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70-529: The river is a popular destination for canoeing and kayaking. It passes through many natural and man-made lakes to its final destination at Akwesasne on the Saint Lawrence River . The river is the source of 27 hydroelectric plants operated by Brookfield Power, which at capacity can produce up to 181 megawatts of power. Historically, the river was a part of the "Highway of the Adirondacks", by which it

140-703: A " Carlisle Indian Boarding School in Reverse", teaching Mohawk language and culture. Located at the ancient homeland of the Kanienkehaka (Mohawk), it was re-established in September 1993 under the leadership of Thomas R. Porter (Sakokwenionkwas-"The One Who Wins"). The community must raise their own revenue and frequently hold cultural presentations, workshops, and academic events, including an annual Strawberry Festival. A craft shop on site features genuine handmade Native crafts from all over North America. The primary mission of

210-493: A distinctly separate people and spoke a branch of Iroquoian called Laurentian . But by the time Samuel de Champlain explored the same area 75 years later in the early 1600s, the villages had disappeared. Historians theorize that the stronger Mohawk from the South waged war against the St. Lawrence Iroquoians to get control of the fur trade and hunting along the river valley. By 1600,

280-562: A large number of morphemes . Mohawk expresses a number of distinctions on its pronominal elements: person (1st, 2nd, 3rd), number (singular, dual, plural), gender (masculine, feminine/indefinite, feminine/neuter) and inclusivity/exclusivity on the first person dual and plural. Pronominal information is encoded in prefixes on the verbs; separate pronoun words are used for emphasis. There are three main paradigms of pronominal prefixes: subjective (with dynamic verbs), objective (with stative verbs), and transitive. There are three core components to

350-666: A location in Hamilton County, New York is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a location in St. Lawrence County, New York is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in New York is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Akwesasne The Mohawk Nation at Akwesasne ( / ˌ æ k w ə ˈ s æ s n eɪ / AK -wə- SAS -neh ; French : Nation Mohawk à Akwesasne ; Mohawk : Ahkwesáhsne )

420-467: A noun. For example: 1) oʼ nenste "corn" 2) o ienʼkwa "tobacco" Here, the prefix o- is generally found on nouns found in natural environments. Another prefix exists which marks objects that are made by humans. 3) ka nhoha "door" 4) kaʼ khare "slip, skirt" Here, the prefix ka- is generally found on human-made things. Phonological variation amongst the Mohawk dialects also gives rise to

490-546: A short documentary film released in 2016 that explores personal experiences with Mohawk language revitalization in Tyendinaga , a Mohawk community roughly 200 kilometres east of Toronto , Ontario, Canada. The film was set to be shown at the 4th annual Ethnografilm festival in Paris, France . The Mohawk language is used in the 2017 film Mohawk , the 1991 film Black Robe , and the 2020 television series Barkskins . The language

560-597: A three-year term. The Tribal Clerk is chosen every third year. In 1960, First Nations people were enfranchised in Canada. In 1985, Status Indians who voted in a Canadian election were allowed to retain their status. Previously they would have become non-Status, as per the Indian Act . It is uncertain how many Akwesasro꞉non participate in Canadian elections. Akwesasne is currently represented in Canada's Parliament by: Akwesasne

630-557: Is a Kanienʼkehá꞉ka (Mohawk) word meaning "at the rapids". Here, additional First Nations joined the community, converting to Roman Catholicism ; the Mohawk dominated in number. During the colonial years, this community participated in the fur trade . Some men regularly traveled to Albany, New York for better prices from the English and Dutch than the French were willing to give. In addition, warriors and families became involved in raiding and

700-434: Is a Mohawk Nation ( Kanienʼkehá:ka ) territory that straddles the intersection of international ( United States and Canada ) borders and provincial ( Ontario and Quebec ) boundaries on both banks of the St. Lawrence River . Although divided by an international border, the residents consider themselves to be one community. They maintain separate police forces due to jurisdictional issues and national laws. The community

770-526: Is an exonym . In the Mohawk language, the people say that they are from Kanien:ke ('Mohawk Country' or "Flint Stone Place") and that they are Kanienʼkehá꞉ka "People of the Flint Stone Place" or "People of the Flint Nation". The Mohawks were extremely wealthy traders, as other nations in their confederacy needed their flint for tool-making. Their Algonquian-speaking neighbors (and competitors),

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840-515: Is currently classified as threatened, and the number of native speakers has continually declined over the past several years. Mohawk has the largest number of speakers among the Northern Iroquoian languages, and today it is the only one with more than a thousand remaining speakers. At Akwesasne , residents have founded a language immersion school (pre-K to grade 8) in Kanienʼkéha to revive

910-462: Is located near Montreal, many individuals speak both English and French, and this has contributed to a decline in the use of Mohawk language over the past century. The Mohawk Survival School, the first immersion program was established in 1979. The school's mission was to revitalize Mohawk language. To examine how successful the program had been, questionnaire was given to the Kahnawake residents following

980-505: Is represented in the: In 1924, Native Americans were enfranchised in the United States if they had not been previously; by that time, two-thirds were already citizens. During the era of Indian Removal of the 1830s, Native Americans who chose to stay in historic territories became state and federal citizens; those who moved with their tribes to Indian Territory were not considered citizens. As Native American lands were purchased during

1050-529: Is the "traditional" governing and religious body of the Mohawk (Kahniakehaka) people. The MNCC operates as a member nation of the Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee . The Mohawk Council of Akwesasne (MCA) is a government whose representatives are elected within the northern districts of the territory on the Canadian side of the border. The MCA was developed from the Indian Bands system introduced by

1120-529: The American Revolutionary War . With settlement of the border between Canada and the United States in the early 19th century, a larger portion of the territory was defined as being within the United States. The portion in New York state is known as the federally recognized St. Regis Mohawk Reservation . The portion in Ontario is referred to as Akwesasne Reserve No. 59 ( Mohawk : Kawehnò:ke ), and

1190-604: The Diocese of Alexandria-Cornwall and the Diocese of Valleyfield in Canada, and the Diocese of Ogdensburg in New York. Following passage of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the United States federal government encouraged the tribe to adopt a constitution and elected government. The Mohawk chose to retain their traditional system of hereditary chiefs. In the 1940s, Ernest Benedict founded Akwesasne's first newspaper, Kawehras! ("It Thunders!"). Benedict covered

1260-613: The French and Indian War ), the French wanted to keep the Mohawk as allies, and away from English influence. The Tarbell brothers were born to English colonists in Groton, Massachusetts . They had been taken captive as children in 1707 along with their older sister Sarah, then 14, during Queen Anne's War . John and Zachariah were 12 and 8, respectively. The three children were taken by the French and Abenaki raiders some 300 miles to Montreal. They all became Catholic and were renamed. Sarah/Marguerite

1330-464: The Indian Act of Canada and the Act's historical and legal predecessors. They are known to Canada as Mohawks of Akwesasne Bands 59 and 15 . The MCA operates as a non-partisan , representative democracy , divided into three geographic and administrative districts. The districts are Kana:takon (Saint Regis, Quebec), Kawehno:ke (Cornwall Island, Ontario) and Tsi Snaihne (Snye, Quebec). The several islands of

1400-657: The Seven Nations of Canada . It is one of several Kanienʼkehá꞉ka (Mohawk), meaning "people of the flint" in Mohawk, territories within present-day Canada; others are Kahnawake , Wahta , Tyendinaga , Kanesatake , and the Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation (which includes several subdivisions of Mohawk, the other five nations of the Iroquois League , and some other Native American tribes), founded after

1470-563: The American Continental Army , from the west. When Forster agreed, Lorimier went to Akwesasne, where he recruited 100 warriors for battle. The British-allied forces took some American prisoners during the encounters, but these were later freed. In the early 1800s, non-indigenous settlers leased a part of the Akwesnasne reserve located in mainland Quebec, known as Dundee . In 1888, the superintendent of Indian Affairs requested that

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1540-485: The Bible and liturgy into Mohawk. They observed Mohawk customs, for instance, refusing to marry individuals who belonged to the same clan . Through the 18th and 19th centuries, they maintained parish registers that recorded the Mohawk names of individuals for life events, even when the people had taken European names as well. At the time of the American Revolutionary War , the Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca and Cayuga were allied with

1610-598: The British against the rebel American colonists. Forced to cede most of their remaining lands in New York to the new government after the colonists' victory, many of the Iroquois people migrated to Canada, where many settled at the Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation . Some Mohawk joined the growing community at Akwesasne. Under the Jay Treaty , the Iroquois retained rights to cross the newly established borders between Canada and

1680-504: The Great Lakes began adopting the cultivation of maize . By the 14th century, Iroquoian -speaking peoples, later called the St. Lawrence Iroquoians , had created fortified villages along the fertile valley of what is now called the St. Lawrence River. Among their villages were Stadacona and Hochelaga , visited in 1535–1536 by French explorer Jacques Cartier . While they shared certain culture with other Iroquoian groups, they were

1750-567: The Mohawk Nation Council of Chiefs (traditional government), the elected Mohawk Council of Akwesasne in the North, and Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe in the South. The latter are the two recognized by the governments of Canada and the United States, respectively, as well as by lower-level jurisdictions such as provinces and states. The Mohawk Nation Council of Chiefs (MNCC, colloquially "the Longhouse")

1820-459: The Mohawk proposition: the noun, the predicate, and the particle. Mohawk words can be composed of many morphemes. What is expressed in English in many words can often be expressed by just one Mohawk word, a phenomenon known as polysynthesis . Nouns are given the following form in Mohawk: Noun prefixes give information relating to gender, animacy, number and person, and identify the word as

1890-471: The Mohawk used the valley for hunting grounds and as a path for war parties. In the early 17th century, some Christian Iroquois (primarily Mohawk, but also some Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca) migrated from present-day New York to Kahnawake (formerly known as Caughnawaga, after their village along the Mohawk River), a Catholic mission village established by French Jesuits south of Montreal . Kahnawake

1960-528: The People of Muh-heck Heek Ing ("food-area place"), a people called by the Dutch " Mohicans " or "Mahicans", called the People of Ka-nee-en Ka "Maw Unk Lin" or Bear People . The Dutch heard and wrote that as "Mohawks" and so the People of Kan-ee-en Ka are often referred to as Mohawks . The Dutch also referred to the Mohawk as Egils or Maquas . The French adapted those terms as Aigniers or Maquis , or called them by

2030-668: The SRMT. Mohawk language Mohawk ( / ˈ m oʊ h ɔː k / ) or Kanienʼkéha ("[language] of the Flint Place") is an Iroquoian language currently spoken by around 3,500 people of the Mohawk nation , located primarily in current or former Haudenosaunee territories, predominately Canada (southern Ontario and Quebec ), and to a lesser extent in the United States (western and northern New York ). The word "Mohawk"

2100-496: The St. Lawrence River within the jurisdiction of the Mohawk Council of Akwesasne are generally counted as being a part of the nearest mainland. General elections are held triennially, with 12 representatives (Chiefs) chosen from the districts and one Grand Chief. Each district elects four Chiefs, and all districts vote at-large to elect a Grand Chief. Thus the council is 12 plus 1. A by-election may also be held if one or more of

2170-403: The St. Lawrence River. In the 1990s, the people of Akwesasne raised money in a variety of ways to fund a renovation of their St. Regis Church. They wrote a history of the church and its priests. The three main areas: Others: Akwesasne borders the towns of Brasher, New York, Fort Covington , New York and Bombay , New York. Sections of the southeastern portion of Akwesasne are considered by

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2240-654: The St. Regis Reservation. In 1969, Benedict founded the North American Indian Travelling College (now known as the Native North American Travelling College), which serves as a cultural centre, publishing house, and resource for classes and lectures at Akwesasne and beyond. It operates an art gallery and theatre at Akwesasne. In the late 1960s, a period of heightened Native American activism, Benedict also started Akwesasne Notes . The newspaper became highly influential and

2310-529: The Town of Bombay to be within the town's jurisdiction but the tribe disputes this. To the west is the Town of Massena, New York . Many islands in the St. Lawrence River are part of Akwesasne. Generally the Akwesasro꞉non are majority English-speaking in daily use. On the Canadian parts of the territory, Akwesasne borders the towns of Cornwall, Ontario , and Dundee, Quebec . Akwesasne is governed by three bodies:

2380-525: The United States in order to maintain their trade and tribal ties. In 1806, Catholic Cayuga, Oneida and Onondaga from Ogdensburg, New York , joined the St. Regis band. The Battle of the Cedars ( French : Les Cèdres ) was a series of military confrontations, early in the American Revolutionary War , which involved limited combat. The actions took place between May 19–27, 1776, at and around Les Cèdres, Quebec (located 28 mi (45 km) west of Montreal), in

2450-496: The accused and plaintiff. The members of the legal team are not required to have a law degree but are required to complete training and are approved by a review commission. Akwesasne has five elementary schools on the territory. Generally, Akwesasnro:non travel off the reservation for secondary education. Post-secondary education is offered on the reservation through Iohahi:io Akwesasne Education & Training Institute and State University of New York (SUNY) extension programs with

2520-598: The band surrender this land. A surrender was given, but the first nation always contested its validity, as it was not their intention to surrender the land. In December 2018, the First Nation of Akwesnasne accepted a specific claim settlement of $ 240M for the Dundee parcel, 37 years after the claim was first filed with the government of Canada . Kana:takon School, originally called the Saint Regis Village School,

2590-484: The community is to try to preserve traditional values, culture, language and lifestyles in the guidance of the Kaienerekowa (Great Law of Peace). Kanatsiohareke, Inc. is a non-profit organization under IRS code 501c3. In 2006, over 600 people were reported to speak the language in Canada, many of them elderly. Kahnawake is located at a metropolitan location, near central Montreal , Quebec , Canada. As Kahnawake

2660-659: The end of a word or before a voiceless sound. /s/ is voiced word initially and between vowels. Mohawk has oral and nasalized vowels ; four vowel qualities occur in oral phonemes /i e a o/ , and two only occur as nasalized vowels ( /ʌ̃ ũ/ ). Vowels can be long or short. Mohawk words have both stress and tone , and it can be classified as a restricted tone system (aka pitch-accent system). Stressed vowels carry one of four tonal configurations, two of which are contour tones : high, low, rising and falling tones. Contour tones only occur in syllables with long vowels. Stress, vowel length and tone are connected in Mohawk phonology. In

2730-404: The federal government continued to require the tribe to hold elections. Both the federal government and New York State encouraged the tribe to adopt representative elected government, but they resisted. They were put on the congressional list for termination in the 1950s, as part of a policy assuming that assimilation was best for Native Americans, but Congress did not approve the termination of

2800-625: The first year. The results indicated that teaching towards younger generation have been successful and showed an increase in the ability to speak the language in private settings, as well as an increase in the mixing of Mohawk in English conversations were found. In 2011, there were approximately 3,500 speakers of Mohawk, primarily in Quebec, Ontario and western New York. Immersion (monolingual) classes for young children at Akwesasne and other reserves are helping to train new first-language speakers. The importance of immersion classes among parents grew after

2870-422: The following consonant clusters. All clusters can occur word-medially; those on a tinted background can also occur word-initially. ⟨th⟩ and ⟨sh⟩ are pronounced as consonant clusters, not single sounds like in English thing and she . The consonants /k/, /t/ and the clusters /ts kw/ are pronounced voiced before any voiced sound (i.e. a vowel or /j/ ). They are voiceless at

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2940-658: The game's main character, the half-Mohawk, half-Welsh Ratonhnhaké꞉ton , also called Connor, and members of his native Kanièn꞉ke village around the times of the American Revolution . Ratonhnhaké꞉ton was voiced and modelled by Crow actor Noah Bulaagawish Watts . Hiawatha , the leader of the Iroquoian civilization in Sid Meier's Civilization V , voiced by Kanentokon Hemlock, speaks modern Mohawk. The stories of Mohawk language learners are also chronicled in 'Raising The Words',

3010-522: The generic Iroquois . The Mohawks were the largest and most powerful of the original Five Nations , controlling a vast area of land on the eastern frontier of the Iroquois Confederacy. The North Country and Adirondack region of present-day Upstate New York would have constituted the greater part of the Mohawk-speaking area lasting until the end of the 18th century. The Mohawk language

3080-520: The hallway to recite the Thanksgiving Address in Mohawk. An adult immersion program was also created in 1985 to address the issue of intergenerational fluency decline of the Mohawk language. Kanatsiohareke (Gah-nah-jo-ha-lay-gay), meaning "Place of the clean pot", is a small Mohawk community on the north bank of the Mohawk River , west of Fonda, New York . Kanatsiohareke was created to be

3150-603: The language is represented, and the clusters /ts(i)/ , /tj/ , and /ky/ are written as pronounced in each community. The orthography matches the phonological analysis as above except: The low-macron accent is not a part of standard orthography and is not used in the Central or Eastern dialects. In standard orthography, ⟨h⟩ is written before ⟨n⟩ to create the [en] or [on] : kehnhó꞉tons 'I am closing it'. Mohawk words tend to be longer on average than words in English, primarily because they consist of

3220-603: The language. With their children learning it, parents and other family members are taking language classes, too. The radio station CKON-FM (97.3 on-air in Hogansburg, New York and Saint Regis, Quebec and widely available online through streaming), licensed by the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation, broadcasts portions of its programming in Kanienʼkéha . The call sign is a reference to the Mohawk word "sekon" (or "she:kon"), which means "hello". A Mohawk language immersion school

3290-556: The largest native newspaper in the world. Among its noted features were a series of posters included as centrefolds. A supporter gave the newspaper Edward Curtis photographs, which editors combined with quotes from Native American authors for the popular poster series. In 1987, the Akwesasne Task Force on the Environment was founded in response to environmental concerns, including PCB contamination from industries located along

3360-568: The later stages of the American colonial invasion of Quebec that began in September 1775. No casualties occurred. Claude de Lorimier , a British Indian agent from Montreal, traveled west to Oswegatchie (Ogdensburg, New York), where there was a fort garrisoned by a company of the 8th Regiment of Foot under the command of British Captain George Forster. De Lorimier proposed recruiting some Indians to launch an attack on Montreal, then held by

3430-709: The major Mohawk territories since the eighteenth century. The pronunciation of /r/ and several consonant clusters may differ in the dialects. The phoneme inventory of Mohawk is as follows (using the International Phonetic Alphabet ). An interesting feature of Mohawk (and Iroquoian) phonology is that there are no labials (m, p, b, f, v), except in a few adoptions from French and English, where [m] and [p] appear (e.g., mátsis "matches" and aplám "Abraham"); these sounds are late additions to Mohawk phonology and were introduced after widespread European contact. The Central ( Ahkwesáhsne ) dialect has

3500-417: The mission, then a more formal log church. In 1795 the Mohawk completed construction of a stone church, which still stands. Named after the French priest St. Jean-François Regis , the mission was the source of the French name of the adjacent Saint Regis River, an island in the St. Lawrence River, and the nearby village. The church was long a landmark to ships on the river approaching the rapids. In New York,

3570-423: The multi-cultural community of the Mohawk, who absorbed numerous captives into their tribe. Starting in 1755, French-Canadian Jesuit priests founded the St. Regis Mission at Akwesasne. The Tarbell brothers were listed among the founding chiefs, representing numerous clans as of 1759, in papers of Loran Kanonsase Pyke, the patriarch of Akwesasne's Pyke family. The Jesuits first built a log and bark church at

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3640-720: The name was later adopted to apply to the Saint Regis Mohawk Reservation. The villagers have since renamed their community Kana꞉takon ("the village", in Mohawk). After victory in the Seven Years' War , the British took over Canada and New France east of the Mississippi River . They allowed the Kanienʼkehá꞉ka to continue to have Catholic priests at their mission. The Jesuits helped preserve Mohawk culture, translating

3710-665: The nineteenth century and Native land claims were extinguished, more were classified as US citizens as they moved to reservations. Akwesasne is represented in the United States Senate by: Akwesasne is represented in the: In 2016, Akwesasne established an independent indigenous legal system and court to deal with non-criminal offenses within the reserve. The 32 new laws cover civil matters handled by an indigenous legal team director of public prosecution, public prosecutor and two justices. The system does not rely on jail terms but uses restorative justice to bring resolution between

3780-563: The passage of Bill 101 , and in 1979 the Mohawk Survival School was established to facilitate language training at the high school level. Kahnawake and Kanatsiohareke offer immersion classes for adults. In the 2016 Canadian census, 875 people said Mohawk was their only mother tongue. Mohawk dialogue features prominently in Ubisoft Montreal 's 2012 action-adventure open world video game Assassin's Creed III , through

3850-541: The portions in Quebec as Akwesasne Reserve No. 15  [ fr ] ( Mohawk : Kaná:takon & Tsi Snaíhne ). The name Akwesasne in Mohawk means "Land Where the Partridge Drums", referring to the rich wildlife in the area. Akwesasne territory incorporates part of the St. Lawrence River, the mouths of the Raquette and St. Regis rivers, and a number of islands in these three rivers. The eastern border of

3920-422: The prefix ga- . Noun roots are similar to nouns in English in that the noun root in Mohawk and the noun in English have similar meanings. (Caughnawaha) 5) –eri- "heart" 6) –hi- "river" 7) –itshat- "cloud" These noun roots are bare. There is no information other than the noun root itself. Morphemes cannot occur individually. That is, to be well-formed and grammatical, -eri- needs pronominal prefixes, or

3990-452: The resistance of many Mohawk to the system of elections imposed by the federal government on the "American" side of Akwesasne; it insisted on representative elections. On May 24, 1948, a vote was held in which "The Six Nations Chiefs", based on historic clans and hereditary office, received 83 votes. "The Elected Chiefs" received only one vote, and "The Seven Nations Chiefs" did not receive any votes. The elected chiefs resigned from office, but

4060-463: The seats become vacant. The Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe (SRMT) is a government elected by Mohawk Tribal citizens of the St. Regis Mohawk Reservation , a southern district of the territory within the border of the United States. The SRMT operates as a Constitutional republic. The Tribal Council is composed of three Chiefs, three Sub-Chiefs, and a Tribal Clerk. Elections are held each year on the first Saturday of June to choose one Chief and one Sub-Chief for

4130-483: The south. Because of the St. Lawrence River to the north, New York State, United States, to the south, and the absence of a road link to the rest of Quebec, to the east, the Quebec portion of the Akwesasne reserve is a practical exclave claimed by Canada. To travel by land from Tsi Snaihne (Snye or Chenail, Quebec) or Kana:takon (Saint Regis, Quebec) to elsewhere in Canada, one must drive through New York State. In Canada,

4200-523: The southern portion is formed by the St. Regis River. The territory is divided between north–south by the Canada–United States border . The northern portion is further divided by the Canadian provincial boundary between Ontario to the west and Quebec to the east. The Three Nations Crossing connects Kawehno:ke (Cornwall Island, Ontario) to the City of Cornwall in the north and Rooseveltown , New York in

4270-428: The standard spelling, a colon is placed after a vowel to lengthen it. There are 4 tones: mid, high, mid-low falling and mid-high rising, the latter two appear on long vowels (marked as V:). Mohawk orthography uses the following letters: ⟨a e h i k n o r s t w y⟩ along with ⟨’⟩ and ⟨꞉⟩ . The orthography was standardized in 1993. The standard allows for some variation of how

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4340-725: The territory within Ontario is called the Akwesasne 59 Indian Reserve , and the territory within Quebec is called the Akwesasne Indian Reserve. In the U.S. state of New York, the territory of Akwesasne coincides with what is called the federally recognized St. Regis Mohawk Reservation . This portion of Akwesasne is bisected by New York State Route 37 . This major state highway in the North Country of New York, extends for 127.4 mi (205.0 km) on an east–west axis. Beginning about 1000 AD , nomadic indigenous people around

4410-479: The traffic in captives during Queen Anne's War in the early 1700s between France and England. French and First Nations allies, including the Abenaki , would bring captives back to Kahnawake from New England settlements, often to be ransomed. Younger English children and women were sometimes adopted by Mohawk families and assimilated into the tribe. Due to exhaustion of land at Kahnawake and problems with traders' rum at

4480-493: The village, in the mid-1750s about 30 families migrated upriver about 20 leagues to set up a new community. Among the leaders were brothers and chiefs John and Zachariah Tarbell. Father Pierre-Robert-Jean-Baptiste Billiard accompanied the migrants as their priest. French officials supported the move, paying for a sawmill at the new mission. With tensions rising prior to the Seven Years' War (also known in North America as

4550-585: Was established. Mohawk parents, concerned with the lack of culture-based education in public and parochial schools, founded the Akwesasne Freedom School in 1979. Six years later, the school implemented a Mohawk language immersion curriculum based on a traditional cycle of fifteen seasonal ceremonies, and on the Mohawk Thanksgiving Address , or Ohén꞉ton Karihwatékwen, "The words before all else." Every morning, teachers and students gather in

4620-401: Was founded in the mid-18th century by Mohawk families from Kahnawake (also known as Caughnawaga), a Catholic Mohawk village that developed south of Montreal along the St. Lawrence River. Today Akwesasne has a total of 12,000 residents, with the largest population and land area of any Kanienʼkehá:ka community. From its development in the mid-eighteenth century, Akwesasne was considered one of

4690-447: Was possible to travel hundreds of miles by canoe or guideboat with short stretches of portage connecting various waterways. This route is still followed by the Northern Forest Canoe Trail , a 740-mile (1,190 km) canoe trail from Old Forge to Fort Kent in Maine . It is also the basis of the route of the Adirondack Canoe Classic , a three-day, 90-mile canoe race from Old Forge to Saranac Lake . This article about

4760-460: Was redeemed by a French couple and entered the Congregation of Notre Dame , a teaching order founded in Montreal by French women in 1653. Adopted by Mohawk families in Kahnawake, the two boys became thoroughly assimilated : learning the language and ways, and being given Mohawk names. They later each married daughters of chiefs and reared their children as Mohawk. They each became chiefs, and some of their sons also became chiefs. They were examples of

4830-490: Was run by the Catholic Sisters of Saint Anne until the 1970s. Today, the mission is still active and includes a rectory, the large stone church dating to 1795, and a cemetery. Parish records show that the Jesuits respected Mohawk traditions, recording their Mohawk names through the 18th and 19th centuries, even after they had also taken European names. The Roman Catholic parish at Akwesasne falls under three dioceses because of international borders and provincial boundaries:

4900-449: Was used throughout in the Marvel Studios animated series What If...? , in the season 2 episode " What If... Kahhori Reshaped the World? ", where they introduce an original Mohawk superhero named Kahhori. Mohawk has three major dialects: Western ( Ohswé:ken and Kenhté:ke ), Central ( Ahkwesáhsne ), and Eastern ( Kahnawà꞉ke and Kanehsatà꞉ke ); the differences between them are largely phonological. These are related to

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