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79-559: The port handles National and international cruises mainly of those connecting Fernando de Noronha with Brazil , Caribbean islands and South America . The Brazilian and foreign tourists who come to Recife on a cruise ship will use a new Passengers Terminal (2009) where before was warehouse n.7; with stores, food court and information kiosks. Also, will have an increase in depth from 8.4 m to 11.5 meters deep, what originates will no longer be necessary to do transfer between large and small ships as before. There are two access channels to

158-487: A Kater invariable pendulum to make observations on gravity. He took the island as the point of junction of his double line of longitudes setting out his survey. He was given considerable assistance by the Governor of Fernando Noronha who let Foster use part of his own house for the pendulum experiments. The longitude of Rio de Janeiro taken by Foster was among those on one side of a significant discrepancy, which meant that

237-541: A World Heritage Site because of its importance as a feeding ground for tuna, sharks, turtles, and marine mammals. Its time zone is UTC−02:00 all year round. Fernando de Noronha's occupation dates to the early 16th century. Due to its geographical position, the archipelago was one of the first lands sighted in the New World, being shown in a nautical chart in 1500 by the Spanish cartographer Juan de La Cosa , and in 1502 by

316-562: A World Heritage Site . It cited the following reasons: In 2009, Air France Flight 447 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off Fernando de Noronha. Rescue and recovery operations were launched from the island. Bodies and debris from the Airbus A330 operating the flight were recovered within five days. All 228 people on board were killed. The crash had been caused by the flight crew's inappropriate response to inaccurate airspeed readings due to

395-559: A gross domestic product (GDP) of R$ 22,802,000 and a per capita income of R$ 10,001. In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme estimated the Fernando de Noronha state district's Human Development Index (HDI) at 0.862. The only two banking centers in the archipelago are a branch of Banco Santander Brasil and a branch of Banco Bradesco . There are one or two additional automated teller machines (ATMs) around

474-502: A tropical wet and dry climate ( Aw/As ), with two well-defined seasons for rainfall, if not temperature. The rainy season lasts from February to July; the rest of the year sees little rain. The temperature ranges, both diurnal and monthly, are unusually slight. Most of the original large trees were cut down in the 19th century, when the island was used as a prison, for firewood and to keep the prisoners from hiding and making rafts. Also, exotic species have been introduced: From these,

553-501: A fast pace. It is important in the modern era because it contains unique historical information about the maritime exploration and the evolution of nautical cartography during the Age of Discovery . The Cantino planisphere is the earliest extant nautical chart that depicts places in Africa and parts of Brazil and India according to their actual latitudes. At the beginning of the 16th century, Lisbon

632-648: A hereditary captaincy , at least down to the 1560s. In July 1719, the Welsh pirate Bartholomew Roberts , also known as "Black Bart," was present on the island for a total of nine weeks, before heading off in search of Portuguese ships in the West Indies. In 1736, the French East India Company sent an expedition commanded by Captain Lesquelin, with troops and resources to colonise the island. When finding out that

711-544: A large wind-rose in central Africa, with a fleur-de-lis indicating North. This dense rhumb-line mesh was used in navigation as a reference, for reading and marking directions (courses) between places. Six scale bars graduated in Iberian leagues, with a variable number of sections (or logs ), are distributed over the chart's area. These were used to measure distances between places. Illustrations are few, but elaborate. Two cities are grandly depicted - Venice and Jerusalem . There

790-513: A rate of 400 ft/min.A further difficulty was that the propeller on the inboard engine could not be feathered, which significantly increased aircraft drag. The crew also had to cope with a persistent fire on the same engine. As a result, the Captain ordered an SOS to be issued. The crew realised that they might not be able to reach Natal and would have to ditch in the South Atlantic . Consequently,

869-495: A short description of the island in his 1844 Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle . The island was also used as a penal colony in the 19th century. In the late 18th century, the first prisoners were sent to Fernando de Noronha. A prison was built. In 1897 the government of the state of Pernambuco took possession of the prison. Between 1938 and 1945, Fernando de Noronha

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948-510: A small party to take the observations, despite difficulties caused by heavy surf, then sailed on for Bahia , Brazil that evening. During the day, the island was visited by the naturalist Charles Darwin , who was one of the Beagle' s passengers. He took notes for his book on geology. He wrote about admiring the woods: "The whole island is one forest, & this is so thickly intertwined that it requires great exertion to crawl along. — The scenery

1027-505: A string of warehouses ( feitorias ) along the Brazilian coast, and engaged in trade with the indigenous peoples in Brazil for brazilwood , a native red dye wood highly valued by European clothmakers. Fernando de Noronha island was the central collection point of this network. Brazilwood, continuously harvested by the coastal Indians and delivered to the various coastal warehouses, was shipped to

1106-516: A wealthy merchant like Loronha to personally command vessels himself. Loronha's support (if any) to the mapping expedition was probably limited to financing. According to Vespucci, this expedition returned to Lisbon in September 1502, just in time to influence the final composition of the Cantino map. However, Vespucci does not report discovering this island then, instead stating that the first time he saw

1185-400: Is 756 m (2,480 ft) below the surface. The volcanic rocks are of variable, though mainly silica-undersaturated, character with basanite , nephelinite and phonolite among the lava types found. The main island, from which the group gets its name, makes up 91% of the total area; the islands of Rata, Sela Gineta, Cabeluda and São José, together with the islets of Leão and Viúva make up

1264-713: Is also an elaborate depiction of the Portuguese castle of São Jorge da Mina ( Elmina Castle , on the Gold Coast of west Africa ), flanked by two African towns. Other illustrations include a lion-shaped mountain representing the Sierra Leone mountain range, the Tower of Babel (laid horizontal), the mythical Mountains of the Moon (legendary source of the Nile River ) in central Africa, and either

1343-574: Is not depicted on the 1502 Cantino map at all. Instead, they have proposed that Quaresma island and the accompanying red "inkblot" are in fact the Rocas Atoll , slightly misplaced on the map. This reserves the discovery of Fernando de Noronha island itself as indeed on August 10, 1503, by the Gonçalo Coelho expedition, as originally reported by Vespucci. Roukema concludes that it was the Rocas Atoll that

1422-584: Is now extinct. The islands have two endemic reptiles, the Noronha wormlizard ( Amphisbaena ridleyi ) and the Noronha skink ( Trachylepis atlantica ). The life above and below sea is the main attraction of the island. Sea turtles , cetaceans (most common among these are spinner dolphins and humpback whales , followed by many others such as pantropical spotted dolphins , short-finned pilot whales , and melon-headed whales ), albatrosses , and many other species are frequently observed. Fernando de Noronha has

1501-531: Is served by daily flights from Recife and Natal on the Brazilian coast. In 1988, Brazil designated approximately 70% of the archipelago as a maritime national park , with the goal of preserving the land and sea environment. On October 5, 1988, the Federal Territory was dissolved and added to the state of Pernambuco (except Rocas Atoll, which was added to the state of Rio Grande do Norte). Today Fernando de Noronha's economy depends on tourism, restricted by

1580-542: Is that the map was surreptitiously acquired shortly after it was made for some nobleman or official client. From a letter sent by Cantino to his patron, the Duke of Ferrara, on 19 November 1502, we know that he paid 12 golden ducats for it, which was a considerable amount for the time. An Italian inscription in the back of the map reads: Carta de navigar per le Isole nouam trovate in le parte de India: dono Alberto Cantino al S. Duca Hercole , which translates as "Navigational chart of

1659-407: Is to walk from Praia dos Americanos, pass by Praia do Boldró, Praia da Conceição, Praia do Meio and finish the walking at Praia do Cachorro. The island is served by Governador Carlos Wilson Airport with regular flights to Natal and Recife . Tourism Videos Cantino planisphere The Cantino planisphere or Cantino world map is a manuscript Portuguese world map preserved at

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1738-676: The Atlantic Coast of South America long before other nations even knew South America extended so far to the south. It also supplied great details of the Indian Ocean . The geographical information given on the Cantino map was copied into the Italian-made Canerio (or Caveri) map shortly after the Cantino map arrived in Italy and the Canerio, in turn, became the primary source for the design of

1817-628: The Biblioteca Estense in Modena , Italy. It is named after Alberto Cantino , an agent for the Duke of Ferrara , who successfully smuggled it from Portugal to Italy in 1502. It measures 220 x 105 cm. The planisphere is the earliest surviving map showing Portuguese geographic discoveries in the east and west and is particularly notable for portraying a fragmentary record of the Brazilian coast, which

1896-549: The Noronha elaenia ( Elaenia ridleyana ) and the Noronha vireo ( Vireo gracilirostris ). Both are present on the main island; the Noronha vireo is also present on Ilha Rata. In addition there is an endemic subspecies of eared dove ( Zenaida auriculata noronha ). Subfossil remains of an extinct endemic rail have also been found. The archipelago is also an important site for breeding seabirds. An endemic sigmodontine rodent ( Noronhomys vespuccii ), mentioned by Amerigo Vespucci ,

1975-701: The State District of Fernando de Noronha (Portuguese: Distrito Estadual de Fernando de Noronha ) and formerly known as the Territory of Fernando de Noronha ( Território de Fernando de Noronha ) until 1988, is an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean , part of the State of Pernambuco , Brazil , and located 354 km (191 nmi; 220 mi) off the Brazilian coast. It consists of 21 islands and islets , extending over an area of 26 km (10 sq mi). Only

2054-586: The Table Mountain or Drakensberg range in South Africa. Along the central African coast are the various cross stone markers ( padrões ) erected by Diogo Cão and Bartolomeu Dias in the 1480s. In north Africa, there is the "Montes Claros" in the usual place of the Atlas Mountains , the legend below on the left reading that "this is the land of King Organo, whose king is very noble and very rich", and to

2133-486: The liturgical calendar ). The island's existence was reported to Lisbon sometime between then and January 16, 1504, when King Manuel I of Portugal issued a charter granting the "island of St. John" ( São João ) as a hereditary captaincy to Fernão de Loronha . As Vespucci did not return to Lisbon until June 1504, historians have hypothesized that a stray ship of the Coelho fleet, under an unknown captain, may have returned to

2212-539: The pitot tubes being blocked, with the first officer (who was the pilot flying) pulling the nose up, which caused the aircraft to enter a stall and crash. The islands of this archipelago are the visible parts of a range of submerged mountains. It consists of 21 islands, islets and rocks of volcanic origin. The main island has an area of 18 km (6.9 sq mi), being 10 km (5.4 nmi; 6.2 mi) long and 3.5 km (1.9 nmi; 2.2 mi) wide at its maximum. The base of this enormous volcanic formation

2291-411: The 1530s, it was referred to as the "island of Fernão de Noronha" ("Noronha" being a common misspelling of "Loronha"). The informal name eventually displaced the official name. The Lisbon merchant Fernão de Loronha held not only Fernando de Noronha island as a hereditary captaincy but also (from 1503 to around 1512) a commercial monopoly on trade in Brazil. Between 1503 and 1512, Noronha's agents set up

2370-426: The Cantino map that does not fit with Fernando de Noronha island. Some have explained these anomalies away by reading quaresma as anaresma , making the proposed Lent timing unnecessary, and proposing that the red island is just an accidental inkblot. If Quaresma is indeed Fernando de Noronha, then it is not known who discovered it. One proposal is that it was discovered by a royal Portuguese mapping expedition that

2449-460: The Cantino map. Chronicler Gaspar Correia asserts that on the outward voyage, the Third Armada made a stop on the Brazilian coast around Cape Santo Agostinho . Two other chroniclers ( João de Barros and Damião de Góis ) do not mention a landfall, but do report they discovered an island (which they believe to be identified as Ascension island , but this is not certain). It is thus possible that

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2528-549: The Captain decided to divert to Fernando de Noronha, 480 miles to the southwest. En-route the crew managed to restart the outboard engine and this enabled the aircraft to maintain an altitude of 9000 ft. Although there were problems with coolant temperature on the port wing engines plus difficulties in locating the small archipelago , the crew nursed the Argonaut to a safe landing at Fernando de Noronha, some four hours after their ordeal began. Nowadays, Fernando de Noronha Airport

2607-454: The Coelho expedition even set out. This has led to speculation that the island was discovered by a previous expedition. However, there is no consensus on which expedition that might have been. The name "Quaresma" means Lent , suggesting it must have been discovered in March or early April, which does not correspond well with the known expeditions. There is also a red island to the west of Quaresma in

2686-659: The Corte-Real brothers, is labeled as Terra del Rey de Portuguall on the Cantino map. The map features a peculiar landmass in roughly the location of North America. Several theories offer potential explanations for this land that terminates in a peninsula, labeled " C. do fim do abrill " or "‘Cape of the end of April", pointing towards the Caribbean. It has been linked to Asia, the Yucatan, Florida, and Cuba. The area includes few defined cartographic details and names seemingly connected to

2765-627: The Count of Galveias prepared an expedition with 250 soldiers, commanded by Colonel João Lobo de Lacerda, that sailed from Recife on 6 October 1737. Lacerda successfully expelled the French without resistance and returned to Recife on 11 July 1738. Captain Henry Foster stopped at Fernando de Noronha during his scientific survey expedition as commander of HMS Chanticleer , which had set out in 1828. As well as surveying coasts and ocean currents, Foster used

2844-608: The French came with the French Cable and the Italians with Italcable . In 1942, during World War II , the archipelago was made a Federal territory , which included Rocas Atoll and Saint Peter and Paul Rocks . The government sent political and ordinary prisoners to the local prison. An airport was constructed in September 1942 by the United States Army Air Forces Air Transport Command for

2923-463: The French had colonised the island, the Viceroy of Brazil, the Count of Galveias, sent scouts that verified the occupation, on 26 September 1736. King John V of Portugal determined that the French troops and colonisers were expelled, dispatching a royal charter on 26 May 1737 designating the Governor of Pernambuco, Henrique Luís Pereira Freire de Andrade, to comply with the resolution. At the same time,

3002-650: The Natal- Dakar air route. It provided a transoceanic link between Brazil and French West Africa for cargo, transiting aircraft and personnel during the Allies campaign in Africa. Brazil transferred the airport to the jurisdiction of the United States Navy on 5 September 1944. After the end of the war, the administration of the airport was transferred back to the Brazilian Government. The geographic position of

3081-546: The Port, both of natural characteristics. The main one, South Channel , has 260 m of width and 3.4 km (2.11 mi) of extension approximately, with a depth of 10.5 m. The other, denominated North Channel , has little width, about 1.00 km (0.6 mi) of length, and a depth of 6.5 m, and it is used only by small size vessels. In 2010 the port handled 1.9 million tons of cargo, and the main loads are sugar, wheat, corn, barley, malt, fertilizers, clinker and kelp. Road access to

3160-704: The Portuguese Alberto Cantino , in the latter with the name "Quaresma". Based on the written record, Fernando de Noronha island was discovered on August 10, 1503, by a Portuguese expedition, organized and financed by a private commercial consortium headed by the Lisbon merchant Fernão de Loronha . The expedition was under the overall command of captain Gonçalo Coelho and carried the Italian adventurer Amerigo Vespucci , who wrote an account of it. The flagship of

3239-509: The Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral explored in 1500, the southern coast of Greenland , explored in the late 1490s, and the African coast of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans with remarkable accuracy and detail. It was valuable at the beginning of the sixteenth century because it showed detailed and up-to-date strategic information in a time when geographic knowledge of the world was growing at

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3318-457: The Third Armada may have discovered Fernando de Noronha island on their outward leg. However, the timing is very tight: Easter landed on April 11, 1501, while the estimated departure date of the Third Armada from Lisbon ranges from March 5 to April 15, not leaving enough time to reach those environs within Lent. As a result of these anomalies, some modern historians have proposed that Fernando de Noronha

3397-457: The airport averted a major air disaster on July 21, 1950. A BOAC Canadair C-4 Argonaut , with a crew of 7 and 12 passengers, en route to Natal from Dakar encountered severe engine problems which resulted, at one point, in both engines on the starboard wing being shut down. With only two functioning engines on the port wing, the reduction in power output caused the aircraft to steadily lose altitude from its normal cruising altitude of 20000 ft at

3476-412: The central warehouse on Fernando de Noronha island, which was intermittently visited by a larger transport ship that would carry the collected loads back to Europe. After the expiration of Loronha's commercial charter in 1512, the organization of the brazilwood enterprise was taken over by the Portuguese crown, but Loronha and his descendants retained private ownership of Fernando de Noronha island itself as

3555-574: The charts of South America were in doubt. To resolve this, the Admiralty instructed Captain Robert FitzRoy to command HMS  Beagle on a survey expedition. One of its essential tasks was a stop at Fernando Noronha to confirm its exact longitude, using the 22 chronometers on board the ship to give the precise time of observations. They arrived at the island in the late evening of 19 February 1832, anchoring at midnight. On 20 February FizRoy landed

3634-621: The discovery. This returning supply ship would have returned north along the Brazilian coast and might have come across Fernando de Noronha island, and reported its existence in Lisbon by July 1500. However, this contradicts the Quaresma name, since the returning supply ship was sailing well after Lent. A fourth possibility is that it was discovered by the Third India Armada of João da Nova , which set out from Lisbon in March or April 1501, and returned in September 1502, also in time to influence

3713-464: The domestic cat and the tegu lizard have become invasive. The island is divided between the Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park and the Fernando de Noronha Environmental Protection Area . The latter covers the urban, tourist area. Tourism including dolphin watching , diving , and charter fishing comprise the majority of the island's economy. The archipelago of Fernando de Noronha in 2005 had

3792-687: The earliest studies of the map, suggests that the Cantino Planisphere was ordered to an official Portuguese mapmaker, who made a copy of the royal cartographic pattern, the so-called Padrão Real , kept in the Armazéns da Índia . However, there is no historical evidence that such order was ever made and the theory is weakened by the presence of numerous mistakes. One would expect a carefully made copy of an official standard, if it existed in Portugal at that time, would be accurate. A more plausible explanation

3871-407: The eponymous main island is inhabited; it has an area of 18.4 km (7.1 sq mi) and a population estimated at 3,101 in 2020. While most of the archipelago is relatively low-lying, there are parts reaching more than 100 m (328 ft) in elevation. The islands are administratively unique in Brazil. They form a "state district" ( distrito estadual ) that is administered directly by

3950-417: The expedition hit a reef and foundered near the island. On Coelho's orders, Vespucci anchored at the island, and spent a week there, while the rest of the Coelho fleet went on south. In his letter to Soderini, Vespucci describes the uninhabited island and reports its name as the "island of St. Lawrence" (August 10 is the feast day of St. Lawrence ; it was a custom of Portuguese explorations to name locations by

4029-423: The government of the state of Pernambuco (despite being closer to the state of Rio Grande do Norte ). The state district's jurisdiction also includes the very remote Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago , located 625 km (337 nmi; 388 mi) northeast of Fernando de Noronha. Seventy percent of the islands' area was established in 1988 as a national marine park . In 2001, UNESCO designated it as

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4108-411: The information brought by the fleet of João da Nova , who arrived in Lisbon in September 1502. In the third phase the island named quaresma , together with some names written in cursive would have been added. The European rediscovery of Greenland is thought to have been by João Fernandes Labrador and Pedro de Barcelos between 1495 and 1498, and also visited by Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot), in

4187-527: The island and Vespucci's ship's loss is unknown. Some have speculated this captain was Loronha himself, the chief financier of this expedition. This account, reconstructed from the written record, is challenged by the cartographic record. An island, named Quaresma , looking very much like Fernando de Noronha island, appears in the Cantino planisphere . The Cantino map was composed by an anonymous Portuguese cartographer, and completed before November 1502, well before

4266-405: The island facing the mainland has the beaches in the following order: Baía do Sancho, Baía dos Porcos, Praia da Cacimba do Padre, Praia do Bode, Praia dos Americanos, Praia do Boldró, Praia da Conceição, Praia do Meio and Praia do Cachorro. The part of the island facing the Atlantic Ocean has only three beaches: Praia do Leão, Praia do Sueste and Praia do Atalaia. A great way to get to know the island

4345-483: The island some time in March 1502, on the homeward voyage, well within Lent. A third theory is that the island had already been discovered in 1500, shortly after the discovery of Brazil by the Second India Armada under Pedro Álvares Cabral . After his brief landfall at Porto Seguro , Cabral dispatched a supply ship under either Gaspar de Lemos or André Gonçalves (sources conflict) back to Lisbon, to report

4424-399: The island to collect Vespucci, did not find him or anyone else there, and went back to Lisbon by itself with the news. Vespucci, in his letter, claims that he left the island August 18, 1503, and upon his arrival in Lisbon a year later, on June 18, 1504, the people of Lisbon were surprised, as they "had been told" that his ship had been lost. The captain who returned to Lisbon with the news of

4503-480: The island was on the 1503 Coelho expedition. There is a letter written by Venetian emissary Pascualigo on October 12, 1502, saying that a ship arrived "from the land of Parrots" in Lisbon on July 22, 1502 (three months before Vespucci). This could be a stray ship from the mapping expedition that returned prematurely, or another expedition altogether, about which there is no information. The timing of its reputed arrival (July 1502), makes it possible that it stumbled on

4582-552: The islands recently [discovered]... in part of the Indies: from Alberto Cantino to Duke Hercole". While it enlightened the Italians to many new territories yet unknown to them, it was made obsolete within months by subsequent Portuguese mapping voyages. Nevertheless, its importance to the Portuguese–Italian trade relations should not be understated; this map provided the Italians with knowledge of Brazil's coastline and that of much of

4661-647: The limitations of its delicate ecosystem . In addition to the historical interest noted above, the archipelago has been the subject of the attention of various scientists dedicated to the study of its flora , fauna , geology , etc. The jurisdiction is considered to be a separate "entity" by the DX Century Club , and so is visited rather often by amateur radio operators. In 2001, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) declared Fernando de Noronha, with Rocas Atoll,

4740-572: The main areas of production in the state, tying the Port of Recife respectively: to the capitals of the states placed to the north of Pernambuco (north log); to the cities of the interior of the State (log west); and to the cities of Maceió and Aracaju (south log). The International Airport of Guararapes is 14 km (8.6 mi) away from the Port going in a Southwest direction. Recife Port official website Fernando de Noronha Fernando de Noronha ( Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: [feʁˈnɐ̃du dʒi noˈɾoɲɐ] ), officially

4819-521: The main island. The beaches of Fernando de Noronha are promoted for tourism and recreational diving. The most popular ones include Baía do Sancho, Pig Bay, Dolphins Bay, Sueste Bay and Praia do Leão. Due to the South Equatorial Current that pushes warm water from Africa to the island, diving to depths of 30 to 40 m (98 to 131 ft) does not require a wetsuit. The visibility underwater can reach up to 50 m (164 ft). The part of

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4898-464: The name of the captain of this 1501 mapping expedition, and his identity has been widely speculated on. The 16th-century chronicler Gaspar Correia suggests that it was André Gonçalves ( Lendas da India , p.152 ). Greenlee (1945) conjectures that it might be Fernão de Loronha himself (a hypothesis also suggested by Duarte Leite (1923)). However, this is strongly disputed by other authors, e.g. Roukema (1963), who argue that it would be highly unlikely for

4977-518: The newly discovered western lands on the highly influential wall map of the world produced by Martin Waldseemüller in 1507 under the auspices of Rene, Duke of Lorraine. This old map, made of six glued parchment sheets, was kept in the Ducal Library, Ferrara , for about 90 years, until Pope Clement VIII transferred it to another palace in Modena , Italy. More than two centuries later, in 1859,

5056-600: The palace was ransacked and the Cantino Map lost. It was found by Giuseppe Boni, Director of the Biblioteca Estense, in that same year, in a butcher's store in Modena. The Cantino world map can currently be found in Modena , Italy, at the Biblioteca Estense . The Cantino planisphere is the earliest extant example of the so-called latitude chart , which was developed following the introduction of astronomical navigation, during

5135-609: The port of Recife is accomplished, mainly, through the federal highways BR-232 (linking the interior of the state) and BR-101 (linking to other States to the north and the south of the State of Pernambuco). The main producing and consuming centers of the interior of the state and of the rest of the Northeast , are linked to Port by paved highways. Three lanes of the Railways of Companhia Ferroviária do Nordeste (CFN), Northeastern Railway Company, serve

5214-518: The portolan-chart model ). The construction of the rhumb line system in the Cantino planisphere uses two circles (some charts use only one, others use as many as three, depending on size): the western circle is centered on the Cape Vert islands, the eastern circle is centered in India. The circumference of each circle is marked with sixteen equally spaced points, from which radiate the 32 classic rhumbs: 0°, 11 1/4°, 22 1/2°, 33 3/4°, etc. The western and eastern outer circles are tangent to each other at

5293-513: The rest. The central upland of the main island is called the Quixaba. The United Nations Environment Programme lists 15 possible endemic plant species, including species of the genera Capparis noronhae (two species), Ceratosanthes noronhae (three species), Cayaponia noronhae (two species), Moriordica noronhae, Cereus noronhae , Palicourea noronhae , Guettarda noronhae , Bumelia noronhae , Physalis noronhae , and Ficus noronhae . The islands have two endemic birds :

5372-468: The right that this is the "land of the King of Nubia, the king of which is continuously making war on Prester John and is a moor and a great enemy of Christians". By the time of the map's creation, European voyages had made landfall across the Atlantic Ocean. Christopher Columbus had completed his first three voyages to a land that he called both Cuba and Asia. John Cabot had completed three voyages from Bristol under Henry VII of England . Very little

5451-448: The second half of the fifteenth century. Contrary to the portolan charts of the Mediterranean, which were constructed on the basis of magnetic courses and estimated distances between places, in the latitude chart, places were represented according to their latitudes. In the Cantino planisphere, latitudes were incorporated only in the coasts of Africa, Brazil and India, while Europe and the Caribbean Sea continued to be represented according to

5530-492: The voyages of Columbus, Cabot, and Corte Real. Other maps depicting the same land include the Caverio map , the maps of Martin Waldseemüller , and the Johannes Schöner globes . These describe the land variously as Terra ultra incognita ("Land beyond unknown"), Vlterius incognita terra ("Land further beyond unknown"), Terra de Cvba ("Land of Cuba"), Parias (a native place name from Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci ), and Asie partis ("Part of Asia"). The Brazilian coast

5609-462: Was a buzzing metropolis where people from diverse backgrounds came in search of work, glory or fortune. There were also many undercover agents looking for the secrets brought by the Portuguese voyages to remote lands. Among them was Alberto Cantino, who was sent to Portugal by Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara , with the formal intention of horse trading , while secretly collecting information on Portuguese discoveries . A popular theory, introduced in

5688-457: Was a political prison . In 1957 the prison was closed and the archipelago was visited by President Juscelino Kubitschek . However, in 1964 after a military coup , Miguel Arraes was incarcerated there for his refusal to resign as governor of Pernambuco. At the beginning of the 20th century, the British arrived to provide technical cooperation in telegraphy ( The South American Company ). Later

5767-448: Was certainly the last to be added and reached its present form in three phases: to the first belong an initial coastline running to southeast from Golfo fremosso to Cabo Sam Jorge , and from there, to north of Porto Seguro , continuing further south to the tip of the landmass. An inscription off Porto Seguro records the discovery and naming of Vera Cruz, as Brazil was initially called: Porto Seguro. Vera Cruz, so called by this name,

5846-476: Was discovered by the returning stray ship or unrecorded expedition on March 16, 1502, well within Lent. The name "São João" eventually gave way to the initially informal name of "Fernando de Noronha". A royal letter dated May 20, 1559, to descendants of the Loronha family, still refers to the island by its official name of ilha de São João ., but already in other places, e.g. the logbook of Martim Afonso de Sousa in

5925-448: Was discovered in 1500. Only a relatively small portion of the coast, between the flag near the Vera cruz inscription and the northern side of the baia de todos os santos would have been surveyed, in 1500, by the fleet of Pedro Álvares Cabral . To the second phase belongs the pasting of the strip of parchment between Rio de sã franc° and Golfo fremosso , which would have been based on

6004-528: Was found by Pedro Alvares Cabral, a gentleman of the household of the King of Portugal, which he discovered in going as commander of fourteen ships that the King sent to Calicut and, on the way to India, he came across this land here, which he thought to be mainland [terra firma], in which there are many people who are observed, men and women, to walk about as naked as their mothers bore them: they are rather fair-skinned than reddish brown and have very slick hair. This land

6083-440: Was known about Cabot's third voyage, including whether Cabot ever returned to England. While sailing to Greenland, known but little understood by contemporary Europeans, João Fernandes Lavrador made landfall on a nearby coast. Gaspar Corte-Real and his brother Miguel , members of the Portuguese royal household, sailed West under Manuel I of Portugal to find a Northwest Passage to Asia. Newfoundland , visited in 1500 and 1501 by

6162-669: Was sent out in May 1501, commanded by an unknown captain (possibly André Gonçalves ) and also accompanied by Amerigo Vespucci. The 1501 mapping expedition is also known as the "Third Voyage" of Amerigo Vespucci (and his first under the Portuguese flag). Vespucci relates the account of this expedition twice - first in a letter to Lorenzo Pietro Francesco di Medici, written in early 1503 (see ( account ) in Letter do Medici ), and then again in his letters to Piero Soderini, written 1504-05 ([account] in Letter to Soderini ). In his account, Vespucci does not mention

6241-501: Was very beautiful, & large Magnolias & Laurels & trees covered with delicate flowers ought to have satisfied me. — But I am sure all the grandeur of the Tropics has not yet been seen by me. — We had no gaudy birds, No humming birds. No large flowers". His experiences on Fernando de Noronha were recorded in his journal, later published as The Voyage of the Beagle . He also included

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