Ayyavazhi ( Tamil : அய்யாவழி , Malayalam : അയ്യാവഴി Ayyāvaḻi [əjːaːvəɻi] , lit. ' Path of the Master ' ) is a Hindu denomination that originated in South India during the 19th century.
152-557: Rajakkamangalam is a block or Panchayat Union of Kanyakumari district , India . It is one of the nine administrative divisions of the district of Kanyakumari . The current president of the Rajakkamangalam Panchayat is R.Ayyappan . It includes the following 15 village panchayats, Research Centre: Centre for Marine Science and Technology is the research centre of Manonmaniam Sundaranar University for coastal aquaculture and marine biotechnology research activities. The centre
304-453: A Teri dune complex extends along the coast; sand dunes also stretch from Manakudi to Sothavilai . Additionally, sandy beaches and isolated boulders define the southern coastline. The Peninsular India is typically described as a highland with faulting on both sides. During the Archaean Eon , the eastern coast experienced faulting, whereas the faulting of the western coast, including
456-604: A broken rocky spur shapes into Marunthuvazh Malai , situated approximately 7 kilometres northwest of Kanyakumari . The Vellimalai in Kalkulam taluk and the Maruntuvazh malai in Agastheeswaram taluk are important isolated hills. The variations in altitude and climate across the hilly terrain of the district have led to a diverse vegetation profile, showcasing distinct representations of different land types. The highest hill within
608-444: A dense palisade of leaves over the water surface. Numerous marshy plants thrive between the reeds and along the margins. The plains, up to an elevation of 200 meters, are characterised by Southern tropical thorny forests . Notable locations within this ecosystem include Anjugramam , Vattakkottai, Kanniyakumari , Marunthuvazh Malai , Colachel , and Kuzhithurai . These forests support a variety of plant life. Common trees found in
760-740: A dharmic belief because of its central focus on dharma. Ayyavazhi first came to public attention in the 19th century as a Hindu sect. Vaikundar's activities and the growing number of followers caused a reformation and revolution in 19th-century Travancorean and Tamil society , surprising the feudal social system of South India. It also triggered a number of reform movements including those of Narayana Guru and Ramalinga Swamigal . Though Ayyavazhi followers are spread across India, they are primarily present in South India, especially concentrated in Tamil Nadu and Kerala . The number of practitioners
912-456: A festival itself is a unique feature to Ayyavazhi. Apart from this, there is a tri-yearly celebration of Kodiyettru Thirunal in Swamithope. Another unique feature is the celebration of every day as a festival in Swamithope,(exclusive to Swamithope) called as 'Nitham Thirunal' . In addition to the philosophical concepts and mythology, the rituals of Ayyavazhi evolved in their own way. Most of
1064-636: A minor river originates at an altitude of 950 m in the Velimalai hills and passes through Kothanalloor , Kalkulam, Eraniel , Thalakulam and Manavalakurichi before joining the Arabian Sea at Kadiapattanam. Along the way, it merges with the Thuvalar , another small river originating from the Mampazhathurai hills. Mullayar another minor river flows approximately 11 kilometres through Vilavancode taluk and joins
1216-580: A place within Vaikundar for the present age. Therefore, Vaikundar is said to be the only worshippable and supreme power. However, a quote from Akilam thirteen says this supreme oneness (Ekam) itself is created by Vaikundar, who is a personified God. In this regard, Ayyavazhi being centered on Vaikundar, is more monotheistic rather than monistic. No other god-heads, even the Father of Vaikundar, Narayana, have gained an equal or greater status than Vaikundar. Vaikundar
1368-410: A present and a future – meant by weaving together of empirical facts, historical events as well as mythical accounts. It moves around three axiomatic typologies, namely Santror , Kali Yukam and Dharma Yukam, placing their base on the concepts and events of previous yugas that are associated also with Hindu mythology . The basic concepts give a symbolic vision which is at once religious and social. It
1520-435: A rich variety of avifauna , with about 360 species recorded. Notably, 140 out of the 204 species of South Indian Passerine birds are found here. The House Crow is the most common bird, while the jungle crow is less frequently seen. Common babblers include the earthy-brown jungle babbler and the slimmer common babbler found in dry plains. Magpie-robins are usually seen near human habitations. Other common birds include
1672-528: A ritual language. The Muthirikkinaru and Thirunamam are treated religiously as if the Patham and Namam of them have the power to heal all sorts of mental as well as physical illness. Thuvayal thavasu is suggested as a training to reach the ultimate aim of Dharma Yukam. The use of the crown reveals that "all are kings", visualising an ideology similar to advaita . Also, Ayyavazhi scriptures succeeded very much in helping to understand these philosophical ideas to
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#17328560293051824-533: A rocky bed, steep banks, sharp curves, and frequent falls, the Kodayar remains largely untamed except for a few kilometres near its end. The Tirparappu Waterfalls along this river stands at approximately 13 meters. After covering 32 kilometres in Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks, the Kodayar merges with the Paraliyar to form the western Tambaraparani. It flows southwest through Kuzhithurai , Munchirai and evantually into
1976-528: A significant portion of this region indicates that the rocks underwent intense isoclinal folding , resulting in repeated bands. These folds align in a northwest–southeast direction and may have subsequently experienced cross-folding. These charnockites also occur as lenses and patches within the khondalites. Additionally, thin Pegmatite bodies and quartz veins intrude the khondalites. Tertiary-age Varkala beds appear as thin cappings south of Kaliyakkavilai near
2128-524: A social category in its connotation. In the social sense, it is believed that the term Santror fits rightly to the early "Chanars", who were called by the Arabs as "Al Hind", and known in biblical times as the "People of Five Rivers"; they are now scattered with more than 250 branches throughout the world. But in turn, in ideological sense and from the literary meaning of the term "Santror" in Tamil, it represents one who
2280-452: A teacher, healer and also a miracle worker. He was also said to be the forerunner of all social reformers of India. Akilam displayed sympathy for the laboring classes, and opposed to the often excessive taxes they were forced to pay. From the beginning the followers, fortified by the teachings, have also taken a strong stand against political oppression. This is most clearly seen in Akilam, where
2432-460: A varied topography with the sea on three sides and the mountains of the Western Ghats bordering the northern side. Except for a small stretch of land to the east of Kanniyakumari town, almost the entire district is sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea – the only district in Tamil Nadu state facing the Arabian Sea . Historically, Nanjinad and Edai Nadu, which comprise
2584-534: Is "one which undergoes different changes with respect to space and time " because of the evil force maya . All of creation evolved from this Ekam, the supreme consciousness. All the qualities of Ekam are within each soul, and evolve from it. Each and every individual soul is a reflection or mirror of the absolute Supreme, which provides the textual basis and metaphor for the mirror's role in Ayyavazhi worship . Human and all other souls are restricted and limited by
2736-662: Is a lotus carrying a flame-shaped white Namam . The lotus represents the 1,008-petalled Sahasrara (in Tamil , Ladam ), while the Namam represents the Aanma Jyothi or atman . Both of the Ayyavazhi scriptures refer to Thirunamam (the "flame-shaped symbol" present in the top of the Lotus in the Ayyavazhi symbol), but not to the lotus directly. The symbol is the ideological summary of Akilam-based philosophy. This symbol has been in use since
2888-506: Is a triune power who includes the qualities of the Santror, Narayana and Ekam within himself. In Ayyavazhi mythology, Kroni, a primordial evil manifestation, was fragmented into six and each fragment took birth and plays an anti-Vishnu role throughout the successive six yugas. He was finally destroyed by a final judgment which is followed by the god-ruled Dharma Yukam. This narration gives some dualistic dimension to Ayyavazhi theology. But since
3040-612: Is abundant in wildlife, with its hill forests showcasing a wide variety of fauna, representing most species of Southern India . The district’s fauna belongs to the Cis gangetic sub-region of the Indomalayan realm , with its hill fauna showing affinities with the Himalayas and the southwestern hill group in Sri Lanka . The district hosts ten orders of mammals . Four species of primates are found in
3192-510: Is adorned with significant avenue trees , including the Banyan , jungle jack , Eugenia , Portia tree , Tamarind and more. Common edible fruits—such as mangoes , jackfruit , custard apple , various plantain varieties , pineapple , guava , and more—contribute to local livelihoods. Oranges , lime , and pomegranate also flourish. Grape cultivation occurs in specific pockets. 329 plant species have been identified across 201 sacred groves in
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#17328560293053344-481: Is an accumulation of the core concepts found in Akilam. In Akilam, the ethical abstracts are pointed out as "told by God" at several places at different situations to lesser devas , saints , etc. whenever asked by them. Neetham is the primary virtue of Ayyavazhi. This shows how society, its people, the ruling king, etc., lived in absolute harmony with nature, placing the power of Almighty in all their works, deeds and activities during early ages. In return, nature and
3496-519: Is called the Centre for Marine Science and Technology with advance research activities in the areas of marine microbiology, nanobiotechnology, marine pharmacology, marine biodiversity, micro-algal technology, molecular biology, etc. The Rajakkamangalam estuary and Azhathangarai marsh land contains a coastal ecosystem with a mangroves habitat, sand dunes and sea turtle breeding site near Azhathangarai beach. The Rajakkamangalam estuary and Azhathangarai marsh land
3648-491: Is celebrated on the twentieth day of the Tamil month Masi (Feb – March). This is the only Ayyavazhi festival to be celebrated as per the Solar calendar . The mass procession conducted on this day from Nagercoil to Swamithoppe is a popular one in this part of the country. The Thiru Edu-Vasippu is a festival of seventeen days celebrated in the Tamil month of Karthigai (November–December). This celebration of textual reciting as
3800-447: Is centered on the life and preachings of Ayya Vaikundar ; its ideas and philosophy are based on the holy texts Akilathirattu Ammanai and Arul Nool . Accordingly, Ayya Vaikundar was the Purna avatar of Narayana . Ayyavazhi shares many ideas with Hinduism in its beliefs and practice, but differs considerably in its concepts of good and evil and dharma . Ayyavazhi is classified as
3952-421: Is closely linked to that of Hinduism. Akilam talks about the previous yugas and the evolution of Kroni through them. Events, mythical characters, and concepts are shared with Hinduism, though they may be engendered in different form. The number of Yugas and Avatars differs in Ayyavazhi from Hinduism. The personification of the entity of Evil for the current yuga, Kaliyan , is unique to Ayyavazhi. Akilam says that
4104-455: Is complex and differs considerably from other monistic religions. It speaks of Ekam, the Oneness from which all that exists formed, and also an ultimate oneness that exists behind all differences. The Ekam, which is articulated as the supreme divine power itself, is supposed to remain unaffected by maya deep inside every changeable matter as an absolute constant. In theological terms, God is, in
4256-415: Is considered one of the breeding and feeding grounds for many birds like painted stork, cormorant, spot billed pelicans, purple swaphen, dabchick, garganey, purple heron, open bill stork, black winged stilt, etc. This Kanyakumari district location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kanyakumari district Kanyakumari district , officially Kanniyakumari district ,
4408-489: Is divided into two revenue divisions: Nagercoil division and Padmanabhapuram division . These divisions are further subdivided into taluks , which are the basic administrative units. Each taluk is managed by a Tahsildar , who handles revenue collection, land records, and local administration. There are nine blocks within these taluks: Agastheeswaram , Rajakkamangalam , Thovalai , Kurunthancode , Thuckalay , Thiruvattar , Killiyoor , Munchirai , and Melpuram . Each block
4560-418: Is estimated to be between 8,000,000 and 10,000,000 although the exact number is unknown, since Ayyavazhis are reported as Hindus during censuses. Ayya in Tamil means 'Master' and vazhi , 'way'; the simple translation is "Master's way" or 'Father's way' Due to the diverse synonymous versions for the phrase in Tamil, it also leads to various other theories. Ayyavazhi began to be noticed initially by
4712-480: Is found on grasslands, while the common weaver bird or Baya weaver is seen in coconut groves of valleys and plains. The skylark is often heard in low country and on hills. Three species of sunbirds — Cinnyris zeylanicus, Cinnyris asiaticus , and Loten's sunbird — are frequently found in gardens. Common woodpeckers include the golden-backed woodpecker , the Yellow-fronted Pied Woodpecker, and
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4864-507: Is managed by a Block Development Officer. There is a municipal corporation in the district, the Nagercoil Municipal Corporation , four municipalities and 51 Town Panchayats , which are responsible for urban infrastructure, sanitation , and public services. Rural areas are governed by Panchayats , which are local self-government bodies responsible for village-level administration and development. The District includes
5016-506: Is more intense due to weaker winds. The region’s proximity to the Equator makes it hard to distinctly define the summer season and summers are significantly wetter than winters. Winters from January to February are mild and pleasant, with temperatures rarely dropping below 19°C (66°F). The district lies at the intersection of two distinct climate zones. To the northwest, the Malabar coast , west of
5168-445: Is noble and lives with dignity and supreme knowledge, giving an inclusive character and universal reach. Historians account that in ancient dravidian cultures, zealous devotees of God were called as 'Chanars'. A quote from Akilam also reads, "Chanars (Santror) are those who have the ability to see 'the invisible' constantly." The Santror are given a historical background in Ayyavazhi mythology as seven boys who were made to be born in
5320-492: Is one of the 38 districts of Tamil Nadu state and the southernmost district in mainland India . It stands second in terms of population density among the districts of Tamil Nadu . It is also the richest district in Tamil Nadu in terms of per capita income, and also tops the state in Human Development Index (HDI), literacy, and education. The district's headquarters is Nagercoil . Kanyakumari district has
5472-528: Is one of the 38 districts of Tamil Nadu state. The district is the birthplace of Ayyavazhi , the henotheistic belief initiated by Hari Gopalan Seedar , one among the 5 prime disciples of Ayya Vaikundar . The social, religious and cultural history of the 19th century Kanniyakumari district is intrinsically inter-twined with those of Ayyavazhi. Many historical assumptions persist in the district and state, which associate with sages namely Vyasa , Agastya , Tolkappiyar , Avvaiyar and Valluvar . The district
5624-584: Is recognized by DST-FIST, UGC-SAP, DRS by the Government of India. The centre is one of the very few institutes in India offering M.Sc., M.Phil and Ph.D in marine biotechnology. The centre is the offshoot of Madurai Kamaraj University, and later it was formed as the Institute of Artemia Research and Training inaugurated by Dr. J. Jayalalitha during early 1990s and later renamed as the Institute of Coastal Area Studies, and now
5776-770: Is situated between 77°15' and 77°36' east longitude and 8°03' and 8°35' north latitude. The district has borders with Tirunelveli district in the North & North East, the Gulf of Mannar in the East, the Indian Ocean in the South, the Arabian Sea in the West and the Thiruvananthapuram District ( Kerala ) in the West. Kanniyakumari district has a varied topography with sea on three sides and
5928-464: Is the chief administrative officer, responsible for overall administration, including law and order , revenue collection , and implementation of government schemes. The Superintendent of Police oversees the police force and maintains law and order in the district. The District Revenue Officer (DRO) assists the District Collector in revenue administration and land-related issues. The District
6080-606: Is the largest of the two bovines found in the forests, living in rock caves on hills up to an elevation of 5,000 feet. Small herds of bison frequent the sholas and grassy areas around the Muthukuzhi valley and the higher reaches of Asambu. The wild goat is usually confined to grassy slopes. Wild bears are found on the hills and jungles in herds. Additionally, aquatic dolphins and porpoises are found in river mouths and backwaters. Indian pangolins are also present in forests and surrounding valleys. The district’s forests support
6232-708: Is the only district in Tamil Nadu facing the Arabian sea . Pazhayar , the southernmost river in India, originates from the secondary range of the Western Ghats, draining Mahendragiri peak and nearby estates. Flowing through Thovalai and Agastiswaram taluks, the Pazhayar significantly supports irrigation. Its course spans approximately 37 kilometres, ultimately joining the Manakkudy Lagoon at Thamaraikulam . Notable places along
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6384-424: Is warm and humid, with significant rainfall during the monsoon Seasons . This tropical climate supports the region’s rich biodiversity and lush landscapes. As part of the Western Ghats , one of the world's eight hottest biodiversity hotspots, this district boasts a rich diversity of flora and fauna, many of which are endemic to the region. The area is home to several endangered and threatened species, including
6536-617: The Cheras , the Cholas , the Ays and the Nayaks . A few artefacts were unearthed by archaeological excavations in parts of the district. The district was part of the princely state of Travancore during the colonial times prior to India's independence ; four of the eight tehsils of Thiruvananthapuram district were separated to form the new district of Kanniyakumari in 1956 following the demands of reunion made by
6688-538: The Indian cobra are common, often found in tree hollows and dilapidated houses. Rat snakes are frequently seen and Pythons are found in dry sandy areas. Among amphibians , 34 species of frogs are present, including Rana aurantiaca , Ixalus travancoricus, and Ferguson's toad . The Indian Leaping frog is found around Kiripparai areas. The coastal area is known for its rich variety of fish, with nearly 370 species identified. Whale sharks and Saw fish are abundant in
6840-693: The Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency , which is represented in the Lok Sabha by a Member of Parliament . This constituency is divided into six assembly constituencies, each represented by a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly . The legislative assembly segments include Kanyakumari , Nagercoil , Colachal , Padmanabhapuram , Vilavancode , and Killiyoor . Ayyavazhi Ayyavazhi
6992-1375: The Legume family , the root parasites Aeginetia indica and pedunculata have also been recorded in the region. Moist deciduous forests : These forests occur around Kilaviaru mountains and Kalikesam river near Balamore and Vallachithode at an altitude of about 60 meters. Common trees include Acronychia pedunculata , Alstonia scholaris , Scleropyrum wallichianum , and Vateria indica . Lianas Gnetum and Derris thyrsiflora thrive in these areas. Lithophytic herbs like Begonia floccifera and Begonia malabarica are abundant around Kilaviyaru . Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests : These forests and found in Upper Kodayar , Muthukuzhivayal , and Mahendragiri above 800 meters. These dense, impenetrable forests receive heavy monsoon rains, supporting abundant epiphytic and terrestrial orchids . Tall trees with huge trunks include Aglaia bourdillonii , Cullenia exarillata , Dimocarpus longanetc . Climbers like Embelia basaal and Smilax zeylanica are common along with epiphytes Aeschynanthus perrottetii and Hoya pauciflora . Grasslands : At elevated altitudes in Muthukuzhivayal, Mahendragiri , and Upper Kodayar, distinct grasslands thrive. Within
7144-458: The Pahrali and Thamirabarani have their origin in this forest. The forests and jungles of Kanyakumari district host approximately 600 species of timber trees and 3,500 other plant species. The wetlands of Suchindrum and Arumanallur alone support numerous variety of floral and faunal species across hundreds of genera. New species are frequently being identified throughout the region. Out of
7296-571: The Payyan dynasty , is considered the leader of Ayyavazhi. The holy books of Ayyavazhi are the Akilattirattu Ammanai (commonly referred to as Akilam ) and the Arul Nool , and they are the source of the religion's mythology . The Akilattirattu Ammanai was written by Hari Gopalan Seedar in 1841, as if hearing the contents of Akilam told by Narayana to his consort Lakshmi . In addition to
7448-530: The South-west and the North-east monsoons . The region receives moderate rainfall, with the heaviest rains occurring from October to December due to the northeast monsoon which sometimes causes floods. The southwest monsoon, from June to September, also brings some rain, but its effects are less pronounced compared to other parts of India . The average rainfall of the district is 1456.8 mm per annum. From 2005 onwards
7600-627: The Southern Rufous woodpecker . The Malabar whistling thrush , a blue-black bird, is found near hilly streams. Paradise flycatchers often visit shady groves, gardens, and deciduous jungles with bamboo-clad regions. 87 bird species from 39 families and 15 orders, including omnivores , carnivores , piscivores , herbivores , granivores , and nectarivores , such as the Eurasian Spoonbill , Brahminy Starling , Glossy Ibis , Oriental White Ibis and Spot-billed Pelican have been observed around
7752-485: The Swamithoppe saltpans . The House sparrow is commonly found around human habitations. Parrots are mostly seen in hilly and woody areas while various varieties of Kingfishers including White-throated kingfisher , Common kingfisher and Pied kingfisher are found beside inundated paddy fields, ponds, kutcha wells and sandy seashores. Bee-eaters are very common. The Indian blue rock pigeons are seen all over
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#17328560293057904-702: The Thengapattanam estaury where it meets the sea. Originating north of Mahendragiri, the Paraliyar , another major river of the district flows southwesterly and passes out of the forest area a mile above Ponmanai where it encounters the Perunchani Dam . The Left Bank Channel supplies water from the Pechipparai reservoir before reaching the weir known as Puthen dam. The ancient Pandyan dam , built in Pandiyan era, across
8056-578: The Vivekanandan , the highly criticised VTV and the earliest and commonly accepted Palaramachandran version . Akilam contains more than 15,000 verses in seventeen sections. It is written in poetic Tamil in a ballad form, and is composed with a unique literal-style with two subgenres, Viruttam and Natai throughout. The secondary scripture, Arul Nool , includes various books that are believed to be written by Arulalarkal (one possessed by divine power). It contains prayers, hymns and instructions for
8208-483: The cuckoo , golden oriole and Indian robin which are frequently noted in dry areas. The tailorbird and the drongo or king crow often visit the countryside. The red-vented bulbul is seen in plains where food is plentiful and at elevations of about 4,000 feet. The Iora is found in gardens and groves. Among Shrikes , the Scarlet minivet is the most common, found in woody areas and evergreen jungles. The Common myna
8360-715: The pariah kite and the Brahminy kite . Among the birds of prey , the White-rumped vulture and the White scavenger vulture are prominent. Water birds are common along coastal backwaters, inundated paddy fields, and tanks. The White-breasted waterhen is often seen in marshy areas overgrown with reeds and bushes, and on the margins of ponds. Storks and Coots are frequently found in inundated paddy fields, tanks, ponds, and rivers. Comb ducks are observed at Suchindram and Theroor wetlands while four other species of ducks are common in
8512-489: The ponds , large associations of lotus and water lilies thrive, along with smaller Limnanthemum plants. Floating plants like Trapa bispinosa and pistia statistis cover water surfaces, often beneath the shade of big banyan trees. Submerged plants, including Ceratophyllum , Utricularia , and Chara , form a close tangle underwater. In shallow tanks and river basins, reeds flourish in marshy soil. These reeds consist of juncus , scirpus , cyperus , and typha , forming
8664-601: The sholas and moist deciduous forests , including the Bonnet macaque and Toque macaque at lower altitudes, and the Lion-tailed macaque and Nilgiri Langur at elevations above 2,000 feet. The Slender Loris of the order Lemuroidea occurs in the interior forests. Situated at the tail-end of the Central Asian Flyway , the region attracts numerous migratory birds from thousands of miles away. Tigers are found around
8816-606: The Arul Nool. Like Dharma, the other teachings of Ayyavazhi are twofold, sociological and mystical. The mystical teachings are devoted to revealing divine knowledge, while social teachings are primarily concerned with eliminating inequality and discrimination in society. The teachings encourage a positive relationship with God, as opposed to one based on fear. Followers are encouraged to refer to God as Ayya , "father", to strengthen their intimacy and affection towards God. Ayyavazhi mystics focus on supreme oneness. Among its variations,
8968-516: The Ayyavazhi scriptures are the basis of religious study on Ayyavazhi theology . But several terms quoted in Akilam couldn't be understood wholly unless by referring to the descriptive details of those terms in Hindu scriptures. For example, if the 96 tatvas are understood, then the Kaliyan is understood. Therefore, theologians and philosophers today turn to Hindu scriptures to further their understanding of
9120-547: The Black Rock estate which descend to lower reaches during October and November, occasionally entering bordering villages. Panthers inhabit moist deciduous forests and often prey on domesticated animals. Bears usually reside at elevations above 3,000 feet but sometimes descend to lower levels. Wild dogs are found in the lower hills of the Muthukuzhi valley, while the Indian Grey Mongoose and Jungle Cats are common in
9272-567: The Earth goddess Poomadanthai to himself by symbolic marriage. Vakaippathi , though not included in the Pancha pathis by the headquarters, is still considered as a Pathi but with lesser importance. There is disagreement among followers of Ayyavazhi regarding the holiness of some other Pathis, such as Vaikunda Pathi and Avathara Pathi . The list of Pathis announced by the headquarters of Ayyavazhi does not include these Pathis. The symbol of Ayyavazhi
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#17328560293059424-610: The Foreshore sandy areas, species like Spinifex littoreus , Ipomoea pes-caprae (Sweet), Sesuvium portulacastrum , Trianthema portulacastrum , Atriplex repens , Cyperus rotundus , Mollugo cerviana , Tephrosia purpurea , T. hirta , Pedalium murex and various Portulaca species shall be found. In marshy backwater areas, Suaeda nudiflora , Salicornia brachiata , and Arthrocnemum indicum are frequently found. Backwaters near river mouths and connecting canals are often thickly fringed with Pandanus tectorius . Acrostichum aureum and Excoecaria agallocha are common in shallow waters. In
9576-428: The Indian Bison, Indian Rock Python, Lion-tailed Macaque, and Nilgiri Tahr. The Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary , a protected area covering 457.78 km , is situated in the northern and north-western parts of the district. It constitutes the southern section of the Agastyamalai region, bordered by Kerala's Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary to the west and Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve to the east. Seven rivers including
9728-503: The Manakudy, Thengapattanam Munchirai backwater area, Barringtonia racemosa , Ixora coccinea , and Nauclea missionis thrive. Closer to the shore, Neptunia and Hygrophila grow intermingled with Aeschynomene aspera , Ludwigia , and Ipomoea reptans . More than 100 species, spanning across 90 genera and 46 families including Adenanthera pavonina , Ficus religiosa , Psidium guajava , Ocimum tenuiflorum , Waltheria indica , Dendrobium macrostachyum and Sida acuta were recorded in
9880-408: The Nanjilnadu beckoned many invaded kings including the Nayaks during the reign of Umayamma Rani . The Venad region was in anarchy before Marthanda Varma ascended the throne in 1729 CE. Under their rule anarchy was dominant in Kanniyakumari region. However, Marthanda Varma brought a sense of disorder under control by annexing the nearby territories, putting down the feudal lords and establishing
10032-433: The Paraliyar in Kalkulam taluk, along with the Pandyan Kal and related irrigation works, constitute one of the region's ancient irrigation systems. About a kilometre downstream from the Pandyan dam, the river meets the 250-year-old Puthen dam. The river runs through the Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks and covers 37 kilometres before joining the Kodayar near Thiruvattar , forming the western Thamirabarani River . Valliyar
10184-421: The Sahasrara chakra has 1000 petals. But in Ayyavazhi symbolism , Saharara has 1008 petals. In Ayyavazhi, there is no scriptural authority indicating the importance of 1000, but the number 1008 is commonly mentioned. Also, the incarnation year of Vaikundar is 1008 M.E. (Malayalam Era). Sahasrara is symbolised as a lotus without a stem. Ayyavazhi architecture was developed in constructing Nizhal Thangals, where
10336-439: The Swamithope pathi is the headquarters of the Ayyavazhi. The five Pancha pathi are: 1. the Swamithope Pathi , the venue of the great Tavam and the religion's headquarters. 2. Ambala Pathi , where Vaikundar joined six of the Seven Deities unto himself. 3. Mutta Pathi , the venue of the Second and Third Vinchais . 4. Thamaraikulam Pathi , where the Akilattirattu Ammanai was written down. 5. Poo Pathi , where Ayya unified
10488-401: The Tamil speaking majority people (about 70% of the population), who feels that their feelings were suppressed by the erstwhile Travancore Kingdom which has Malayalam-majority population. The four taluks were made the part of then Madras State under recommendations from the States Reorganisation Commission in 1956. The Madras State was later renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969 and Kanniyakumari, today,
10640-712: The Thiruvithkanur king is identified as Kalineesan, (one who is a captive of Kali) and the British are identified as Venneesan (the white neesan) in the social sense. Ayyavazhi was in the forefront of movements for Human Rights and Social Equality. Ayyavazhi also effected many social changes in southern India, resulting in the emergence of a series of social and self-respect movements such as Upper cloth agitation , Temple entry agitation and other movements including those of Narayana Guru , Chattampi Swamikal , Vallalar and Ayyankali . The followers of Ayyavazhi established Pathis and Nizhal Thangals , which are centers of worship and religious learning in various parts of
10792-458: The Western Ghats, experiences heavy rainfall during the summer monsoon from June to September. In contrast, the southeastern coast, starting from Kanyakumari , has a semi-arid climate due to the limited impact of the summer monsoon. However, the retreating monsoon from October to December brings more rain, though its effects are somewhat reduced by the proximity of Sri Lanka . Unlike other districts in Tamil Nadu , it receives rainfall both from
10944-415: The abode of Dharma. The Nizhal Thangals form an important institution in the socio-religious life of the people of Ayyavazhi. Panividai may be conducted up to three times daily, but all worship centers provide Panividai at least once daily. The ethics of Ayyavazhi, integrated with the meta-narrative mythology, are found throughout the primary scripture, Akilattirattu Ammanai . Regarding ethics, Arul Nool
11096-488: The annual rainfall is estimated to be 1006 mm. The driest month is February and the greatest amount of precipitation occurs in November. Humidity levels are relatively high, especially during the monsoon seasons, contributing to a humid and warm atmosphere. June has the highest relative humidity, while February has the lowest. November experiences the most rainy days, whereas January has the fewest. Overall, Kanyakumari’s climate
11248-509: The area and the English East India company's army under Col. Leger broke through the fortifications and entered Travancore in 1810. In the year 1949, the area became a part of the reestablished Travancore Cochin state. The people of Agasteeswarem, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks, which formed the southern divisions of the former district of Trivandrum , were predominantly Tamil speaking people. The present Kanniyakumari district
11400-489: The area of Travancore, which was previously noted for its strong caste system. In this context, the mingling of castes in Ayyavazhi centers was a vital element in the transformation of society. Ayya Vaikundar was the first to succeed as a social reformer in launching political struggle, social renaissance as well as religious reformation in the country. Vaikundar was the pioneer of the social revolutionaries of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Research scholars regard Vaikundar as
11552-541: The area. The Indian pond heron is abundant in paddy fields and ponds. Flamingos including Greater flamingos could be spotted across the Rajakkamangalam and Manakudi estuary throughout the year. The region’s reptiles include crocodiles , tortoises , turtles , lizards , and snakes . There are two species of crocodiles , nine species of chelonians , 33 of lizards , and 74 of snakes . The King Cobra frequents rivers and streams in shola forests. The Viper and
11704-492: The central themes of the existing scriptures (that of Hindu) had gone awry by the advent of Vaikundar. It also narrates that Akilam was given to mankind as an alternative because Kaliyan destroyed the original Vedas and Shastras, and at the beginning of Kali Yuga , several additions were given to the previous scriptures by him. Both of these view points give the views of Akilam on Hindu scriptures, and place them as reasons for rejecting them. The philosophy, terms and mythology of
11856-423: The coast showcases notable projections toward the sea at locations such as Kanniyakumari, Muttam , and Erayanthurai. Additionally, there are a few minor sea ports. The ancient port of Colachel stands as the sole natural port on the west coast of Tamil Nadu while Kanyakumari serves as another minor port, primarily catering to tourists. Another minor port at is situated along the edge of Manakudi Estaury. Kanyakumari
12008-690: The coast. The basement rocks are covered by a sequence of soil types, including red soil , lateritic soil , clay , river alluvium , coastal alluvium, and black and red sandy soils . These soil layers have thicknesses ranging from 1 metre to 1.5 meters in most locations. The underlying geological terrain belongs to the Peninsular Gneiss . The coastal belt around Kanyakumari, Kovalam , and Vattakottai contains recent-age formations, including Calcareous sandstones , limeshells , and Kankary Limestone . Lateral deposits, including sand, zircon , rutile , ilmenite , and garnet , are commonly found along
12160-526: The common mass which is very much unusual. The individual rituals, the ecstatic religiosity and the ritual healing, which are the features of Ayyavazhi worship, contributed to the formation of an idea of emancipation and a social discourse. Rituals attempt to uplift and treat the disenfranchised. Another important thing to be noted is the alternative phrases religiously used in Ayyavazhi universe different from Hinduism, to represent certain practices. The formula of inclusiveness and exclusivity , as applied in
12312-456: The country bearing the mission of Ayyavazhi. Meanwhile, the Payyan dynasty began administering the Swamithoppe pathi , while other Pathis came under the administration of the followers of Ayya. Following the instructions of Akilattirattu Ammanai (Akilam), the Nizhal Thangals (small pagodas) have been established across the country for worship and the study of scripture. Arul Nool,
12464-517: The country. They serve as centres for propagation of the beliefs and practices of Ayyavazhi. There are thousands of Nizhal Thangals throughout India, mostly in South India. There more than 7000 worship centres in South India mainly in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Reports from the London Missionary Society (LMS) of the mid-19th century also speak of Nizhal Thangals . Since Ayyavazhi is not centrally organised, Swamithope pathi serves as
12616-403: The creation of religions especially exclusivistic religious and theological ideas. It shows them as the foremost Kali mayai (evil of Kali). The scriptures teach sensibly and symbolically that God and his activities are beyond the reach of religions. It also preaches about universal oneness. The mythology of Ayyavazhi narrates that the essence of this vision is an account of a history – a past,
12768-463: The district and state, which associate sages such as Agastya , Vyasa , Tolkappiyar , Avvaiyar and Valluvar with the district. The area that comprises the current Kanniyakumari district was a part of the old Ay kingdom of the first and second Sangam ages. Following the decline of the Ay kingdoms, the area became Venad, with its capital Padmanabhapuram located North, North West of Nagercoil. The wealth of
12920-878: The district are lush and virgin and is 75 million years old. The forest of this region comes under Boothapandy Mahendra-giri Reserve forest and is managed by the District Forest Officer with Headquarters at Nagercoil . The jungles host around 600 species of gigantic timber trees and 3,500 other plants, many of which hold significant economic value. Notable timber trees include teak , rosewood (blackwood), Jungle Jack , Malabar ebony , Adina cordifolia , Karumaruthu , and Vengai . Softwood varieties like Bombax ceiba and glossy-leaved jack are also abundant, along with reeds , bamboos , and sandalwood . Plantations of cardamom and tea thrive at higher elevations, while pepper , rubber , ginger , and turmeric flourish in lower areas. Due to various local geological factors,
13072-528: The district is Mahendragiri (1654 meters) in Thovalai taluk , situated on the border between Kanniyakumari and Tirunelveli districts. Kalmalai (900 meters), Moliyadi (700 meters) located at the head of old Kulasekaram reserved forest area and Tadakai malai (960 meters) are some of the notable hills in the district. The mountainous terrain in the northern and eastern portions of the district contains an extensive plateau amidst elevated hilltops. While most of
13224-455: The district. Elephants are abundant in the upper reaches of Asambu and Veerapuli reserves and are occasionally spotted around Kodayar, Perunchani and Balamore areas. Deer are seen throughout the hilly forests, with three species present: The Spotted Deer , Sambur , and the Barking Deer . The Muthukuzhi valley and the entire Asambu region are favoured by Sambur deer. The Gaur
13376-592: The district. These species belong to 251 genera within 110 families. Among them, 12 are categorised as rare, endemic , and threatened . One out of every seven species found in the groves of the region are rare. Notably, Alpinia galanga , Gloriosa superba , Nymphaea pubescens , Hemidesmus indicus , Kaempferia galanga , and Rauvolfia serpentina are endangered while Justicia beddomei , Leea indica , and Petiveria alliacea are considered rare. Furthermore, species such as Indigofera uniflora , Naregamia alata , Ochlandra scriptoria , and Osbeckia aspera are endemic to
13528-532: The district. Ticks of the genus Ixodes are commonly found in grasslands. Among arthropods , insects such as Ranatra , Cybister , Earwigs , Prodasineura , Hydrometra , Cockroaches , leaf insects , Grasshoppers , and Crickets are notable. Kanyakumari District was officially formed on 1 November 1956, as a result of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 , which aimed to reorganise state boundaries based on linguistic lines. The District Collector
13680-457: The divine beings protect the society which follows the Neetham. Chastity and life in ultimate union with nature form the central theme, an ethical form that is to be followed. As in Akilam, Vinchai is the rules and regulations provided by God (Narayana) to Vaikundar. There are three such Vinchais. Acts found there also fit to humans to improve their moral code. The first Vinchai of Tiruchendur forms
13832-590: The eastern areas. Several rose varieties flourish in well-tended gardens. Of the Spices , the Kanyakumari clove which accounts for 65% of India's clove production is produced around Maramalai , Karumparai and Velimalai areas above Veerapuli Reserve and Mahendragiri hills of the district. Cardamom , black pepper , ginger , turmeric and other spices too thrive here. Tuberous plants like sweet potato , arrow-root , and tapioca yield edible roots. The hedges in
13984-514: The entire sea coast of Kanyakumari. Kanyakumari district experiences a tropical climate , characterised by warm temperatures throughout the year as per the Köppen climate classification . The district generally has high temperatures year-round, with average highs ranging from 29°C to 33°C (84°F to 91°F) and average lows from 23°C to 26°C (73°F to 79°F). The Summer from March to May is typically hot, with temperatures often exceeding 34°C (93°F). The heat
14136-509: The entire universe further evolved. The Trimurthi are greater among the personified Devas . Siva, one among the Trimurthi, was the supreme power until Kali Yuga . Vishnu is the supreme from the advent of Kali Yuga. Then, from the incarnation of Vaikundar, again the powers of all god-heads, including that of Vishnu, are transformed to Vaikundar. Ekam, the supreme oneness as one among the Trinity takes
14288-483: The erstwhile Travancore Kingdom to form the new district of Kanniyakumari, and they were made the part of Madras Presidency under recommendations from the States Reorganisation Commission in 1956. The Presidency was later renamed Tamil Nadu and Kanniyakumari, today, is one of the 38 districts of Tamil Nadu state. The district is the birthplace of Ayyavazhi . Many historical assumptions persist in
14440-461: The evil of Kali. This is why individual souls are not able to attain supreme bliss, and so are secondary to Ekam. Once a soul overcomes the influence of maya, it becomes one with Ekam. Its individuality is gone, and thereby it is Ekam. On the other hand, this supreme consciousness is personified as Paramatma (oversoul) by which, God is the "Husband", while all other souls are his "consorts", symbolised by Thirukkalyana Ekanai , where Vaikundar marries
14592-441: The first Ayyavazhi work in print was released in 1927, followed by the Akilam in 1933, almost a century after it had been written down. As a result, Ayyavazhi abandoned active oral traditions in favor of literary scriptures. Ayyavazhi headquarter reports that Ayyavazhi spread more rapidly after Indian Independence (1940s) and still more rapidly through the 1990s. Many Ayyavazhi-based social welfare organisations were established in
14744-567: The focus of Arul Nool, the accumulation of Ayyavazhi teachings is extremely monistic and since the final fragment of Kroni itself is called Kalimayai (a conception rather than a physical or material incarnation), it was commonly accepted that the 'Maya' is symbolised in such a way that contrasts the dualistic view on Ayyavazhi. Apart from all these, there are also separate quotes in Ayyavazhi scriptures which give pantheistic and panentheistic definition to Ayyavazhi theology. There are two yearly festivals for Ayyavazhi. The Ayya Vaikunda Avataram
14896-722: The forested areas, each river basin— Kodayar and Pahrali —encompasses approximately 30 square miles of grasslands. Common grass species in this region include Chrysopogon orientalis , Eulalia phaeothrix , Themeda trimula , and Zenkeria sebastinei . Amidst the grasses and rocky crevices, one can find beautiful orchids and Impatiens flowering alongside ferns. Additionally, other herbaceous plants such as Acrotrema arnottianum , Centratherum rangacharii , Exacum travancoricum , Leucas vestita , Linum mysorense , Hedyotis purpurascens , Heracleum candeolleanum , and Senecio ludens thrive. On dripping rocks, Utricularia purpurea and Utricularia reticulata are commonly observed. The Hills of
15048-1011: The forests in the Kanyakumari division encompass 14 distinct types, based on the Champion and Seth's classification ranging from lush tropical wet evergreen forests to tropical thorn forests, all within a relatively small area. The region hosts a diverse array of plant species, with its natural vegetation encompassing southern thorn forests , dry deciduous forests, moist deciduous forests, semi-evergreen forests, and evergreen hill sholas interspersed with grassy downs . Dry deciduous forests : These forests, ranging from an altitude of 200 to 600 meters occur in regions like Keeriparai , Mangolamottai (lower Kodayar), Maruthaparai ( Kulasekaram ), Ulakkaruvi , and Kuttiyar. Tree and shrub species include Adina cordifolia , Cochlospermum religiosum , Dillenia pentagyna Hydnocarpus laurifolius , Lannea coromandelica and Terminalia chebula etc. Desmodium triangulare of
15200-405: The grasses, ephemeral annual herbs and herbaceous perennials emerge during favourable seasons. In the sheltered valleys, extensive paddy cultivation sustains the region. Paddy remains the staple food crop. Tapioca , the second most important food crop, thrives primarily in Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks. Palmyrah and coconut groves dot the plains and coastal regions. The landscape
15352-492: The growth of Ayyavazhi, Ayya Vaikunda Avataram, the day of Vaikundar's incarnation, was declared a holiday by the state administration for the district of Kanyakumari in 1994, followed by the districts of Tirunelveli and Tuticorin in 2006. From 2012 C.E Vaikunda Avataram was declared a restricted holiday for the entire Tamil Nadu state. and for the Kerala State from 2015. Currently, Bala Prajapathi Adikalar , heir to
15504-496: The highest sense, formless, infinite , genderless and beyond time and space. The term Ekam in Tamil language give simply the meanings, one , absolute , the whole which exists and the incomparable ; all give some sort of direct monistic definition about God from Ayyavazhi theology. Narrating through mythology, The Sivam and the Sakthi are the first to get evolved from Ekam. The Natham (voice), Trimurthi, other lesser gods and
15656-513: The highest spiritual center of enlightenment, is for experiencing the absolute "bliss". The reigning power in the final Dharma Yukam (Sahasrara) is Ekam , which is a part of Vaikundar a Trinity conception, or a manifestation of the supreme absolute. Thus Ayyavazhi's symbol is derived from Akilam. The symbol "Lotus with Thirunamam" shows "Vaikundar's experienced in Sahasrara." In certain Hindu texts,
15808-453: The hills have steep slopes, some exhibit a more gradual spread. While the area is predominantly agricultural, numerous plantations and few handloom industries thrive in this region. The central area of the district, particularly Agastiswaram taluk, consists of vast plains. This includes the plains at Vellimalai , Mylaudy and Derisanamcope . The district features an extensive 68-kilometer coastline. Predominantly regular in its configuration,
15960-399: The incarnation of Vaikundar since a universal change took place then. Over all, as the foremost ethical code, people are advocated to overcome the evil force kalimayai with the weapons of love, forbearance and peace, since Kaliyan as maya rules the minds of people. Arul Nool constitutes the major role in forming the rules and regulations of Ayyavazhi, including ethics. It gives separately
16112-481: The individual souls. Also, the Ayyavazhi philosophy applies a common formula for the creation of human beings and the rest of the universe. Thus whatever exists externally to human beings exists also internally. Ayyavazhi explicitly condemns the caste based inequalities in its social teachings. It denounces the caste discrimination rather than the 'caste system' itself. From its inception, Ayyavazhi has doubly served as an engine of social reform, particularly in
16264-873: The interior plains include Cassia siamea , Dichrostachys cinerea , Morinda pubescens , Thespesia populnea , Ficus bengalensis , Mangifera indica , Alstonia scholaris , Pongamia pinnata , and Calophyllum inophyllum . Shrubs and under shrubs like Crotalaria gigantea , Cassia auriculata , Vitex negundo , Crotalaria striata , and Dodonaea viscosa are abundant. Beneath the shade of these shrubs and trees, herbaceous plants such as Rhinacanthus nasutus , Asystasia gangetica and Vernonia cinerea thrive. Climbers like Pterolobium hexapetalum , Lantana camara , Cissus quadrangularis , Aganosma cymosa , Coccinia grandis , Pergularia daemia and Jasminum angustifolium are also frequently encountered in this ecosystem. The coastal areas face unique challenges due to factors like sandy soil, aridity , scanty rainfall, and strong winds. In
16416-464: The inverted lotus flower of Sahasrara is used to cover the roof. The lotus may also represent the heart and the flame shape (Thirunamam), the divinity. Ayyavazhi has used other symbols including Vaishnavite ' Triple Namam '(not used currently), and Conch . The majority of Ayyavazhi's key teachings can be found in the book Akilattirattu Ammanai and other teachings are collated from various books written by unknown authors, whose works feature in
16568-474: The large number of people gathering to worship Vaikundar (known historically as "Mudisoodum Perumal") (c. 1809 – c. 1851 CE ) at Poovandanthoppe . The Thuvayal thavasu (washing penance ) of 1840 is the origin of Ayyavazhi as an alternative religio-cultural phenomena. The majority of its participants were from marginalised and poor sections of society. They began to function as a distinct and autonomous society, and gradually, they identified their path with
16720-465: The largest ethical accumulation found in Akilam. To an extent, the Dharmic teachings in Ayyavazhi are also considered as ethics. Charity in social ethics and "attempting to realise the ultimate truth of oneness" in spirituality are the ethical codes under the banner of Ayyavazhi dharma. Akilam also gives separate ethics for Devas also. It is notable that the Ayyavazhi ethics undergo a vast deviation from
16872-441: The late 20th century. Several alternative versions of Akilam, including some controversial versions, were released during the same period. The Anbukkodimakkal Thirucchabai , a democratic bureau, was established by the religious headquarters in the early 1990s to organize and govern the religion. Organisational conferences are held in various cities in South India including Mumbai , Chennai and Thiruvananthapuram . Considering
17024-433: The leadership of Marshal Nesamony took place for including Kanniyakumari within Tamil Nadu . Eventually the merger happened in 1956 based on language reorganisation of states . Historically, Nanjilnadu (Agastheeswaram and Thovalai taluks) and Eda Nadu (Vilavancode and Kalkulam taluks) which comprises the present Kanniyakumari district. The district were ruled by various dynasties: Venad Kingdom , Travancore Kingdom ,
17176-585: The low country and jungles. Jackals and foxes are also common. The South Indian Hedgehog is found throughout the district. Bats are very common, with four different species present. Among squirrels , the Palm Squirrel is most commonly found in the countryside, while the Malabar Squirrel inhabits the jungles. The Indian Porcupine is found throughout the forests. Rats , mice , and hares are very common, with Black rat and Mus booduga found across
17328-470: The main events that are directly linked to the mainstream story flow. But to undergo a detailed study on each, the appropriate Hindu scriptures that include those events in detail need to be referred. Akilam provides all these collectively in brief with an overall story line, which make it unique. Many philosophical concepts from Hinduism are found in Akilam; some of them are completely accepted, some are regenerated, while others are rejected. Generally it
17480-532: The major parts of the Kanyakumari district, occurred later—approximately 25 million years ago—during the early Miocene era . Subsequent transgressions and regressions of the sea led to the formation of various sedimentary layers. Over time, the sea receded, resulting in uplifted land masses. Evidence of this uplift includes deeply entrenched streams, waterfalls, high hanging valleys, alluvial flats, and marine sediment patches at higher elevations. Notably, shelly limestone formations in Kanyakumari further support
17632-421: The mid-20th century. The mythical narration in akilam about the eight yugas is often viewed philosophically as a reference to eight chakras . The first, Neetiya Yukam , is Bindu and the final state, Dharma Yukam , is Sahasrara, or absolute bliss. In this series, the energy of consciousness ( namam ) of oneself is invoked, rising from Bindu (Neetiya Yukam) to the final Sahasrara (Dharma Yukam). This lotus,
17784-458: The mountains of the Western Ghats bordering the northern side. Geologically, the landmass of the district is much younger when compared to the rest of state – faulted as late as 2.5 million years during the Miocene , after which numerous transgression , as well as regression of sea, had shaped the western coast of the district. The district can be categorised into three natural divisions: Within
17936-406: The mythical garden Ayodha Amirtha Vanam (supposed to be between present-day Srirangam , Tamil Nadu and Triconamalee, Sri Lanka ) by using the seven seeds from seven upper worlds, by Thirumal , to the seven virgins. Theologians interpret that these 'Seven boys' refer to the ancestors of the whole human race, and hence the term "Santror" refers to the entire human race . Their lineage started at
18088-656: The mythological events Akilam also provides an extensive quantity of historical facts, especially that of mid and late 2nd millennium CE. While the original text is damaged, the daughter versions such as the Swamithope version, the Kottangadu version as well as the Panchalankurichi versions, are the earliest existing palm-leaf versions of Akilam. Other released versions includes the Sentrathisai Ventraperumal ,
18240-404: The mythology many mythical as well as historical facts were woven together. Most of the events such as Muthirikkinaru, Wearing of Headgear during worship, Thuvayal Thavasu all were noted in history. Though there are quotes in Arul Nool to accredit the ten Avatars of Vishnu , it seems that they are not seen in equal status with these incarnations (as in the table). It was considered secondary to
18392-495: The northern mountainous range of the district lies the scenic sanitarium of Muthukuzhivayal . South of Peermedu , this range stands out due to its significant breadth. The rugged landscape boasts bluff ridges and conical peaks, forming a continuation of the Western Ghats that stretches all the way to the Aralvaimozhi Pass. Notably, the perfectly detached Kattadimalai stands out as a prominent rocky mass. Continuing southward,
18544-486: The one and the same God incarnates in different parts of the world at different time for rescuing the people from sufferings. But due to the advent of Kaliyan and because of the cruel nature of his boons , for the first time, the supreme power Ekam incarnates in the world as Vaikundar, and so all the lesser god-heads and previous scriptures had lost their substances. So after the time of the Vaikunda Avatar , Vaikundar
18696-454: The phrase 'Ayya vazhi'. Although the majority of these followers were from the Nadar caste, a large number of people from other castes also follow it. Ayyavazhi's rapid growth throughout its first century of existence was noted by Christian missionary reports from the mid-19th century. By the middle of 19th century, Ayyavazhi had come to be a recognisable religious phenomenon with deep roots in
18848-752: The plains. Among game birds , the Jungle fowl is common around the Asambu forests in the Azhagiapandiapuram range. Francolinus is often seen in thorny scrubby areas . Two main varieties of owls are the Spotted owlet and the Barn owl , which occasionally stray into the countryside and perch on house tops. Other varieties include the Brown fish owl and the Indian great horned owl . Two important species of kites in this district are
19000-597: The present-day Kanniyakumari district, were ruled by various Tamil and Malayalam dynasties: the Cheras , the Ay / Venad / Travancore dynasty, the Pandyans , the Chozhans and the Nayaks . A few artefacts have been unearthed by archaeological excavations. It was part of the princely state of Travancore during the colonial times prior to India's independence ; four of the eight tehsils of Thiruvananthapuram district were separated from
19152-407: The primary avatars, who are associated with the destructions of the fragments of Kroni. This view is not inconsistent with Hinduism, as only Narasimha , Rama and Krishna are considered the primary avatars who are still worshipped. The other avatars are considered secondary avatars who are not worshipped. The Santror is the subject of the religious vision of Ayyavazhi. There is both a religious and
19304-481: The region consist of a variety of thorny or succulent shrubs. Among them are the Screw-pine , Prickly-pear , Pineapple , Agave , and Euphorbia . Additional hedge plants include Jatropha , Pithecolobium , Casuarina , Sesbania , Erythrina , Pongu , and Lantana . Climbers , most of which have leafy growth, overgrow these hedges. Other than the xerophytic vegetation, the district also hosts hydrophytic flora. In
19456-538: The region features two main rock groups: the Khondalites , and Charnockites while a third group, Migmatites is also found. The Khondalites, composed of garnetiferous Sillimanite - Graphite Gneisses and Garnet - Biotite gneisses , dominate a significant portion of the district. The Charnockites are exposed in areas between Padmanabhapuram , Aralvaimozhi , Kulasekaram , Thuckalay , and Rajakkamangalam . The distinctive occurrence of feldspathic granites across
19608-439: The region harbour a unique xerophytic flora, adapted to arid conditions. At higher elevations, large grasses like Andropogon , Panicum , lemon grass , and fodder grass thrive, creating a verdant carpet. Closer to the base, shrubby forms—such as species of Phoenix , Cycas , and Inthai—find their niche. Abundant bamboo clumps (including Ochlandra ) and dense cane growths (both bamboo family members) abound. Sheltered beneath
19760-399: The regions of South Travancore and South Tirunelveli . The numbers of faithful increased significantly from the 1840s. By the close of the 19th century, Swamithope was considered the religio-cultural epi-center of Ayyavazhi. After the time of Vaikundar, Ayyavazhi was spread through his teachings. The five Seedars , disciples of Vaikundar and their descendants, traveled to several parts of
19912-432: The religio-cultural universe of Ayyavazhi, is unique because both the theories are mixed up in Ayyavazhi scriptures. The inclusive theory accepts the views of different religions for a certain period of time, and from then onwards exclusively rejects all of them in its narrative. Ayyavazhi accepts different god-heads of several religions, like the concept of Allah and almost all the god-heads of Hinduism. It also says that
20064-646: The religious headquarters for all. The Pathi s earn more importance among the worship centers. The seven Pathi s, obtain their significance from the fact that Vaikundar and his activities were historically associated with these centers of worship. The Swamithope pathi , though considered the religion's headquarters, does not officially control the rest of the religious centers. All Pathis , except itself, are managed by independent committees. The five Pathis known as Pancha pathi are considered foremost among Pathis. Nizhal Thangals , compared with Pathis , are simple small structures built for worship and for learning
20216-631: The rituals have different operational and historical meanings. Historically, the rituals were used or viewed as an attempt to break the caste-based inequalities prevailed in the society of the time, and to strengthen and uplift the sociologically downtrodden and ill-treated. Examples of this include the charity on food as 'Anna Dharmam' , physical as well as spiritual cleanliness through Thuvayal Thavasu, eliminating untouchability through Thottunamam, self-respect and courage through headgear, and unifying various castes through Muthirikkinaru. But they also reveal, however, high philosophical ideas preached in
20368-474: The river include Boothapandi , Thalakudi , Vadasseri, Nagercoil , and Suchindram . Kodayar originates east of Valia Malai peak within the southern part of the Muthukuzhivayal plateau and flows southwest through a wild tract. Two streams—one from Motavan Pothai and the other from Thacchamala hills—contribute to this river. The Pechiparai Dam intercepts the Kodayar, creating the Pachipparai lake. With
20520-645: The sacred groves along the south-west coast of the district. The vegetation in the cape area is typically xerophytic . Acacia planifrons groves characterise this region. Within the Acacia woods, cacti , agave , and aloe grow, accompanied by a ground cover of typical xerophytic herbs, including various grasses. Moving to the inland sandy areas, these regions are characterised by xerophytic plants such as Euphorbia tirucalli , Jatropha curcas , Jatropha gossypiifolia , Cleome aspera , Chorispora tenella , Aerva lanata , Phyla nodiflora , and Zornia diphylla . The district
20672-609: The sacred groves of the district. Around 60 species of medicinal plants thrive in the district. These include the medicinal weeds such as Abrus precatorius , Abutilon indicum , Acalypha indica , Achyranthes aspera , Acorus calamus , Aloe vera , Alternanthera sessilis , etc., and those found around the sacred groves include Atalantia monophylla , Atalantia racemosa , Mesua ferrea , Commelina benghalensis , and Sterculia urens . Showy or scented flowers—such as Kolunthu , Chempakam , henna , Ceylon Jasmine Nanthiarvattam , Asokam , and more—adorn gardens and natural spaces of
20824-408: The seas, along with flatfish , Prawns , Shrimp , and Crabs . Rock oysters form dense colonies at Kovalam , and a small octopus species is found under rocks at Cape Comorin. The sacred chank is found in large quantities here. At Cape Comorin, two species of top shells Trochus radiatus and Trochus costatus are abundant. Various poisonous insects, including Scorpions and Spiders , are found in
20976-565: The so-called ' Hindu ' scriptures. It initially accepts Vedas. Later since Kaliyan had bought the Vedas as boon they also lost their substance by the advent of Kaliyan, and so had gone invalid. It also says that he (Kaliyan) had performed several additions and had hidden some of their content. And hence God incarnated as Vaikundar. So for the present age, Akilam is said to be the only 'Book of Perfection' . By this Ayyavazhi rejects all other scriptures and follows only its own . Akilam highly condemns
21128-438: The social as well as divine ethics. The Sivakanda Athikara Pathiram here is the section especially dedicated to teach the ethics. The rituals, especially circumambulations , are to be followed to wash-out the sin committed out of immoral thoughts and acts. It is difficult to give a clear-cut listing to Ayyavazhi concepts because of the relation the Ayyavazhi scriptures maintains with the Hindu scriptures . Akilam primarily says
21280-575: The strong state of Travancore . He had also bought some portions of Kanniyakumari from the then viceroy making it the southern boundary. Under his rule, the district improved in a social context as well as economically. The famous battle of Colachel took place in the district. Later, the Maharajas of Travancore built the forts at Aramboly (Aralvaimozhy) to prevent any invasion from the Carnatic Kings. Key elements of Velu Thampi Dalawa's revolt occurred in
21432-523: The tatvas as properties of the human body, which are not elaborated upon in Akilam. However, to understand Akilam and its philosophy, one should have a basic knowledge over the Hindu ideas and concepts. Since Akilam have no different view in this matter from Hindu scriptures, it was left to be gathered from there. On mythical studies, Akilam covers almost the entire main mythology of Hinduism , including Mahabharata , Ramayana , Kantha Purana and Vishnu Purana , but with limited details. It includes only
21584-416: The teachings of Vaikundar. They also served as centers of school education during the early days. Food and shelter are offered to the needy in these centres. Some of them were established when Vaikundar was alive. Among them Arul Nool, specifies seven Thangals, and these are considered primary over the others. Today, charity is one of the main activities conducted in these centers. These centers emerged as
21736-460: The theology always maintains this focus on oneness. The evil of Kali blocks the ultimate oneness prevailing between individual souls and the universe, creating among them a false sense of individuality and of extreme pride . This erroneous view causes the apparent sense of separation from the oneness and motivates against it. Ekam —the "over-soul" or the supreme soul—is identified as the whole of existence, changeless in nature and ubiquity. This
21888-639: The theory of land uplift in this area. The uplift likely occurred in stages, rejuvenating older streams. The wind gap at Mekkode resulted from river piracy, where the Paraliyar was captured by the Kodayar , possibly during the Tertiary period . The straight west coastline, uninterrupted by breaks, suggests faulting during the Pliocene epoch . Similarly, changes in the Kodayar river's course—from northward to northeast to southwest indicate faulting along its path. Geologically,
22040-436: The total land area of 168,356.216 hectares, approximately 48,423 hectares are covered by forests. Reserved forests account for 44,799 hectares, while 3,605 hectares are unclassed forests. Additionally, there are 19 hectares of reserved lands. Most of the forests in the district are situated on slopes of hills and plateaus, benefiting from high rainfall and serving as catchment areas for numerous streams and rivers. The forests in
22192-468: The true concepts were destroyed, so that all previous scriptures had lost their substances due to the advent of Kali. The book also speaks of God incarnating in the world in the Kali Yukam (the present age) to destroy the evil spirit, the final and the most serious manifestation of Kroni . God incarnates as Vaikundar, and since Vaikundar lived recently, he was well known in history. So in the second part of
22344-422: The way of worship in Ayyavazhi, as well as rituals prophesy and many acts. It also contains many events found in the Akilam pertaining to the life of Vaikundar. Unlike Akilam, there is no definitive history for Arul Nool. All these texts are compiled in Tamil language . To the Ayyavazhi devotees, there are seven holy places, called Pathis , with the Pancha pathis being the most important. The temple of
22496-581: The western Tambraparani near Thikkurichi. The district features diverse topography with its northern and western regions consist of hilly terrain and forests, while the southeastern and central parts are characterised by agricultural lands. Along the southern border lies an extensive sea-shore interspersed by valleys and plains. The coastal uplands of the district are characterised by rocky outcrops and rugged coastlines, with notable Teri sand dune complexes. The coastlines of Kanyakumari , Theerthakkarai , Muttom , and Kadiyapattanam are especially rocky. In Muttom,
22648-640: Was an incarnation of Narayana, but it was widely thought that it did not recognise the Bible composition . It seems the view of Akilam on Bible is "it was created with the intention of man and not that of God". In common, creation of religions and shaping individualities for them are heavily criticised. The concepts 'God' and 'Religion' are kept poles apart in Akilam, and it seems to maintain an ideology something like 'Accept God; Reject religion' . Ayyavazhi accepts various incarnations in Hinduism, but necessarily rejects
22800-532: Was considered that once a particular concept is not found well-described in Ayyavazhi scriptures, such as Akilattirattu Ammanai or Arul Nool (as detail as in Hindu scriptures), and instead simply was quoted, then that particular conception is accepted as in Hindu scriptures for religious studies. But once Akilam has different views over something from that of the existing (Hindu) scriptures, then it would be found deeply described in Akilam itself and hence no need for referring other scriptures. The theology of Ayyavazhi
22952-477: Was historically part of the erstwhile Travancore State. Four Tamil-speaking taluks viz., Vilavancode, Kalkulam, Thovala and Agastheeswaram which now form the Kanniyakumari district was transferred to Madras State on 1 November 1956. The changes that were effected between the taluks and the villages as on 1 October 1956 are furnished in the fly-leaf to Table A-I. An extreme agitation by Tamil speaking residents under
23104-473: Was said to be the only worshippable God and hence, the theology of Ayyavazhi was channeled towards exclusivism. The manner in which Akilam treats the scriptures of different religions is complicated. For instance, while there is no direct reference to the terms 'Christ' or 'Bible' anywhere in any of the Ayyavazhi texts, there is an indirect reference in Akilam thirteen which is supposed to be an implication that Christ
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