Racibórz ( pronounced [raˈt͡ɕibuʂ] , German : Ratibor , Czech : Ratiboř , Silesian : Racibōrz ) is a city in Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland . It is the administrative seat of Racibórz County .
63-650: With Opole , Racibórz is one of the historic capitals of Upper Silesia , being the residence of the Dukes of Racibórz from 1172 to 1521. The city is situated in the southwest of the voivodeship on the upper Oder river, near the border with the Polish Opole Voivodeship and the Czech Republic . The Racibórz Basin ( Kotlina Raciborska ) forms the southeastern extension of the Silesian Lowlands , surrounded by
126-534: A flood devastated the town. As a result, the Racibórz Dolny flood control reservoir located nearby the town was built and officially opened in 2020. The reservoir has the capacity of 185 million cubic meters and cost an estimated 2 billion zloty. It played a crucial role in protecting Racibórz and the cities of Opole and Wrocław from flooding during the 2024 Central European floods . Racibórz has an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ) using
189-638: A plebiscite was held on 20 March 1921 in Oppeln to determine if the city would be in the Weimar Republic or become part of the Second Polish Republic , which just regained independence. 20,816 (94.7%) votes were cast for Germany, 1,098 (5.0%) for Poland, and 70 (0.3%) votes were declared invalid. Voter participation was 95.9%. Results of the plebiscite in the Oppeln-Land county were different, with 30% of
252-629: A forced labour camp for Jews , and six labour subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp in the town, and three labour subcamps of Stalag VIII-B/344 in the present-day district of Brzezie. In 1945, the Germans sent 176 prisoners of the Nazi prison on a death march to Kłodzko , and two German-conducted death marches of prisoners of the Auschwitz concentration camp and its subcamps passed through
315-477: A part of Opole, enlargening its population by about 9,500, and its area by over 5,300 ha, despite the protests of inhabitants. In the early 20th century the number of Polish and bilingual citizens of Opole, according to the official German statistics, varied from 25 to 31%. Alongside German and Polish , many citizens of the city before 1945 used a strongly German-influenced Silesian dialect (sometimes called wasserpolnisch or wasserpolak ). Because of this,
378-498: A plethora of other major supermarket chains, namely: the Polish supermarket chains Biedronka , Lidl , Aldi and Netto . Other major brand stores include the shoe retailer Deichmann and Rossmann drugstores . Furthermore, the city has three major shopping centres. The Solaris Center , with a total of 86 shops, opened in May 2009 and is located in the centre of Mikołaj Kopernik Square. In
441-508: A substantial Czech minority (see border conflicts between Poland and Czechoslovakia ). At the same time the expulsion of Germans started, while the town became wholly part of Poland as defined at the Potsdam Conference . The German CDU politician Herbert Hupka at the end of his life promoted reconciliation between the former German inhabitants, including himself, and the new Polish settlers and administration of Racibórz. In 1997,
504-546: A total of 50 stores. Other shopping centres include Galeria Opolanin , built between 1974 and 1981 and upon its completion, was the largest shopping centre in Poland. Among the city's sports team are: Opole is twinned with: Wincenty of Kielcza Wincenty of Kielcza (c. 1200 – after 1262) was a Polish canon , poet, and composer, working in Kraków and writing in Latin . He was
567-460: Is a city located in southern Poland on the Oder River and the historical capital of Upper Silesia . With a population of approximately 127,387 as of the 2021 census, it is the capital of Opole Voivodeship (province) and the seat of Opole County . Its built-up (or metro area) was home to 146,522 inhabitants. It is the largest city in its province. Its history dates to the 8th century, and Opole
630-604: Is one of the oldest cities in Poland. An important stronghold in Poland, it became a capital of a duchy within medieval Poland in 1172, and in 1217 it was granted city rights by Duke Casimir I of Opole , the great-grandson of Polish Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth . During the Medieval Period and the Renaissance , the city was known as a centre of commerce; several main trade routes intersected here, which helped to generate steady profits from transit trade. The rapid development of
693-617: Is one of the warmest cities in Poland. The national all-time heat record was measured in Prószków, near Opole. The climate is oceanic with sizeable continental influences. Members of Parliament ( Sejm ) elected from Opole constituency Opole is the Opole Voivodeship 's centre for commerce, banking, industrial complexes and other major service sector industries. Prior to World War II , due to major limestone deposits in Opole's vicinity,
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#1732851351689756-428: Is sometimes referred to as "Polish Venice", because of its picturesque Old Town and several canals and bridges connecting parts of the city. The name Opole likely originated from the medieval Slavic term for a group of settlements . Names for the city in other relevant languages include Lower Silesian : Uppeln , Czech : Opolí , Latin : Oppelia , Oppolia or Opulia . Opole's history begins in
819-692: The January Uprising in 1863. Ratibor became part of the German Empire in 1871. According to the Prussian census of 1910, the city of Ratibor had a population of 38,424, of which around 60% spoke German, 30% spoke Polish and 10% were bilingual. After World War I , the Upper Silesian plebiscite was held in 1921, in which 90.9% of votes in Ratibor town were for Germany and 9.1% were for Poland . Consequently,
882-619: The Kristallnacht on 9–10 November 1938 Nazis forced Rabbi Hans Hirschberg to set the building on fire. After the end of the Second World War in 1945, Oppeln was transferred from Germany to Poland, pursuant to the agreements of the Potsdam Conference , and given its original Slavic name of Opole. Opole became part of the Katowice Voivodeship from 1946–1950, after which it became part of the Opole Voivodeship . Unlike other parts of
945-682: The Opawskie Mountains in the west (part of the Eastern Sudetes ), the Silesian Upland in the north, and the Moravian Gate in the south. The town centre is located about 75 kilometres (47 mi) southwest of Katowice and about 160 kilometres (99 mi) southeast of the regional capital Wrocław . As of 2019, the city has a population of approximately 55,000 inhabitants. From 1975 to 1998, it belonged to Katowice Voivodeship . Until
1008-647: The Polish duke Bolesław III Wrymouth had to ward off the attacks by the forces of Duke Svatopluk of Bohemia invading from the Moravian lands in the south. The Polish rule over the Racibórz area was confirmed in 1137, it was incorporated into the Duchy of Silesia according to the Testament of Bolesław III in the following year. Racibórz was an important center of beer production, and
1071-460: The Province of Silesia in 1815 and the town became the administrative seat of a Landkreis . In the 18th century, Racibórz belonged to the tax inspection region of Prudnik . The mediate Lordship of Ratibor was acquired by Elector William I of Hesse in 1812, succeeded by Landgrave Victor Amadeus of Hesse-Rotenburg in 1821 and Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst in 1834, who was vested with
1134-660: The Swedish invasion of Poland , in 1655 the King of Poland, John II Casimir Vasa , stayed with his entire court in Opole. In Opole in November 1655, the Universal of Opole ( Uniwersał opolski ) was issued by the King, calling for Poles to rise against the Swedes, who at that time occupied a large part of Poland. With the abdication of King John II Casimir of Poland as the last Duke of Opole in 1668,
1197-664: The 8th century. At this time, according to the archeological excavations, the first settlement was founded on the Ostrówek – the northern part of the Pasieka Island in the middle of the Oder river . In the early 10th century it developed into one of the main " gords " of the Lechitic (Polish) Opolans tribe. At the end of the century Silesia became part of Poland and was ruled by the Piast dynasty ;
1260-666: The Dominican church in 1521, Racibórz according to a 1512 inheritance treaty fell to the Opole dukes Jan II the Good , also a vassal of Bohemian king. As he himself left no male heirs, his lands fell back to the Habsburg king Ferdinand I . With Opole, Racibórz was temporarily given in pawn to the Hohenzollern margraves of Ansbach and to the royal Polish House of Vasa . The town's economy suffered from
1323-888: The German valve manufacturer Kludi; the German men's fashion manufacturer Ahlers and the American automotive manufacturer Tower Automative. As is the case with the entire Opole Voivodeship , there is a strong presence of food industry services in the city. The largest companies in the food sector include: Zott , the Dutch baby food and nutrition company Nutricia , part of the Danone food-products corporation. Opole has branches of all major banks, including: PKO , Pekao , Deutsche Bank and Raiffeisen Zentralbank . The retail sector in Opole includes major Metro AG brand stores: Metro Cash and Carry and Media-Saturn-Holding , as well as Real . The city has
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#17328513516891386-477: The German police and Gestapo , and the assets of the local Polish bank were confiscated. On 13 September and 4 October 1939, arrested Poles were deported from the city to concentration camps, men to Buchenwald and women to Ravensbrück . Some local Poles avoided arrest by escaping earlier to Poland. The German 10th Army and 14th Army attacked Poland from the city, and the Einsatzgruppe I and II followed
1449-489: The German-held part of Upper Silesia, participated in espionage and sabotage in the Polish part of Silesia and prepared border provocations against Poland. There was strong anti-Polish propaganda in the city and region. The local Polish newspaper Nowiny Codzienne was frequently confiscated from 1937 and its editors were harassed, its work obstructed, its distributors persecuted, and its readers threatened. In 1938–1939,
1512-491: The Germans confiscated assets of the local Polish bank, and carried out mass arrests of prominent Poles, including the chairman of the local "Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society , the editor-in-chief of local Polish newspaper Dziennik Raciborski , the chairman of the local Polish bank and activists of the Association of Polish Women. During the war, the Germans operated a Nazi prison, a Polenlager forced labour camp for Poles,
1575-711: The Poles led by local Duke Mieszko II the Fat won the Battle of Racibórz during the first Mongol invasion of Poland and the Duke founded a Dominican monastery in the city, where he was buried in 1246. The first Polish national anthem Gaude Mater Polonia was written ca. 1260–70 in Latin by the Dominican brother Wincenty of Kielcza . In 1285 Duke Przemysław of Racibórz granted the Wrocław bishop Thomas II Zaremba asylum during his fierce struggle with
1638-468: The Polish nation. Additionally, many Poles displaced from the former Polish Kresy annexed by the USSR (for example Lwów ) came to Opole and the surrounding area and settled here after the Second World War. In the later years however many Germans (and German Silesians) left to West Germany to flee the communist Eastern Bloc (see Emigration from Poland to Germany after World War II ). Today Opole, along with
1701-473: The Silesian duke Henry IV Probus . In turn, Bishop Thomas donated a college of canons at Racibórz Castle, dedicated to Saint Thomas of Canterbury . Duke Przemysław also founded a Dominican nunnery and his daughter Euphemia became its first prioress in 1313. Around 1300, the Dominican friar Peregrine of Opole compiled his Sermones de tempore and Sermones de sanctis collections. From 1299 onwards, Racibórz
1764-616: The Slavic Golensizi (Golenshitse, Holasici in Czech ), a proto-Polish tribe, probably Racibórz was one of them). The name Racibórz is of Slavic origin and probably is derived from the name of one Duke Racibor, the city's founder. However, the first confirmed mention of Racibórz was made in 1108 in the Gesta principum Polonorum chronicle by the Benedictine monk Gallus Anonymus , at a time when
1827-521: The armies from Opole to various Polish cities to commit crimes against the Polish people . After the defeat of Poland, Polish Eastern Upper Silesia was re-annexed to the Province of Upper Silesia and Oppeln lost its status as provincial capital to German-occupied Katowice (renamed Kattowitz ). Polish prisoners from the city co-founded the secret resistance movement in Buchenwald, while Polish escapees from
1890-407: The arrested Poles were activists, entrepreneurs, journalists, editors, scout leaders, the director of the local Polish bank and the director of the local Polish library. The Nowiny Codzienne newspaper was closed down on September 1, and its editorial team, including editor-in-chief Jan Łangowski, was deported to concentration camps . In September 1939, local Polish organizations were closed down by
1953-450: The castle that was built in place of the old city. Former inhabitants of Ostrówek, together with German merchants that immigrated from the West, received the first town rights probably as early as around 1217, although this date is disputed. Opole received German town law in 1254, which was expanded with Neumarkt law in 1327. Opole developed during the rule of duke Bolko I of Opole . The castle
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2016-541: The castle tower was saved from demolition. Nowadays called the Piast Tower it is one of the city's landmarks. In 1929, a Polish theatre from Katowice came to Opole to perform the opera Halka by Stanisław Moniuszko . After the performance, the actors were brutally beaten by a German militia with the silent consent of the German police. Local Polish activists were intensively persecuted from 1937 onwards. The local Gestapo terrorized and spied on Polish activities in
2079-505: The city developed as a centre for cement production in Germany , with the Cementownia "Odra" being active till this day. The French building materials company Lafarge is also active in the area, having its roofing division, Lafarge Roofing, together with its German subsidiary Schiedel (chimney manufacturing) based in Opole. Other companies in the city include: IT company - Atmoterm SA,
2142-468: The city participated in the Polish resistance in occupied Poland . Local members of the Polish resistance were expelled from the city. During the war, the Nazis operated thirteen forced labour subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs in the city, and two in the present-day district of Groszowice. The New Synagogue was built in 1893–1897, designed by Felix Henry. During
2205-527: The city's suburbs, by Wrocławska Street ( ul. Wrocławska ) is the location of Karolinka Shopping Centre ( Centrum Handlowe Karolinka ). The shopping centre, which opened in September 2008, has a total area of 38,000 m , with a total of 99 stores, including fashion, hardware and electronics stores. To the east of the city, by the National Road 46, is the smallest of the three shopping centres, Turawa Park, with
2268-631: The devastations in the Thirty Years' War . In 1683, on his way to the Battle of Vienna , Polish King John III Sobieski stopped in Racibórz, which he called a beautiful and fortified town in a letter to his wife Queen Marie Casimire . After the First Silesian War in 1742, Racibórz was ceded to the Kingdom of Prussia under Frederick the Great . With most of the Silesian territory it was incorporated into
2331-619: The duchy, which from that time on was ruled by the Opava cadet branch of the Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty and incorporated into the Lands of the Bohemian Crown . The Racibórz citizens retained their autonomy and the town developed to an important commercial centre for the region with significant cloth , tanning and brewing industries. When the last Přemyslid duke Valentin died and was buried in
2394-676: The end of World War II. Many German Upper Silesians and Poles of ethnic German ancestry still reside in the Opole region; but, following the 1945–46 expulsions , in the city of the 21st century, ethnic Germans make up less than 3% of the population. There are four higher education establishments in the city: the Opole University , Opole University of Technology , a Medical College and the private Higher College of Management and Administration. The National Festival of Polish Song has been held here annually since 1963. Each year new regular events, fairs, shows and competitions take place. Opole
2457-592: The end of the 5th century AD, the lands of the later Racibórz settlement were inhabited by East Germanic Silinger tribes. The town is one of the oldest in Upper Silesia, the site of a hill fort where the old trade route from the Moravian Gate down to Kraków crossed the Oder river. There is a possibility that Racibórz was mentioned in a work of the " Bavarian Geographer " in 845 (this document mentions five strongholds of
2520-485: The ethnic structure of the city began to change. In the early 20th century the number of Polish and bilingual citizens of Opole, according to the official German statistics, varied between 25% and 31%. Nonetheless, Opole remained an important cultural, social and political center for the Poles of Upper Silesia. From 1849 the Polish newspaper Gazeta Wiejska dla Górnego Śląska was published in Opole. Polish reporter and opponent of Germanisation Bronisław Koraszewski founded
2583-435: The first partition of Silesia in 1172. From 1202 onwards, Duke Mieszko ruled over whole Upper Silesia as Duke of Opole and Racibórz . He had the settlement beneath his residence laid out and the area colonized by Flemish merchants, the first coin with the Polish description "MILOST" was issued in Racibórz in 1211. Mieszko's son and successor Duke Casimir I granted the Racibórz citizens municipal privileges in 1217. In 1241,
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2646-587: The land of the pagan Opolanie was conquered by Duke Mieszko I in 992. From the 11th–12th centuries it was also a castellany . After the death of Duke Władysław II the Exile , Silesia was divided in 1163 between two Piast lines – the Wrocław line in Lower Silesia and the Opole- Racibórz of Upper Silesia. Opole would become a duchy in 1172 and would share much in common with the Duchy of Racibórz , with which it
2709-426: The largest German and Upper Silesian minorities in Poland. However, Opole itself is only 2.46% German. (See also Germans of Poland .) Opole hosts the annual National Festival of Polish Song . The city is also known for its 10th-century Church of St. Adalbert and the 14th-century Church of the Holy Cross . There is a zoo, the Ogród Zoologiczny w Opolu . Structures and buildings Museums Cemetery Opole
2772-447: The local Gestapo carried out expulsions of Polish activists from the region, which the local Polish press could still report. On 2 July 1939 a Nazi militia attacked and severely beat Poles going to a Polish service in the Saint Sebastian Church. On August 31, the day before the German invasion of Poland that began World War II , the Germans began mass arrests of prominent Poles in the city, which were continued in September. Among
2835-420: The local Association of Polish Women. In June 1939, the Gestapo seized the headquarters of local Polish organizations, which was then handed over to the Hitler Youth , while the Polish library and documents were confiscated. During the German invasion of Poland , which started World War II , the Einsatzgruppe I entered the town on September 4, 1939, to commit atrocities against Poles . In September 1939,
2898-437: The lower leagues, however, it played in the Polish top division in the past. Defunct women's football club RTP Unia Racibórz was also based in the town. It played in Poland's top division , and won five consecutive national championships from 2009 to 2013. Racibórz is twinned with: Former twin towns: Opole Opole ( Polish: [ɔˈpɔlɛ] ; Silesian : Ôpole ; Silesian German : Uppeln )
2961-416: The newspaper Gazeta Opolska in 1890 and the People's Bank in Opole ( Opolski Bank Ludowy ) in 1897. Another Polish newspaper, the Nowiny was founded by Franciszek Kurpierz in 1911. From 1816–1945 Opole was the capital of Regierungsbezirk Oppeln within Prussia. The city became part of the German Empire during the unification of Germany in 1871. After the defeat of Imperial Germany in World War I ,
3024-412: The population voting for Poland. The local newspaper Oppelner Nachrichten was published in Oppeln. Oppeln was the administrative seat of the Province of Upper Silesia from 1919–1939. In the years 1928–1931, by the decision of the German regional administration, the Piast Castle was demolished. Thanks to the strong opposition of the local Polish community and protests of the Union of Poles in Germany ,
3087-636: The post-war Polish state administration after the annexation of Silesia in 1945 did not initiate a general expulsion of all former inhabitants of Opole, as was done in Lower Silesia, for instance, where the population almost exclusively spoke the German language. Because they were considered " autochthonous " (Polish), the Wasserpolak-speakers instead received the right to remain in their homeland after declaring themselves as Poles. Some German speakers took advantage of this decision, allowing them to remain in Opole, even when they considered themselves to be of German nationality. The city surroundings currently contain
3150-466: The region in 1532 after the last Piast duke of Opole, Jan II the Good , died. At that time the city was still mainly Polish-speaking (around 63%), with other nationalities represented mainly by Germans, Czechs and Jews. The last two dukes of Opole, Nicholas II and Janusz II the Good, did not master the German language. Beginning in 1532 the Habsburgs pawned the duchy to different rulers including several monarchs of Poland (see Dukes of Opole ). After
3213-423: The region passed to the direct control of the Habsburgs. At the beginning of the 18th century, the German population of Opole was estimated at 20%. King Frederick II of Prussia conquered most of Silesia from Austria in 1740 during the Silesian Wars ; Prussian control was confirmed in the Peace of Breslau in 1742. In the 18th century, Opole belonged to the tax inspection region of Prudnik . Under Prussian rule
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#17328513516893276-452: The so-called Recovered Territories , Opole and the surrounding region's indigenous population partly remained and was only partly expelled as elsewhere . Over 1 million Silesians who considered themselves Poles or were treated as such by the authorities due to their language and customs were allowed to stay after they were verified as Poles in a special verification process. It involved declaring Polish nationality and an oath of allegiance to
3339-487: The surrounding region, is known as a centre of the German minority in Poland that recruits mainly from the descendants of the positively verified autochthons. In the city itself however only 2.46% of the inhabitants declared German nationality according to the last national census of 2002. On 1 January 2017 Borki , Chmielowice , Czarnowąsy , Krzanowice , Sławice , Świerkle , Winów , Wrzoski , Żerkowice as well as parts of Brzezie , Dobrzeń Mały and Karczów became
3402-420: The title of a "Duke of Ratibor" by King Frederick William IV of Prussia in 1840. At that time, Ratibor had already lost its status as a residential town, while the princes held court in Rudy palace in Rudy (then officially Groß Rauden ). In the 19th century, Prussian policies increased the Germanisation . Poles smuggled large amounts of gunpowder through the town to the Russian Partition of Poland during
3465-451: The town remained in Germany, as part of the Prussian Province of Upper Silesia , and became a border town , while the present-day district of Brzezie , lying east of the Oder was reintegrated with Poland. Nazi Germany increasingly persecuted local Polish activists since 1937. In May 1939, the Germans searched the local branch of the Union of Poles in Germany and arrested both its secretary Leon Czogała and Ludwika Linderówna, activist of
3528-428: The town towards the Gross-Rosen concentration camp and Opava . In the final stages of the war, it was initially spared by the Red Army Vistula–Oder Offensive but occupied and devastated on 30 March 1945. After end of the war, in June 1945, the army of Czechoslovakia briefly entered into the town and Czechoslovakia officially claimed the area of Racibórz and Głubczyce ( Ratibořsko and Hlubčicko ) because of having
3591-511: The town was also caused by the establishment of a seat of regency in Opole in 1816. The first railway connection between Opole, Brzeg and Wrocław was opened in 1843 and the first manufacturing plants were constructed in 1859, which greatly contributed to the city's regional significance. The city's extensive heritage entails several cultures of Central Europe, as it was under periods of Polish, Bohemian (Czech) , Prussian , and German rule. Opole formally became part of Poland again in 1945 after
3654-440: The townspeople enjoyed a privilege that allowed brewing already in the early 12th century. Brewing was an important source of the town's income, and local beer was popular not only in Silesia, but also in neighboring Czechia. From 1155, Racibórz was the seat of a castellany . The town became the first historical capital of Upper Silesia, when the Duchy of Racibórz was established by the Piast duke Mieszko I Tanglefoot upon
3717-422: The −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm or a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb ) using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm. The officially protected traditional beverage from Racibórz is local beer , which is produced in various styles (as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland ). The local men's football team is KP Unia Racibórz . It competes in
3780-439: Was finally completed around this time and new buildings, including the city walls and the Holy Cross Church, were constructed. Along with most of Silesia , in 1327 the Duchy of Opole came under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Bohemia , itself part of the Holy Roman Empire . In 1521 the Duchy of Opole inherited the Duchy of Racibórz ( Ratibor ), by then also known by its German equivalent – Oppeln. The second castle of Opole
3843-444: Was often combined. In 1281 Upper Silesia was divided further between the heirs of the dukes. The Duchy of Opole was temporarily reestablished in 1290. In the early 13th century, Duke Casimir I of Opole decided to move the settlement from the Pasieka Island to the right shore of the Oder river (since the 17th century, the old stream bed of the Oder, known as the Młynówka). All of the inhabitants had to be moved in order to accommodate
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#17328513516893906-408: Was probably founded in the 14th century by duke Vladislaus II , though some sources claim that it was originally a wooden stronghold of Opole's castellan dating into 12th century. With the death of King Ludvík II of Bohemia at the Battle of Mohács , Silesia was inherited by Ferdinand I , placing Opole under the sovereignty of the Habsburg monarchy of Austria . The Habsburgs took control of
3969-514: Was ruled by an autonomous city council according to Magdeburg town law . When in 1327 Duke Leszek of Racibórz paid homage to the Luxembourg king John of Bohemia , his duchy became a Bohemian fiefdom. The Bohemian feudal suzerainty, confirmed in the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin , led to the seizure of Racibórz as a reverted fief, when the line of the Silesian Piasts became extinct upon Duke Leszek's death in 1336. The next year King John enfeoffed Leszek's brother-in-law Duke Nicholas II of Opava with
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