts are rufous . The white primary flight feathers contrast with the black wing tips and dark secondaries. Apart from
336-639: A city in Volgograd Oblast , is named after him, and his monument stands there. An asteroid is named after him: 21087 Petsimpallas . A Belgian astronomer, Eric Elst chose the name "Sarapul 26851" for an asteroid because in Pallas's writings, he mentioned his liking of the city of Sarapul , Russia. Pallas was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1791. Covert feather#wing coverts A covert feather or tectrix on
392-615: A large estate at Simferopol , where Pallas lived until the death of his second wife in 1810. He was then granted permission to leave Russia by Emperor Alexander , and returned to Berlin, where he died in the following year. His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof I der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. I of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church ) in Berlin-Kreuzberg , south of Hallesches Tor . In 1809 he became an associate member of
448-529: A number of incidents of red kites and other raptors being targeted by wildlife criminals. On occasion, red kites may directly steal food from humans. One such occurrence took place in Marlow , Buckinghamshire (a town near a major reintroduction site for the species in the UK in the nearby village of Stokenchurch ), in which red kites swooped down to steal sandwiches from people in one of the town's parks. In another incident,
504-636: A red kite was reported as having stolen a wasabi-coated pea from a spectator at a cricket match in Wormsley, Buckinghamshire. Red kites inhabit broadleaf woodlands, pastures, mixed farmland, valleys and wetland edges, up to at least 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) elevation. They are native to the western Palearctic , with all of the currently known 32,200–37,700 breeding pairs being in Europe. There also used to be breeding populations in western Asia (northern Iran, Syria and Turkey) and northwestern Africa (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia), but most of these were extirpated in
560-748: A site in north Scotland and four Swedish and one Welsh bird in Buckinghamshire . Altogether, 93 birds of Swedish and Spanish origin were released at each of the sites. In the second stage of reintroduction in 1995 and 1996, further birds were brought from Germany to populate areas of Dumfries and Galloway . Between 2004 and 2006, 94 birds were brought from the Chilterns and introduced into the Derwent Valley in north East England. In Northern Ireland, 80 birds from wild stock in Wales were released between 2008 and 2010, and
616-554: A stronghold for the red kite. Thirty Spanish birds were introduced into Rockingham Forest near Corby in 2000, and by 2010, the RSPB estimated that over 200 chicks had been reared from the initial release. So successful has the reintroduction been that 30 chicks have been transported from Rockingham Forest for release in Cumbria . From the Chilterns they have spread as far east as Essex and can be seen over Harlow . By 2021 they had spread along
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#1732854637162672-495: A white ground and red-brown spots. The average size is 57 mm × 45 mm (2.2 in × 1.8 in) with a calculated weight of 63 g (2.2 oz). In Britain and central Europe, laying begins at the end of March but in the Mediterranean area laying begins in early March. The eggs are mainly incubated by the female, but the male will relieve her for short periods while she feeds. The male will also bring food for
728-1008: Is 25 years and 8 months for a ringed bird in Germany. The BTO longevity record for Britain and Ireland is also 25 years and 8 months for a bird found dead in Buckinghamshire in 2018. In 2023, one of the first red kites reintroduced to the UK was found injured in Oxfordshire and later died, aged 29. The red kites are generalist scavengers and predators. Their diet consists mainly of carrions of large domestic animals such as sheep and pigs , roadkills, and shored fish. They also take small mammals such as mice , voles , shrews , stoats , young hares and rabbits . Live birds are also taken, especially young or wounded, such as crows , doves , starlings , thrushes , larks , gulls , and waterfowls . Occasionally reptiles and amphibians are taken and invertebrates such as earthworms form an important part of
784-581: Is almost certainly extinct. The genus Milvus contains two other species: the black kite ( M. migrans ) and the yellow-billed kite ( M. aegyptius ). The red kite has been known to successfully hybridize with the black kite in captivity where both species were kept together, and in the wild on the Cape Verde Islands and infrequently in other places. The red kites on the Cape Verde Islands are (or rather were) quite distinct in morphology , being somewhat intermediate with black kites. The question whether
840-440: Is included in their common names, including: Pallas's glass lizard , Pallas's viper , Pallas's cat , Pallas's long-tongued bat , Pallas's tube-nosed bat , Pallas's squirrel , Pallas's leaf warbler , Pallas's cormorant , Pallas's fish-eagle , Pallas's gull , Pallas's sandgrouse , Pallas's rosefinch , and Pallas's grasshopper warbler . Also, he is honoured in the scientific names of animals described by others, including:
896-462: Is mentioned by Geoffrey Chaucer in his Knight's Tale . The early 15th century Hengwrt manuscript contains the lines: "Ther cam a kyte, whil þt they were so wrothe That bar awey the boon bitwix hem bothe." The first recorded use of the word "kite" for a toy that is attached to a length of string and flown in the air dates from the 17th century. Red kites are 60 to 70 cm (24 to 28 in) long with
952-469: Is not known, and the genetic relationship of red kites is confusing, with geographical proximity being no indicator of genetic relatedness and the overall genetic similarity high, perhaps indicating a relict species. Given the morphological distinctness of the Cape Verde birds and that the Cape Verde population was isolated from other populations of red kites, it cannot be conclusively resolved as to whether
1008-507: The Dutch Republic and to London , improving his medical and surgical knowledge. He then settled at The Hague , and his new system of animal classification was praised by Georges Cuvier . Pallas wrote Miscellanea Zoologica (1766), which included descriptions of several vertebrates new to science which he had discovered in the Dutch museum collections. A planned voyage to Southern Africa and
1064-561: The East Indies fell through when his father recalled him to Berlin. There, he began work on his Spicilegia Zoologica (1767–1780). In 1767, Pallas was invited by Catherine II of Russia to become a professor at the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences and, between 1768 and 1774, he led an expedition to central Russian provinces , Povolzhye , Urals , West Siberia , Altay , and Transbaikal , collecting natural history specimens for
1120-533: The Flora Rossica (1784–1815), a Russian flora , and started work on his Zoographica Rosso-Asiatica (1811–31), a zoography of Russia and Asia . He also published an account of Johann Anton Güldenstädt 's travels in the Caucasus . The Empress bought Pallas's large natural history collection for 2,000 rubles, 500 more than his asking price, and allowed him to keep them for life. During this period, Pallas helped plan
1176-698: The Kullaberg Nature Preserve near Mölle . In Switzerland, they are a common sight in all rural areas, excluding the Alps and its foothills. Some of the best places to see them in the United Kingdom are Gigrin Farm near Rhayader , mid Wales , where hundreds are fed by the local farmer as a tourist attraction, a Red Kite Feeding Station at Llanddeusant in the Brecon Beacons , visited daily by over 50 birds, and
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#17328546371621232-614: The Mulovsky expedition , which was cancelled in October 1787. Between 1793 and 1794, Pallas led a second expedition to southern Russia, visiting the Crimea and the Black Sea . He was accompanied by his daughter (by his first wife who had died in 1782) and his new wife, an artist, servants, and a military escort. In February 1793, they travelled to Saratov and then downriver to Tsaritsyn . They explored
1288-631: The Royal Institute of the Netherlands . In 1772, Pallas was shown a 680-kg lump of metal that had been found near Krasnoyarsk . Pallas arranged for it to be transported to St Petersburg. Subsequent analysis of the metal showed it to be a new type of stony-iron meteorite . This new type of meteorite was called pallasite after him; the meteorite itself is named Krasnojarsk or sometimes Pallas Iron (the name given to it by Ernst Chladni in 1794). Several animals were described by Pallas, and his surname
1344-590: The Russian Empire between 1767 and 1810. Peter Simon Pallas was born in Berlin , Kingdom of Prussia , the son of Professor of Surgery Simon Pallas . He studied with private tutors and took an interest in natural history , later attending the University of Halle and the University of Göttingen . In 1760, he moved to the University of Leiden and passed his doctor's degree at the age of 19. Pallas travelled throughout
1400-603: The native Eurasian peoples and their indigenous religions , and descriptions of new plants and animals. In 1776, Pallas was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . Pallas settled in St Petersburg , becoming a favourite of Catherine II and teaching natural history to the Grand Dukes Alexander and Constantine. He was provided with the plants collected by other naturalists to compile
1456-514: The 19th century or earlier; the only non-European breeding population in recent decades was in Morocco where the last known pair was in 2004. Today it breeds from Portugal and Spain, through the central part of the continent east to European Russia , north to southern Scandinavia , Latvia and the United Kingdom, and south to southern Italy; few if any breeders remain in Balkan . Most red kites that breed in
1512-617: The Bwlch Nant yr Arian forest visitor centre in Ceredigion where the rare leucistic variant can be seen. In England, the Oxfordshire part of the Chilterns has many red kites, especially near Henley-on-Thames and Watlington , where they were introduced on John Paul Getty 's estate. Red Kites are also becoming common in Buckinghamshire , often being seen near Stokenchurch , where a population
1568-422: The Cape Verde kite should be considered a distinct species ( Milvus fasciicauda ) or a red kite subspecies has not been settled. A mitochondrial DNA study on museum specimens suggested that Cape Verde birds did not form a monophyletic lineage among or next to red kites. This interpretation is problematic: mtDNA analysis is susceptible to hybridization events, the evolutionary history of the Cape Verde population
1624-467: The Cape Verde population was not a distinct subspecies (as M. migrans fasciicauda ) or even a species that frequently absorbed stragglers from the migrating European populations into its gene pool. The Cape Verde population became effectively extinct since 2000, all surviving birds being hybrids with black kites . The English word "kite" is from the Old English cyta which is of unknown origin. A kite
1680-675: The Dagestani tortoise ( Testudo graeca pallasi ), Pallas's pika ( Ochotona pallasi ), Pallas's reed bunting ( Emberiza pallasi ), the East Siberian grayling ( Thymallus pallasii ) and the Pacific herring ( Clupea pallasii ). He was also honoured in the name of a plant genus, Petrosimonia which is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Amaranthaceae . Streets in Berlin and Castrop-Rauxel are named Pallasstraße . Pallasovka ,
1736-586: The Environment, Heritage and Local Government Dick Roche announced an agreement to bring at least 100 birds from Wales to restock the population as part of a five-year programme in the Wicklow Mountains , similar to the earlier golden eagle reintroduction programme. On 19 July 2007, the first 30 red kites were released in County Wicklow . On 22 May 2010, two newly hatched red kite chicks were discovered in
Red kite - Misplaced Pages Continue
1792-892: The M4 as far as the Cotswold Edge overlooking the Severn near Bristol. A sighting of the first red kite in London for 150 years was reported in The Independent newspaper in January 2006 and in June of that year, the UK-based Northern Kites Project reported that kites had bred in the Derwent Valley in and around Rowlands Gill , Tyne and Wear for the first time since the re-introduction. In 1999,
1848-584: The UK and the final re-introduction phase in England. The stated aims of the Grizedale project were: As of July 2011, non-breeding birds are regularly seen in all parts of Britain, and the number of breeding pairs is too large for the RSPB to continue to survey them on an annual basis. Red kites were extinct in Ireland by the middle 19th century due to persecution, poisoning and woodland clearance. In May 2007, Minister for
1904-521: The Wicklow Mountains, bringing the number of chicks hatched since reintroduction to seven. The following figures (mostly estimates) have been collated from various sources. They cover most of the countries in which red kites are believed to have bred. One of the best places to see the red kite in Scandinavia is Scania in southern Sweden. It may be observed in one of its breeding locations such as
1960-630: The academy. He explored the Caspian Sea , the Ural and Altai Mountains , and the upper Amur River , reaching as far eastward as Lake Baikal . The regular reports which Pallas sent to St Petersburg were collected and published as Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs ("Journey through various provinces of the Russian Empire", 3 vols., 1771–1776). They covered a wide range of topics, including geology and mineralogy , ethnographic reports on
2016-990: The country to the east, and in August travelled along the banks of the Caspian Sea and into the Caucasus Mountains. In September, they travelled to the Crimea, wintering in Simferopol . Pallas spent early 1794 exploring to the southeast, and in July travelled up the valley of the Dnieper , arriving back in St Petersburg in September. Pallas gave his account of the journey in his P. S. Pallas Bemerkungen auf einer Reise in die Südlichen Statthalterschaften des Russischen Reichs (1799–1801). Catherine II gave him
2072-507: The diet, especially in spring . In some parts of the United Kingdom, red kites are also deliberately fed in domestic gardens , explaining the presence of red kites in urban areas. Here, up to 5% of householders have provided supplementary food for red kites, with chicken the predominant meat provided. As scavengers, red kites are particularly susceptible to poisoning. Illegal poison baits set for foxes or crows are indiscriminate and kill protected birds and other animals. There have also been
2128-419: The female. Incubation starts as soon as the first egg is laid. Each egg hatches after 31 to 32 days but as they hatch asynchronously a clutch of three eggs requires 38 days of incubation. The chicks are cared for by both parents. The female broods them for the first 14 days while the male brings food to the nest which the female feeds to the chicks. Later both parents bring items of food which are placed in
2184-512: The female. The nest is lined with grass and sometimes also with sheep's wool. Unlike the black kite, no greenery is added to the nest. Both sexes continue to add material to the nest during the incubation and nestling periods. Nests vary greatly in size and can become large when the same nest is occupied for several seasons. The eggs are laid at three-day intervals. The clutch is usually between one and three eggs but four and even five eggs have occasionally been recorded. The eggs are non-glossy with
2240-561: The first successful breeding was recorded in 2010. The reintroductions in the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty have been a success. Between 1989 and 1993, 90 birds were released there and by 2002, 139 pairs were breeding. They can commonly be seen taking advantage of thermals from the M40 motorway . Another successful reintroduction has been in Northamptonshire , which has become
2296-431: The first year of a bird's life. Usually red kites first breed when they are two years old, although exceptionally they can successfully breed when they are only one year old. They are monogamous and the pair-bond in resident populations is probably maintained during the winter, particularly when the pair remain on their breeding territory. For migrant populations the fidelity to a particular nesting site means that
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2352-576: The last two countries, those populations remain well below their historical peaks. In contrast, red kite populations are increasing in parts of northern Europe, such as Denmark, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The red kite is the official landscape bird of the Swedish province of Scania , and depicted on the coat of arms of the municipality of Tomelilla . In the United Kingdom, red kites were ubiquitous scavengers that lived on carrion and rubbish. Shakespeare's King Lear describes his daughter Goneril as
2408-436: The nest to allow the chicks to feed themselves. The nestlings begin climbing onto branches around their nest from 45 days but they rarely fledge before 48–50 days and sometimes not until they are 60–70 days of age. The young spend a further 15–20 days in the neighbourhood of the nest being fed by their parents. Only a single brood is raised each year but if the eggs are lost the female will relay. The maximum age recorded
2464-418: The next row are the median (primary-/secondary-) coverts, and any remaining rows are termed lesser (primary-/secondary-) coverts. The underwing has corresponding sets of coverts (the names upperwing coverts and underwing coverts are used to distinguish the corresponding sets). In addition, the front edge of the wing is covered with a group of feathers called the marginal coverts. Within each group of wing coverts,
2520-443: The northeast, but seem to be stable in southwest and central France and Corsica . Populations elsewhere are stable or undergoing increases. In Sweden, the species has increased from 30 to 50 pairs in the 1970s to 1,200 breeding pairs in 2003 and has continued growing. In Switzerland, populations have been increasing since the 1990s. Red kites have declined in their traditional strongholds of Spain, France and Germany; while now stable in
2576-469: The northern European mainland used to move south or west in winter, typically wintering in Spain and other parts of western Europe with a mild climate, as well as northwestern Africa (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) and Turkey. In recent decades, an increasing number of red kites from the northern European mainland have stayed in the region year-round. The populations in Germany (which alone is home to almost half of
2632-573: The northern foothills of the Harz Mountains (the most densely populated part of its range) suffered an estimated 50% decline from 1991 to 2001. In Spain, the species showed an overall decline in breeding population of up to 43% for the period 1994 to 2001–02, and surveys of wintering birds in 2003–04 suggest a similarly large decline in core wintering areas. The Balearic Islands population has declined from 41 to 47 breeding pairs in 1993 to just 10 in 2003. In France, breeding populations have decreased in
2688-441: The pair-bond is likely to be renewed each breeding season. The nest is normally placed in a fork of a large hardwood tree at a height of between 12 and 15 m (39 and 49 ft) above the ground. A pair will sometimes use a nest from the previous year and can occasionally occupy an old nest of the common buzzard . The nest is built by both sexes. The male brings dead twigs 30–50 cm (12–20 in) in length which are placed by
2744-581: The produce of the countryside and bounties were paid by the parish for their carcasses. By the 20th century, the breeding population was restricted to a handful of pairs in South Wales , but recently the Welsh population has been supplemented by re-introductions in England and Scotland. In 2004, from 375 occupied territories identified, at least 216 pairs were thought to have hatched eggs and 200 pairs reared at least 286 young. In 1989, six Swedish birds were released at
2800-759: The red kite was named 'Bird of the Century' by the British Trust for Ornithology . According to the Welsh Kite Trust, it has been voted "Wales's favourite bird". In June 2010, the Forestry Commission North West England announced a three-year project to release 90 red kites in Grizedale Forest , Cumbria under a special licence issued by Natural England . The Grizedale programme was the ninth reintroduction of red kites into different regions of
2856-460: The weight difference, the sexes are similar, but juveniles have a buff breast and belly. Its call is a thin piping sound, similar to but less mewling than the common buzzard . There is a rare white leucistic form accounting for approximately 1% of hatchlings in the Welsh population, but this variation confers a disadvantage in the survival stakes. Adults differ from juveniles in a number of characteristics: These differences hold throughout most of
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#17328546371622912-475: The wintering ranges in France and Spain, and changes in agricultural practices causing a reduction in food resources. Other threats include electrocution, hunting and trapping, deforestation, egg-collection (on a local scale) and possibly competition with the generally more successful black kite M. migrans . German populations declined by 25%–30% between 1991 and 1997, but have remained stable since. The populations of
2968-428: The world's breeding pairs), France and Spain declined between 1990 and 2000, and overall the species declined by almost 20% over those ten years. Populations in Germany and France have subsequently stabilised, and because of growth in other countries, the overall population is now increasing. The main threats to red kites are poisoning, through illegal direct poisoning and indirect poisoning from pesticides, particularly in
3024-405: Was described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Falco milvus . The word milvus was the Latin name for the bird. In 1799 the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède moved the species to the genus Milvus creating the tautonym . Two subspecies are recognised: The subspecies M. m. fasciicauda
3080-400: Was only resident in the milder parts of its range in western Europe and northwestern Africa, whereas all or most red kites in northern mainland Europe wintered to the south and west, some also reaching western Asia, but an increasing number of northern birds now remain in that region year-round. Vagrants have reached north to Finland and south to Israel , Libya and Gambia . The red kite
3136-572: Was released in the 1990s, and Flackwell Heath near High Wycombe . They can also be seen around Harewood near Leeds where they were re-introduced in 1999. In Ireland they can be best observed at Redcross, near Avoca, County Wicklow . Pall. Peter Simon Pallas FRS FRSE (22 September 1741 – 8 September 1811) was a Prussian zoologist , botanist , ethnographer , explorer , geographer , geologist , natural historian , and taxonomist . He studied natural sciences at various universities in early modern Germany and worked primarily in
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