Radmilovac ( Serbian Cyrillic : Радмиловац) is a suburban settlement of Belgrade , the capital of Serbia , and an experimental farm of the University of Belgrade 's Faculty of Agriculture. It is located in the Belgrade municipality of Grocka . It is also known for the hotel of the same name.
108-466: Radmilovac is actually a westernmost extension of the Belgrade's suburb of Vinča (to which it makes no urban connections), on the very border with the neighboring Leštane . It is located north of the road of Smederevski put which connects Belgrade and the town of Smederevo . It is located 14 kilometers north-east of downtown Belgrade, between Vinča and Kaluđerica with Leštane being located right across
216-578: A commercial zone as gas pumps, restaurants, workshops and supermarkets are built. Vinča is on the route of the projected highway in the Bolečica river valley (separating from the Belgrade- Niš highway at Bubanj Potok ) and a new bridge over the Danube (Vinča- Omoljica bridge) but a construction date is not yet given. Tourism is mostly centered on the archeological site of Belo brdo (Serbian for white hill ) and
324-672: A deal with investors, in the form of the strategic partnership to manage the landfill. With layers of untreated garbage that reach 70 m (230 ft), the landfill is considered to be the most problematic ecological spot in Europe. In August 2021, city officials estimated that the landfill, after 44 years of existence, contains 20 million tonnes (20,000,000 long tons; 22,000,000 short tons) of garbage, annually receives additional 0.5 million tonnes (490,000 long tons; 550,000 short tons) and, in total, released over 4 billion cubic metres (140 × 10 ^ cu ft) of methane in
432-402: A debate that remains unsettled to this day: whether self-rooted vines produce better wine than those that are grafted. Of course, the argument is essentially irrelevant wherever phylloxera exists. Had American rootstock not been available and used, there would be no V. vinifera wine industry in Europe or most places other than Chile, Washington State, and most of Australia. Cyprus was spared by
540-424: A digestive system, and once hatched, they mate and then die. Before the female dies, she lays one winter egg in the bark of the vine's trunk. This egg develops into the leaf form . This nymph, the fundatrix (stem mother), climbs onto a leaf and lays eggs parthenogenetically in a leaf gall that she creates by injecting saliva into the leaf. The nymphs that hatch from these eggs may move to other leaves, or move to
648-490: A feeding wound on the root, American vines respond by forming a protective layer of tissue to cover the wound and protect it from secondary bacterial or fungal infections. Currently there is no cure for phylloxera and unlike other grape diseases such as powdery or downy mildew , there is no chemical control or response. The only successful means of controlling phylloxera has been the grafting of phylloxera-resistant American rootstock (usually hybrid varieties created from
756-403: A plain, unregulated dump. He said that the fire probably started years ago at the much deeper level, 20 to 40 m (66 to 131 ft), and that it is highly likely that the fumes contain polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins , but that Serbia has no special measuring devices to check their levels. He asserted that those compounds are cancerogenic but a good thing is that the smoke
864-414: A resistant, or tolerant, rootstock, developed by Charles Valentine Riley in collaboration with J. E. Planchon and promoted by T. V. Munson , involved grafting a Vitis vinifera scion onto the roots of a resistant Vitis aestivalis or other American native species. This is the preferred method today, because the rootstock does not interfere with the development of the wine grapes (more technically,
972-537: A while in "Radmilovac". In total, five princes from the former royal family spent some time in the hotel, including Prince Vladimir Karađorđević [ sr ] . Numerous symposiums, either political, sport or professional, were organized in the hotel. For a while, it was fashionable to organize weddings in the "Radmilovac", including ones organized by the Serbian prime minister Dragutin Zelenović for his daughter, and
1080-475: Is a problem, a group of activists brought two metal barrels under the windows of the City Hall and burned rubbish in them. Commenting on the performance, titled "Greetings from Vinča", Mali said that it is "irresponsible that some five people come to me in front of the City Hall, light fires and scare my people". Acting ombudsman of Serbia, Miloš Janković asked from all involved institutions to make public, not only
1188-602: Is also practiced where possible, for instance south of the city of Tarascon . Flooding the vineyards for 50 days kills all the nymphs that overwinter in the roots or the bark at the bottom of the plant. Some regions were so blighted by phylloxera that they never recovered, and instead the producers switched crops entirely. The island of Mallorca is one example, where almonds now substitute for vines. According to wine critic and author Kerin O'Keefe , thanks to tiny parcels of vineyards throughout Europe which were inexplicably unscathed, some vineyards still exist as they were before
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#17328521470421296-660: Is an insect pest of grapevines worldwide, originally native to eastern North America . Grape phylloxera ( Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch 1855) belong to the family Phylloxeridae , within the order Hemiptera , bugs); originally described in France as Phylloxera vastatrix ; equated to the previously described Daktulosphaera vitifoliae , Phylloxera vitifoliae . The insect is commonly just called phylloxera ( / f ɪ ˈ l ɒ k s ə r ə / ; from Ancient Greek : φύλλον , leaf, and ξηρός , dry). These almost microscopic, pale yellow sap-sucking insects , related to aphids , feed on
1404-515: Is located in the village. Vinča is located on the confluence of the Bolečica river into the Danube , on the Danube's right bank, 13 km (8.1 mi) east of Belgrade and 15 km (9.3 mi) west of its own municipal seat of Grocka. It is situated along the stream of Makački potok , which empties into the Bolečica. Vinča is statistically classified as a rural settlement (village). Originally it
1512-469: Is partially dispersed by wind before it reaches the city. He added that Vinča is probably going to burn for years and suggested the piling of the porous pipes which would conduct the methane into the atmosphere. Only then, after almost a month, city administration addressed the issue. Mayor Siniša Mali stated that there is a problem, but not that much of a problem as it is presented, and that "such things happen". In order to prove him that burning garbage
1620-409: Is the amount paid to Suez-Itochu by the contract. Instead of making much lesser investments in promotion and expansion of recycling and construction of smaller recycle units which would employ hundreds of the poorest citizens, city administration decided to pour huge amount of money to private investor. Also, city is denouncing a valuable resource of recycled garbage this way and is additionally polluting
1728-410: Is to "scare the citizens and to raise panic". On 26 June 2017 the city garbage managing company, "Gradska čistoća", announced that after filling of the burning section of the landfill with over 65,000 m (2,300,000 cu ft) of earth, the fire was extinguished. Only then, the information that at one point the exploding methane burned on an area of 20 ha (49 acres) (or 30% of the landfill)
1836-466: The Vitis berlandieri , Vitis riparia and Vitis rupestris species) to more susceptible European vinifera vines. Phylloxera has a complex life-cycle of up to 18 stages, that can be divided into four principal forms: sexual form, leaf form, root form, and winged form. The sexual form begins with male and female eggs laid on the underside of young grape leaves. The male and female at this stage lack
1944-735: The Black Sea , including islands, peninsulas, hills, mountains and plains. Little Danube is populated with 40 fish species and plants were planted along its banks, both fishes and plants being characteristic for the "Big" Danube, which flows on the other side of the hill behind the farm. A series of fish ponds were created. Main species include common carp and trout . Inside the Center, there are 40 aquariums with numerous types of fish: common barbel , huchen , brook trout , common minnow , eel , goldfish , European mudminnow , common roach , common bream , Wels catfish , zander and Northern pike , but also
2052-673: The Coronavirus outbreak , pollution in Belgrade skyrocketed, followed again with smell and haze, despite the strong košava wind . Head of one of the trade unions in the company "Gradska čistoća" which manages the landfill, Željko Veselinović, named the latest fire in Vinča as one of the sources of the pollution. Being accused of spreading fear and panic with false information, head of the company announced criminal complaint against Veselinović, repeating that "all landfill processes are results of natural occurrences". In November 2020, private investors behind
2160-468: The Selective non-catalytic reduction system, and emitted into the atmosphere from the 60.5 m (198 ft) tall chimneys. The air will be constantly monitored. Several kilometers long pipeline and canals grid is built which will drain and collect both atmospheric precipitation and wastewater, channeling it to the foothills of old landfill. There, it will be treated by the reverse osmosis process, and, as
2268-571: The Smederevski put . Right behind the settlement is the Vinča Nuclear Institute . The experimental agricultural farm of Radmilovac, a section of the Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade is the original core of the neighborhood. Farm originated from the lands bequested to the Faculty by the industrialist, deputy and judge Milan Vukićević in 1941, when he died. Vukićević left the farm estate for
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#17328521470422376-413: The domestic waste but also earth and rubble. Out of 17 city municipalities, 13 use this landfill. The government decided in 2007 to remediate the landfill, but they soon stopped searching for the partner in the project. The landfill raised many ecological questions for years as only in the 2000s some of the major problems concerning waste managing began to solve. However, despite some recent improvements,
2484-455: The genes responsible for the grapes are not in the rootstock but in the scion), and it furthermore allows the customization of the rootstock to soil and weather conditions, as well as desired vigor. Not all rootstocks are equally resistant. Between the 1960s and the 1980s in California , many growers used a rootstock called AxR1 . Even though it had already failed in many parts of the world by
2592-556: The radioactive materials from the Institute, the U.S. government aided Serbia in the removal of the material. In 2010, large convoys moved the remaining 2.5 tonnes of nuclear fuel to a reprocessing facility in Mayak in Russia . Belgrade's city landfill ( deponija ) is located in Vinča. Official city landfill from 1960 used to be Ada Huja . When the new General Urban Plan (GUP) was adopted in
2700-404: The "poison". Areas with soils composed principally of sand or schist were spared, and the spread was slowed in dry climates, but gradually phylloxera spread across the continent. A significant amount of research was devoted to finding a solution to the phylloxera problem, and two major solutions gradually emerged: grafting cuttings onto resistant rootstocks and hybridization . By the end of
2808-514: The 1850s. Because phylloxera is native to North America, the native grape species are at least partially resistant. By contrast, the European wine grape Vitis vinifera is very susceptible to the insect. The epidemic devastated vineyards in Britain and then moved to the European mainland, destroying most of the European grape growing industry. In 1863, the first vines began to deteriorate inexplicably in
2916-465: The 19th century, hybridization became a popular avenue of research for stopping phylloxera. Hybridization is the breeding of Vitis vinifera with resistant species. Most native American grapes are naturally phylloxera resistant ( Vitis aestivalis , rupestris , and riparia are particularly so, while Vitis labrusca has a somewhat weak resistance to it) but have aromas that are off-putting to palates accustomed to European grapes. The intent of
3024-668: The American cultivars after the massive Phylloxera epidemic caused the Great French Wine Blight , which actually destroyed vineyards in entire Europe. The "Seibel 1000" cultivar reached Serbia in 1903. Some 30 vines were transplanted in Radmilovac. Grapes from there are being mixed with that from Zemun and experimental wines have been produced. The grafts of the "Zemunka" have been transplanted to several other vineyards in Serbia, including
3132-516: The EU). Minister of Environmental Protection Goran Trivan said this was not true, that the plant will be built by the "highest European standards", but that EIB withdrew because of the politics. EU delegation in Serbia then explained that incineration should be allowed only for the small part of the waste, which can not be recycled or treated in any other way, while by this project much larger quantities of waste will be burnt and that government should "adjust"
3240-542: The adjoining grapevine in 4 Gospodska street in a distant neighborhood of Zemun are protected by the law. The vine was planted c1910. It is of the red grape variety , specifically the Rosette ( Seibel 1000 ), or, as it is called in Serbia, the "Frenchman". Popularly nicknamed "Zemunka" ("Zemun girl"), the vine is still vital, spreading and bearing fruit. Faculty of Agriculture examined its grapes. The French hybrid originated from after 1860. The French cultivars were grafted on
3348-534: The administration that the entire project is just a scheme to drain money from the city. Partial documentation, though not the full contract, have been handed to the city deputies and was posted online by the Transparency Serbia . The analysis of the City defender's office, needed for the city to adopt the contract, wasn't positive. City defender stated: "Translation of the contract has not been done in accordance with
Radmilovac - Misplaced Pages Continue
3456-435: The air. Strategic documents on the garbage management never envisioned the incineration plant, quite the opposite. According to the reports, the garbage will not be sorted prior to incineration, so everything from the paints, batteries, PVC, etc. will be burned. Despite constant claims by the opponents of the project that city, at the expense of its citizens, will pay to the investor, now a deputy mayor Goran Vesić, stated that
3564-444: The atmosphere. Largest deposits are estimated to be 100 metres (330 ft) deep. The devastating 2014 Southeast Europe floods triggered a mass wasting in one part of the landfill. As a result of the mass wasting which continued, and of the fact that the waste is not being treated, just piled on the top, a pockets of methane formed deep under the garbage layers. On 18 May 2017 several of these pockets, on different locations and at
3672-401: The bark or on the vine roots; these leaf galls are typically only found on the leaves of American vines. American vine species (such as Vitis labrusca ) have evolved to have several natural defenses against phylloxera. The roots of the American vines exude a sticky sap that repels the nymph form by clogging its mouth when it tries to feed from the vine. If the nymph is successful in creating
3780-451: The case of smoky haze". Among the substances checked by the Institute are carbon monoxide , nitrogen oxides , sulfur dioxide , ground level ozone , suspended particulate matter below 10 μm ( PM 10 ) and phenols . However, dean of the University of Belgrade 's Faculty of Chemistry, Ivan Gržetić, stated that the smoke is not that harmless, since Vinča is not a managed landfill but rather
3888-424: The city and traffic pollution, but experts claimed there is no need for panicking. Still, health recommendations were issued for both the healthy and ill citizens, including to spend more time indoors as the city was covered in dirty fog. Citizens then began to report fire and smoke on the landfill, claiming it's one of the sources of the smog, but this was denied by the authorities. Even after photos and videos of
3996-439: The city will now collect communal bills from all 17 city municipalities, instead of only central 10, as until that date. On 6 October 2019, Vesić announced that the works on the landfill makeover began. The existing landfill will be sanitized, re-cultivated and closed as concurrently the new landfill will be built. The combined waste treatment (incineration) plant will be built, which would also produce electricity and heat from
4104-469: The clear water, conducted via the creek of Ošljanski Potok into the Danube. In February 2020, the schedule of the works was announced: waste treatment facility will be finished by mid-April; construction of the power plant on waste energy will start in the mid-2020; finishing of the wastewater treatment facility is set for the end of 2020; the entire project will be finished by the end of 2022. The new sanitation landfill should be opened in early 2021 when
4212-447: The contract uses legal terms which are not provided by the positive law , therefore we are not in a position to confirm, with certainty, whether they are in accordance with the positive law." The deal includes the construction of an incineration plant . According to "Ne davimo Beograd" and environmentalist Vladimir Radojičić, the incineration will cost citizens obligatory €1.15 billion in the next 30 years, or €38 million per year, which
4320-452: The cracks open which release methane, which in turn produces fumes and smoke. It was stated that the mobile units on the non-stop watch are organized to deal with the problem when it appears. As media reported of new fires in February, the authorities threatened that this is fake news and spreading of panic, saying again it is normal for the landfill to smother all the time. They also stated that
4428-632: The cross was to generate a hybrid vine that was resistant to phylloxera but produced wine that did not taste like the American grape. The hybrids tend not to be especially resistant to phylloxera, although they are much hardier with respect to climate and other vine diseases. The new hybrid varieties have never gained the popularity of the traditional ones. In the EU they are generally banned or at least strongly discouraged from use in quality wine , although they are still in widespread use in much of North America, such as Missouri, Ontario, and upstate New York. Use of
Radmilovac - Misplaced Pages Continue
4536-480: The dam, which cost €2 million, was built in 2018 to prevent the draining of the polluted water into the Danube, though no one mentioned this dam before nor reported its construction. Few weeks later it was said that the dam was finished in March 2019. Company administration threatened to sue anyone who continue to claim that the landfill is burning. In March 2020, despite the massive reduction of traffic in Belgrade due to
4644-422: The deal (16, 20 or 25 years). In February 2017 Vesić stated that the selection of the bidders is in the finishing phase and that in the first half of 2017 the strategic partner will be selected. On 11 June 2017, during the fire, mayor Mali said that the Vinča problem will be solved on 6 July, when the bids from the "largest world companies" will be opened. The date was moved to 13 July and the deadline for selecting
4752-483: The depths of 10 to 15 m (33 to 49 ft), bursted into flames. Being covered with dirt and earth, fire above the ground was extinguished quickly, but the smoldering in the deep continued. Wide section of Belgrade was covered in smoke and bad smell, sometimes completely, forcing citizens to use masks. Smoggy neighborhoods included Lešće , Višnjica , Višnjička Banja , Krnjača , Kotež , Borča , Rospi Ćuprija , Karaburma , Slanci and Veliko Selo . By 23 May 2017
4860-450: The early 1970s, the projected location of the new landfill was the marsh around Veliko Selo in the municipality of Palilula . The municipality of Grocka endorsed the GUP, but in 1973 the idea of placing the landfill in Vinča was announced by the city. Grocka rejected the proposal and refused to endorse the new decision but the city administration bypassed the local authorities and the new landfill
4968-490: The early twentieth century, it was thought to be resistant by growers in California. Although phylloxera initially did not feed heavily on AxR1 roots, within twenty years, mutation and selective pressures within the phylloxera population began to overcome this rootstock, resulting in the eventual failure of most vineyards planted on AxR1. The replanting of afflicted vineyards continues today. Many have suggested that this failure
5076-457: The energy production will start in April, while the heating will start during the 2023/2024 heating season. New management then announced that further enhancement of the entire project will be needed, as they misjudged the waste quantity almost by a quarter. Instead of 510,000 tons yearly, 625,000 tons are produced by the residents. As the power plant is still not treating the waste, from August 2021 when
5184-424: The facilities on the landfill, and the surplus will be distributed to the city. Construction of the heat pipeline from Vinča to the heating plant in Belgrade's neighborhood of Konjarnik also began. It is planned for the gas produced by the secondary waste separation process from the incineration plant, which will be used for heating. In October 2019, European Investment Bank (EIB) announced it refused to fund
5292-453: The farm was finally returned to the Faculty again. The reconstruction and expansion of the farm began in 2006, with new small fishponds and projected halls and covered areas. Today the farm, mainly known for its orchards , covers an area of 86 hectares . It is the largest agricultural gene bank in eastern and southeastern Europe. Arable land covers 10 hectares and includes several large greenhouses . Products of Radmilovac can be bought on
5400-509: The farm was named Radmilovac in her honor (Serbian for “Radmila’s place”). It was also in 1947 when the faculty took over the farm, due to the World War II and post-war developments in the state. After World War II the land was nationalized , returned to the Faculty in the 1960s, taken by the state again and given to the PKB company, main agricultural supplier of the Belgrade market. In the late 1980s
5508-434: The farm. They include wines, brandies, seedlings, but also some unusual products like a tomato jam . A ceramic container with small hole-like marks on the inside, was discovered in a Neolithic house at the nearby Vinča archaeological site . Discovered in the late 2010s, it was dated to 5,000 BC, and the marks were consistent with the ones made by the alcoholic fermentation. Inside the same house, abundant quantity of grains
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#17328521470425616-419: The fires were posted, denials continued. When reporters and several groups of activists wanted to visit the landfill and check the situation, the police blocked access to the facility. Authorities then admitted that there are fires, but not open ones, while minister Trivan added this is "not a rare occurrence" and that "soon, everything will be under control". Ombudsman Zoran Pašalić began proceedings regarding
5724-454: The genetically mixed fish population. The aquariums are ornamented with the replicas of the Lepenski Vir sculptures . The fishing of carp and catfish is allowed. One section is turned into the botanical water garden with 40 species of aquatic plants , and 30 species of birds (15 species of ducks , 5 species of geese , ruddy shelducks , swans , black swans and peacocks ) roaming between
5832-487: The hotel. It developed on the hill above the farm, beginning in the late 1970s, and today has an estimated population of 500. Vin%C4%8Da Vinča ( Serbian Cyrillic : Винча , pronounced [ʋîːntʃa] ) is a suburban settlement of Belgrade , Serbia . It is part of the municipality of Grocka . Vinča-Belo Brdo , an important archaeological site that gives its name to the Neolithic Vinča culture ,
5940-585: The incineration plant. After the internal evaluation, the EIB decided to concur with the negative findings of the European Commission and to withdraw from the project. The bank stated the project is going to affect both the citizens of Belgrade (as the health risk) and all citizens of Serbia (as the project is not in accordance with the European Union negotiations chapter No. 27, which would prevent Serbia to join
6048-587: The insect, which is slowly advancing and destroying the Pie Franco vineyard of the Casa Castillo estate, planted in 1942, i.e., when phylloxera had already been in the region for five decades. Large swaths of vineyards on the slopes of Sicily's volcano Mount Etna also remain free of phylloxera. Some vines are more than one-hundred-fifty years old, predating the phylloxera infestation in Sicily (1879–1880). Part of
6156-406: The landfill is still far from the European standards of environmental management, like leachate collection and treatment system. It is, as of 2014, not only the Europe's biggest landfill, with between 6,650,000 and 9,500,000 tons of waste deposited in it, but also largest untreated landfill on the continent. Since the city's plan on the waste management for the 2011-202 period, authorities try to make
6264-612: The legal problems with defection of the Romanian-Serbian footballer Miodrag Belodedici to Belgrade and the Red Star Belgrade , the team organized his stay in "Radmilovac", due to the hotel's location outside of the city. Also, on its way to winning the Intercontinental Cup in 1991, team members of Red Star Belgrade stayed in the hotel between the matches. After returning to Serbia, Prince Tomislav of Yugoslavia lived for
6372-401: The massive reconstruction of the landfill admitted that the fires are "frequent and constant". On 1 April 2015, city manager Goran Vesić announced that the private strategic partner will be chosen to clean, upgrade, modernize and operate the landfill. He said that by June or July 2015 the invitation for tender will be opened and that the partner will be known by the end of the year. June 2016
6480-459: The medieval village of Fermoselle in Spain . The Juan Garcia variety remained—untouched by phylloxera—sheltered on the vineyards planted on the man-made land terraces along the mountainous skirts on the gigantic and steep Duero Arribes / Douro River Canyon , where the microclimatic conditions discourage the growth of phylloxera. To escape the threat of phylloxera, wines have been produced since 1979 on
6588-485: The mid-1800s. Since 1985, the winery has produced a few bottles of Prefillossero (Italian for "before the phylloxera"). The wine has a following, including Italian wine critic Luigi Veronelli who inscribed on a bottle of the 1987 at the winery that drinking Prefillossero was like listening to 'the earth singing to the sky'. Jumilla in southeastern Spain is an important area of ungrafted vineyards, mainly from Monastrell grapes. Those vineyards, however, are not immune to
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#17328521470426696-444: The mornings and evenings, and to spread even further, reaching the hilly Dedinje , and more distant Mostar interchange and Vidikovac . City Institute for Public Health continuously issued statements that the levels of the basic pollutants in the air are not above the allowed levels, but also admitted that the actions to extinguish the fire are not solving the problem and that "sensitive groups" should "reduce time spent outdoors in
6804-526: The municipal settlements. The experimental farm of Radmilovac , a section of the Agricultural Faculty of the Belgrade University is located to the east. In 2006 began the reconstruction and expansion of the farm, with new pools and projected covered areas that will turn Radmilovac into and experimental ground for future agricultural production. The area along the Smederevski put turns into
6912-446: The museum of the Vinča culture, with boat trips down the Danube from downtown Belgrade to the small Vinča dock, right below the find, with several fish restaurants on the bank. In order to strengthen the slope below the site, an embankment was built in the early 1980s, which is today a quay along the Danube. Hotel 'Radmilovac' on the Smederevski put is the major such facility from Belgrade to Smederevo . The Vinča Nuclear Institute
7020-466: The neighboring settlements and was so polluted that it was named Šugavac ( Scabies stream ). It was conducted underground into the sewage system and instead an artificial short clean stream, named "Little Danube". The water wells were dug and the wetland around the stream was recreated. It is 1.5 kilometers long and is a miniature representation of the entire Danube 's flow, from the Black Forest to
7128-481: The new landfill became operational, to January 2023, entire capacity for the storage was filled, so the new storage area was finished by the end of 2022. The management stated that "Belgraders, obviously produce more communal waste faster and faster", while the "extraction of the reusable waste components progresses slowly". Even when the power plant becomes optimally operational, it will treat 340,000 tons yearly, which would leave 285,000 tons of untreated waste, instead of
7236-405: The ones at Oplenac . The farm also contains bees gene bank and 40 beehives . They produce several different types of honey: black locust , floral, sunflower , multifloral (“meadow”). Curiosity is honey produced from sophora (“Japanese acacia”). Center for fishery and applied hydrobiology occupies 5 hectares. Formerly, a stream Ševarice flowed through the farm. It received wastewater from
7344-675: The parcels, Croix Rouge in Bouzy , died from phylloxera and was replanted with grafted rootstock. A rare vintage port is made from ungrafted vines grown on a small parcel, called Nacional, in the heart of the Quinta do Noval. It is unknown why this plot survived. Another vineyard unaffected by the phylloxera is the Lisini estate in Montalcino in Italy, a half-hectare vineyard of Sangiovese with vines dating back to
7452-399: The partner to August. When the bids were opened on 13 July 2017 it turned out there is only one, French-Japanese consortium of Suez - Itochu . If accepted, even in the best case scenario, no work will begin before the second half of 2018. The "Ne davimo Beograd" movement, which opposes the politics of the city administration and continuously organizes the protests and performances, stated that
7560-613: The phylloxera devastation. So far, most Chilean wine has remained phylloxera free. It is isolated from the rest of the world by the Atacama Desert to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Andes Mountains to the east. Phylloxera has also never been found in several wine-growing regions of Australia, including Tasmania, Western Australia and South Australia. Australia has strong internal biosecurity controls to minimise
7668-531: The phylloxera plague, and thus its wine stock has not been grafted for phylloxera resistant purposes. The only European grapes that are natively resistant to phylloxera are the Assyrtiko grape which grows on the volcanic island of Santorini , Greece, although it is not clear whether the resistance is due to the rootstock itself or the volcanic ash on which it grows; and the Juan Garcia grape variety, autochthonous to
7776-431: The ponds. In one pond a small artificial island ("miniature Great War Island ") is constructed and a fisherman's house built on it that can be reached by walking over the short hanging bridge . In the house, the old tools used by the fishermen are exhibited, so as the model of tikvara , old type of the fishing boat. On 21 September 2019, within the "Little Danube" complex, a replica of the prehistoric fishermen settlement
7884-404: The practical education in all types of agriculture. He originally purchased 39 ha (96 acres) from the municipalities of Vinča and Kaluđerica. The estate already had several buildings. In one section of the administrative building there is a museum "Radmilovac", dedicated to Vukićević. Milan's wife Radmila Vukićević was the first manager of the farm from 1941 to 1945 when she died, too. In 1947
7992-490: The previously planned 170,000 tons. Works on the stabilization of the old landfill are planned for the second quarter of 2023. A recent motion, as a result of big economic and demographic discrepancy between the western and eastern parts of the municipality, mentions Vinča of the possible seat of the future municipality formed from the western part of the municipality of Grocka , comprising Kaluđerica , Boleč , Leštane , and Ritopek . Phylloxera Grape phylloxera
8100-416: The project won't cost citizens a dime. But already in 2017, manager of the "Suez" in Serbia, Philippe Thiel, stated that "payments from the City of Belgrade to the newly formed company, owned by the "Suez" and the "Itochu", will be significantly financed from the new, special tax for waste management" and on 1 October 2019, a new item on the communal bill was added, regarding the "management of the waste". Also,
8208-549: The project. Private investors said they will continue the funding. Investors rebutted the claims on bad technology claiming the process, when finished, will provide much cleaner air in Belgrade. The waste burning technology is the same as in Europe (450 facilities in European Union) and Japan (23 in Tokyo). The reverse acting grate Martin, used for incineration, is used in 90% of waste-to-energy facilities. The smoke will be filtered by
8316-544: The reason for this is the high concentration of silica sand and very low (less than 3%) concentration of clay in the volcanic soils . In this environment (> 400m AMSL), the surface water from heavy bouts of rain seals the soil so perfectly that it drowns phylloxera before they are able to thrive. Bien Nacido Vineyard in Santa Maria Valley AVA of Santa Barbara, CA is a phylloxera-free vineyard. Despite being planted on its own roots, with UC Davis virus-free clones,
8424-414: The recovery of the old one will start. 42 ha (100 acres) will be covered with 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) thick layer of mineral materials, but also by the geo-synthetic membrane which will prevent water to reach inside the landfill, but also to prevent carbon gases to spread out of it. The reclamation should be finished in 2024, after several stages in 30 months. Opening of the sanitation landfill
8532-399: The results, but also to disclose all information about the way they measure the fumes and a detailed list of all substances covered by those measurements. He was supported by Rodoljub Šabić , state Commissioner for the information of public importance, but the city administration called their initiative "utterly pointless, unjustified and malicious" and that the intended purpose of their action
8640-513: The risk of phylloxera spreading beyond 'Phylloxera Infested Zones' in parts of Victoria and New South Wales. The Riesling of the Mosel region has also remained untouched by phylloxera; the parasite is unable to survive in the slate soil. Until 2005, three tiny parcels of ungrafted Pinot noir that escaped phylloxera were used to produce Bollinger Vieilles Vignes Françaises, one of the rarest and most expensive Champagnes available. In 2004, one of
8748-414: The roots and leaves of grapevines (depending on the phylloxera genetic strain). On Vitis vinifera , the resulting deformations on roots ("nodosities" and "tuberosities") and secondary fungal infections can girdle roots, gradually cutting off the flow of nutrients and water to the vine. Nymphs also form protective galls on the undersides of grapevine leaves of some Vitis species and overwinter under
8856-406: The roots where they begin new infections in the root form . In this form they perforate the root to find nourishment, infecting the root with a poisonous secretion that stops it from healing. This poison eventually kills the vine. This nymph reproduces by laying eggs for up to seven more generations (which also can reproduce parthenogenetically) each summer. These offspring spread to other roots of
8964-469: The rules of Serbian language and in case of different interpretations of the Serbian and English versions, precedence has the English version, per Article 71, section 9a of the contract. The English version was not analyzed by the defender's office and the majority of the contract is not susceptible to changes. We are also noting that (one) contractual part is also (functioning as) an arbitration and that text of
9072-564: The same. Many attempts have been made to interrupt this life cycle to eradicate phylloxera, but it has proven to be extremely adaptable, as no one stage of the life cycle is solely dependent upon another for the propagation of the species. In the late 19th century the phylloxera epidemic destroyed most of the vineyards for wine grapes in Europe, most notably in France . Phylloxera was introduced to Europe when avid botanists in Victorian England collected specimens of American vines in
9180-542: The sandy beaches of Provence's Bouches-du-Rhône , which extends from the coastline of the Gard region to the waterfront village of Saintes Maries de la Mer . The sand, sun and wind in this area has been a major deterrent to phylloxera. The wine produced here is called "Vins des Sables" or "wines of the sands". In the same department, where the canal irrigation system built by the Romans still partly persists to this day, winter flooding
9288-403: The smoke reached downtown Belgrade. As the methane fire can not be extinguished with water, it has to be covered with earthy materials which are to isolate methane from oxygen, all trucks bringing earth to the landfill were rerouted to cover the burning section. However, as that area is located on the mass wasting ground, it went slow, preventing the quick damping of the fire. As the winds changed,
9396-477: The smoke turned from spreading upstream the Danube to Belgrade, to downstream, in the direction of Smederevo . In order to extinguish the fire completely, for the first time was used a concentrated solution of the brown algae . The preparation acts like the fermentor , organically decomposing the matter, binding methane, ammonia, and oxygen thus preventing the spreading of the fire. In June smoky haze and bad smell continued to cover parts of Belgrade, especially in
9504-428: The southern Rhône region of France. The problem spread rapidly across the continent. In France alone, total wine production fell from 84.5 million hectolitres in 1875 to only 23.4 million hectolitres in 1889. Some estimates hold that between two-thirds and nine-tenths of all European vineyards were destroyed. In France, one of the desperate measures of grape growers was to bury a live toad under each vine to draw out
9612-436: The strategy partnerships for the landfills, in long terms, proves inefficient and unprofitable, citing Barcelona as an example. The city accepted the offer and the contract was signed on 29 September 2017. Mayor Mali stated that the project as a good investment and that contract is transparent. Political opposition claimed that the contract may be "even more scandalous than the one on Belgrade Waterfront " and openly accused
9720-405: The total population number of 6,779 by the 2011 census. Small bridge across the Bolečica on the Smederevski put marks a place where boundaries of four settlements meet (Vinča, Ritopek, Leštane and Boleč). Together they would make a settlement with the population of 22,345 in 2002 and 26,275 in 2011. Vinča's economy is mostly based on agriculture, but it also experiences the most diversity of all
9828-603: The usual way, with lesser space between them, only one meter apart (up to 3.000 seedlings per hectare). Anti- hail net is placed between the trees and a drip irrigation system is introduced. One section is reserved for the old local and new worldwide cultivars, including hundreds of unique fruit brands. Internationally known type of brandies are being produced here. Vineyards spread over 13 hectares. Farm developed 23 new grape cultivars, 15 table and 8 wine varieties. Yield varies from 35 to 60 tons per year, with 20 tons internationally recognized brands of wines made of it. A house and
9936-474: The vine, or to the roots of other vines through cracks in the soil. The generation of nymphs that hatch in the autumn hibernate in the roots and emerge next spring when the sap begins to rise. In humid areas, the nymphs develop into the winged form , else they perform the same role without wings. These nymphs start the cycle again by either staying on the vine to lay male and female eggs on the bottom side of young grape leaves, or flying to an uninfected vine to do
10044-407: The vineyard has never been affected by phylloxera. The high percentage of sand in the soil creates a mostly uninhabitable substrate for phylloxera. While Bien Nacido has not been affected, there is a potential, as all of the vines are true Vitis vinifera without scions or grafting. Many of the old vines were planted in 1973 and fall within the blocks G, N, Q and W. The wines of Bien Nacido Estate have
10152-744: The waste. The planned power capacity is 103 kW with treatment of 43 tons of waste per hour. The energy will be available for the Belgraders, but the city will have to pay higher prices than the average. Capacity is planned to 340.000 tons yearly. Another plant will treat the construction waste and rubble, with the capacity of 100.000 tons per year. Treatment products will be reused in building, road construction, etc. There are plans for third and fourth treatment plants: for water treatment (which will then be used as technical water) and for collecting landfill gases, which will be used for energy production. Biogas will be primarily used for energy production needed for
10260-423: The way public was notified on the Vinča fire by the administration. In January 2020, citizens again reported smoke from the landfill, which coincided with one of the worst periods of pollution and smog in Belgrade's history. Authorities this time admitted immediately that the smoke, but not the fire, is a normal appearance in such type of landfills. As the mass wasting is now constantly active, during each landslide
10368-420: The wedding of Claudio Del Monaco and Dragana Jugović del Monaco . For years, the venue hosted an artistic colony and as a result it exhibits 120 works of Raša Trkulja, Danica Basta [ sr ] , Moma Antonović [ sr ] , Vasa Dolovački, Dragan Stojkov (painter) [ sr ] , and others. Radmilovac is a small, exclusively residential settlement of few dozen houses located around
10476-587: The year. Old landfill was officially declared closed in August 2021. It was announced in November 2021 that 20 metres (66 ft) wide and 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) long green belt will be formed around the landfill. Deadlines were moved again, and it was stated that the power plant will be operational, in the beginning at a lower level, in January 2023, but the "final testing" was then announced for February. If successful,
10584-465: Was again postponed (from 30 September 2020, to 31 January 2021, then to March). The main issue is the landslide of the old landfill, especially a massive one in December 2020, when part of the road was also destroyed. In 2021 landslide occurred in the section of the new, still unfinished landfill. This caused changes in the project and additional works, so the opening was postponed for the "second quarter" of
10692-409: Was announced as the date when the contract should be signed while January 2020 was set as the date when the new waste-to-energy plant should open. 11 companies applied but in the later phases, that number fell down to 4 or 5, and the city officials (Vesić, mayor Mali, deputy mayor Andreja Mladenović) also couldn't agree on the amount of the investment (ranging from 250 to 400 million) or the duration of
10800-581: Was disclosed. Still, authorities stated that they can not be sure if the fire was really extinguished in the deep. In October 2019, smog began to engulf the city. Several specialized foreign pollution and air quality sites reported Belgrade as one of the most polluted cities in the world in this period, ahead of traditionally most polluted Asian cities like Beijing, Jakarta and Delhi. Reasons were various: warm above average autumn and high difference between daily and night temperatures, high atmospheric pressure, lack of rain and wind, massive stubble burning around
10908-465: Was discovered, too. Archaeologists from the site, and archaeobotanists from the University of Massachusetts Boston , conducted an experiment in Radmilovac. They planted ancient varieties of wheat and barley, and then used the grains to produce mildly alcoholic "Neolithic beer", resembling boza . Orchards cover 15 hectares and are populated by apples, plums, peaches and pears, including one peach cultivar created here. Trees are planted differently from
11016-455: Was officially established on 21 January 1948 by the Serbian top physicist Pavle Savić as the Institute for Physics, though construction of the site began in 1947. On 15 October 1958, the institute was the site of a fatal criticality excursion in its heavy water-moderated research reactor . One researcher was killed and four others injured. The institute operated two research reactors . The larger 6.5 MW reactor achieved criticality in 1959 and
11124-516: Was opened in Vinča in 1977. The location was chosen specifically because of the clay bedrock, which will prevent the draining of the waste water deeper into the ground. However, the drainage system for both the water and the gas was never built, and the depositing of the water and gas at the bottom caused numerous problems since then. As of 2017, the landfill covers an area of 68 ha (170 acres) and receives some 2,700 t (2,700 long tons; 3,000 short tons) of garbage daily, which includes not only
11232-442: Was opened on 9 October 1989. As a major venue of its kind in the area between Belgrade and Smederevo, it soon developed into the popular place, especially because of its restaurant. Though not a large venue, in time it was often visited by Dobrica Ćosić , Momo Kapor , Vladimir Cvetković , Dragan Kićanović , Dragan Džajić , Nemanja Vidić , Zdravko Čolić , but also hosted Armand Assante , Bernie Ecclestone , and others. Because of
11340-418: Was opened. It consists of 5 segments: Paleolithic (cave, to 10,000 BC); Mesolithic (first permanent settlements, 10,000-6,000 BC); Neolithic 1 ( Starčevo culture dugouts , 6,200-5,300 BC); Neolithic 2 ( Vinča culture houses, 5,300-4,300 BC); fishermen houses from 4,300 BC till today. The project was designed by the group of archaeologists, fishery professors, architects and craftsmen. Hotel "Radmilovac"
11448-532: Was predictable, as one parent of AxR1 is in fact a susceptible V. vinifera cultivar. But the transmission of phylloxera tolerance is more complex, as is demonstrated by the continued success of 41B, an F1 hybrid of Vitis berlandieri and Vitis vinifera . Modern phylloxera infestation also occurs when wineries are in need of fruit immediately, and choose to plant ungrafted vines rather than wait for grafted vines to be available. The use of resistant American rootstock to guard against phylloxera also brought about
11556-404: Was shut down in 1984. Another very low power reactor achieved criticality in 1958 and as of 2002 was operational. The institute was named the Institute for Physical Sciences 'Boris Kidrič' in 1953 and has its present name since 1 January 1992. In the 1970s a modern urban settlement with small residential buildings was constructed for the employees of the Institute. In 2003, in an effort to secure
11664-427: Was situated 3 km from the road of Smederevski put , but as the settlement expanded it now stretches from the Danube to the Smederevski put , making urbanistic connections to the surrounding settlements of Ritopek , Boleč , Leštane and Kaluđerica , though making one continuous built-up area with Belgrade itself. Like the surrounding settlements, Vinča is an immigrant settlement with steady population growth, and
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