Misplaced Pages

#177822

107-471: The Quezon Memorial Committee which was tasked to organize a nationwide fund-raising campaign for the building of a monument dedicated to former President Manuel Quezon was established by virtue of Executive Order No. 79 signed by then-President Sergio Osmeña on December 17, 1945. Then-President Elpidio Quirino proposed the relocation of the monument away from its original planned site but such plans were not pushed through. The Bureau of Public Works commenced

214-583: A ₱4 million budget. Upon the recommendation of the National Economic Council, agricultural colonies were established in Koronadal , Malig, and other locations in Mindanao . The government encouraged migration and settlement in the colonies. The Agricultural and Industrial Bank was established to aid small farmers with convenient loans and affordable terms. Attention was paid to soil surveying and

321-589: A " de facto dictatorship " and described him as "the first Filipino politician to integrate all levels of politics into a synergy of power" after removing his term limits as president and turning the Senate into an extension of the executive through constitutional amendments. In 2015, the Board of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation bestowed a posthumous Wallenberg Medal on Quezon and

428-644: A Council of State and a Board of Control that enabled the Philippine legislature to share some of the executive powers of the American governor-general . Osmeña was friends and classmates with Manuel L. Quezon , who was the majority floor leader of the Philippine Assembly under Osmeña's speakership. When the Jones Law was passed, Quezon was elected as Senate president and Osmeña remained speaker. In 1922, Osmeña

535-601: A Government Survey Board to study existing institutions and, in light of changed circumstances, make necessary recommendations. Early results were seen with the revamping of the executive department; offices and bureaus were merged or abolished, and others were created. Quezon ordered the transfer of the Philippine Constabulary from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Finance . Other changes were made to

642-518: A bicameral legislature, the presidential term (four years, with one re-election, and the establishment of an independent Commission on Elections . The amendments were overwhelmingly ratified. Speaker José Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador Tan traveled to the United States to obtain President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's approval, which they received on 2 December 1940. Two days later, Quezon proclaimed

749-454: A cabinet meeting with Osmeña, Resident Commissioner Joaquín Elizalde , Brigadier General Carlos P. Romulo and his cabinet secretaries, Andrés Soriano and Jaime Hernandez. After a discussion, the cabinet supported Elizalde's position in favor of the constitution, and Quezon announced his plan to retire in California. After the meeting, Osmeña approached Quezon and broached his plan to ask

856-571: A cooperative system of agriculture among owners of the subdivided estates to increase their income. Quezon desired to follow the constitutional mandate on the promotion of social justice. When the Commonwealth was created, its economy was stable and promising. With foreign trade peaking at ₱ 400 million , the upward trend in business resembled a boom. Export crops were generally good and, except for tobacco, were in high demand. The value of Philippine exports reached ₱320,896,000 ,

963-500: A courier and journalist. In 1900, he founded the Cebu newspaper El Nuevo Día (English: 'The New Day') which lasted for three years. When Cebu Governor Juan Climaco was sent as a member of the Board of Commissioners of the St. Louis Purchase Expedition, Osmeña was appointed acting governor. When Climaco returned, he was appointed as provincial fiscal. His stint there elevated him in politics when he

1070-474: A law which would make a contract automatically renewable as long as tenants fulfilled their obligations. The act was amended to eliminate this loophole in 1936, but it was never carried out; by 1939, thousands of peasants in Central Luzon were threatened with eviction. Quezon's desire to placate both landlords and tenants pleased neither. Thousands of tenants in Central Luzon were evicted from their farmlands by

1177-528: A mausoleum which houses the interred remains of Quezon and his wife Aurora Aragon Quezon. The museum underwent a renovation by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines and was reopened on August 19, 2015. Among the other features of the museum is a hologram of Quezon delivering his inaugural speech as president and interactive booths and terminals which edifies visitors regarding

SECTION 10

#1732851768178

1284-612: A member of Quezon's wartime cabinet. Other cabinet appointees were Brigadier-General Carlos P. Romulo as Secretary of the Department of Information and Public Relations and Jaime Hernandez as Auditor General. Sitting under a canvas canopy outside the Malinta Tunnel on 22 January 1942, Quezon heard a fireside chat during which President Roosevelt said that the Allied forces were determined to defeat Berlin and Rome, followed by Tokyo. Quezon

1391-488: A message to Roosevelt saying that he and his people had been abandoned by the U.S. and it was Quezon's duty as president to stop fighting. MacArthur learned about the message, and ordered Major General Richard Marshall to counterbalance it with American propaganda whose purpose was the "glorification of Filipino loyalty and heroism". On 2 June 1942, Quezon addressed the United States House of Representatives about

1498-617: A plan for a joint commission to study the post-war Philippine economy. Eighteen months later, the United States Congress passed an act creating the Philippine Rehabilitation Commission. By 1943, the Philippine government in exile was faced with a crisis. According to the 1935 constitution, Quezon's term would expire on 30 December 1943 and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would succeed him as president. Osmeña wrote to Quezon advising him of this, and Quezon issued

1605-421: A press release and wrote to Osmeña that a change in leadership would be unwise at that time. Osmeña then requested the opinion of U.S. Attorney General Homer Cummings , who upheld Osmeña's view as consistent with the law. Quezon remained adamant, and sought President Roosevelt's decision. Roosevelt remained aloof from the controversy, suggesting that the Philippine officials resolve the impasse. Quezon convened

1712-464: A spirited discussion, the Cabinet adopted Elizalde's opinion favoring the decision and Quezon announced his plan to retire in California. After the meeting, however, Osmeña approached Quezon and broached his plan to ask the U.S. Congress to suspend the constitutional provisions for presidential succession until after the Philippines should have been liberated. This legal way out was agreeable to Quezon and

1819-782: A vote of 181 to 107 on 10 November 1943. He was inaugurated for the third time on November 15, 1943 in Washington, D.C. The oath of office was administered by US Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter . Quezon had developed tuberculosis and spent his last years in hospitals, including a Miami Beach Army hospital in April 1944. That summer, he was at a cure cottage in Saranac Lake, New York . Quezon died there at 10:05 a.m. ET on 1 August 1944, at age 65. His remains were initially buried in Arlington National Cemetery , but his body

1926-617: Is concerned, independence is a close issue. It is definitely coming on 4 July 1946 On January 19, 1946, Senator Roxas announced his candidacy for president in a convention held in Santa Ana Cabaret in Makati , Rizal . According to the Manila Chronicle : ...more than three thousand (by conservative estimate there were only 1,000 plus) delegates, party members and hero worshipers jammed into suburban, well known Santa Ana Cabaret (biggest in

2033-544: The 1st Philippine Legislature , where he was majority floor leader and chairman of the committees on rules and appropriations. Quezon told the U.S. House of Representatives during a 1914 discussion of the Jones Bill that he received most of his primary education at the village school established by the Spanish government as part of the Philippines' free public-education system. Months before his term ended, he gave up his seat at

2140-783: The Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral and, on the next day, at the Cebu Provincial Capitol . These were then returned to Manila to lie in state at Malacañang once again from October 24 to 25, followed by a necrological service for Osmeña at the Legislative Building until October 26. His remains were buried at Manila North Cemetery at noon of October 26. For almost a century, the father of Sergio Osmeña had not been certain. Historical records has suggested that either Chinese immigrant and businessman Pedro Lee Gotiaoco or another businessman Antonio Sanson could have been

2247-599: The Colegio de San Carlos and graduated in 1892. Osmeña continued his education in Manila , studying in San Juan de Letran College where he first met Manuel L. Quezon , a classmate of his, as well as Juan Sumulong and Emilio Jacinto . He took up law at the University of Santo Tomas and placed second in the 1903 bar examination. He served on the war staff of General Emilio Aguinaldo as

SECTION 20

#1732851768178

2354-655: The Colegio de San Juan de Letran , where he graduated from secondary school in 1894. In 1899, Quezon left his law studies at the University of Santo Tomas to join the Filipino war effort, and joined the Republican army during the Philippine–American War . He was an aide-de-camp to Emilio Aguinaldo . Quezon became a major, and fought in the Bataan sector. After surrendering in 1900, he returned to university and passed

2461-468: The Commonwealth era . As a result of prolonged debate between proponents and opponents of women's suffrage, the constitution provided that the issue be resolved by women in a plebiscite . If at least 300,000 women voted for the right to vote, it would be granted. The plebiscite was held on 30 April 1937; there were 447,725 affirmative votes, and 44,307 opposition votes. The Philippines' national language

2568-479: The Commonwealth era . The museum also has an audio-visual room where a short documentary on Quezon and the museum is screened, a dedicated gallery to Quezon's wife, Aurora, and a replica of Manuel Quezon's presidential office. Sergio Osme%C3%B1a Sergio Osmeña Sr. CCLH ( Spanish: [ˈseɾxjo osˈmeɲa] , Tagalog: [ˈsɛɾhjo ʔosˈmɛɲa] ; Chinese : 吳文釗 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Gô͘ Bûn-chiau ; September 9, 1878 – October 19, 1961)

2675-822: The Nacionalista Party  – Conservative (Osmeña) wing, the Liberal wing of the Nacionalista Party and the Partido Modernista. The Nacionalistas had Osmeña and Senator Eulogio Rodriguez as their candidates for president and vice president, respectively. The Modernistas chose Hilario Camino Moncado and Luis Salvador for the same positions. The standard bearers of the Liberals were Senators Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino. On January 3, 1946, Osmeña announced his re-election bid. On January 22, 1946, Eulogio Rodriguez

2782-467: The Nacionalista Party . He received nearly 68 percent of the vote against his two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay . Quezon, inaugurated on November 15, 1935, is recognized as the second President of the Philippines . In January 2008, however, House Representative Rodolfo Valencia ( Oriental Mindoro – 1st ) filed a bill seeking to declare General Miguel Malvar the second Philippine President; Malvar succeeded Aguinaldo in 1901. Under

2889-615: The National Defense , Agriculture and Commerce , Public Works and Communications , and Health and Public Welfare departments. New offices and boards were created by executive order or legislation. Among these were the Council of National Defense , the Board of National Relief , the Mindanao and Sulu Commission, and the Civil Service Board of Appeals. Pledging to improve

2996-518: The Sino-Japanese War , was passed in 1940. Since the law affected foreign relations, it required the approval of the U.S. president. When the 1939 census was published, the National Assembly updated the apportionment of legislative districts; this became the basis for the 1941 elections . On 7 August 1939, the United States Congress enacted a law in accordance with the recommendations of

3103-572: The Supreme Court of the Philippines and the inferior courts. The Court of Appeals was abolished, and its appellate jurisdiction was transferred to the Supreme Court, the members of which were increased to eleven – one chief justice and ten associate justices – in order to attend to the new responsibilities. Slowly but steadily, as the liberating forces freed the other portions of the country, provincial and municipal governments were established by

3210-596: The United States , assuring protection of the rights of the Japanese who resided in the Philippines. Quezon's visits may have signalled the Philippines' inclination to remain neutral in the event of a Japanese-American conflict if the U.S. disregarded the country's concerns. In 1938, Quezon expanded the Council of State in Executive Order No. 144. This highest of advisory bodies to the president would be composed of

3317-596: The Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City . President Carlos P. Garcia declared October 20 to November 3 as " period of national mourning ," wherein all flags in the country are flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning. Osmeña was accorded a state funeral . On October 20, 1961, his remains lay in state at Malate Church in Manila before being transferred to Malacañang. On October 22, these were transported to Cebu City to lie in state at

Quezon Memorial Shrine - Misplaced Pages Continue

3424-511: The presidential election that year . The duo were overwhelmingly re-elected in 1941 . He was the patriarch of the prominent Osmeña family, which includes his son, former Senator Sergio Osmeña Jr. , and his grandsons, former senators Sergio Osmeña III and John Henry Osmeña , ex-governor Lito Osmeña , and former Cebu City mayor Tomas Osmeña . Osmeña was born on September 9, 1878, in the then- municipality of Cebu in Cebu . His biological father

3531-644: The Bretton Woods Agreement, in which the Philippine had also taken part. Romulo signed said membership on December 27, 1945, on behalf of the Philippines. On April 30, 1946, the United States Congress , at last, approved the Bell Act , which as early as January 20 had been reported to the Ways and Means Committee of the lower house, having been already passed by the Senate. Osmeña and Resident Commissioner Romulo had urged

3638-470: The Commonwealth to take over from the military authorities. Following the restoration of the Commonwealth government, Congress was reorganized. Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino were elected as Senate president and Senate president pro tempore , respectively. In the House of Representatives, Jose Zulueta of Iloilo was elected as speaker and Prospero Sanidad as Speaker pro tempore. The opening session of

3745-528: The Congress was personally addressed by Osmeña, who reported on the Commonwealth government-in-exile and proposed vital pieces of legislation. The first Commonwealth Congress earnestly took up the various pending assignments to solve the pressing matters affecting the Philippines , especially in regard to relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. The first bill enacted was Commonwealth Act No. 672 – rehabilitating

3852-730: The Joint Preparatory Commission on Philippine Affairs. Because the new law required an amendment of the Ordinance appended to the Constitution, a plebiscite was held on 24 August 1939. The amendment received 1,339,453 votes in favor, and 49,633 against. Quezon had established the Institute of National Language (INL) to create a national language for the country. On 30 December 1937, in Executive Order No. 134 , he declared Tagalog

3959-669: The Nacionalistas. José Yulo , Quezon's Secretary of Justice from 1934 to 1938, was elected speaker. The Second National Assembly intended to pass legislation strengthening the economy, but the Second World War clouded the horizon; laws passed by the First National Assembly were modified or repealed to meet existing realities. A controversial immigration law which set an annual limit of 50 immigrants per country, primarily affecting Chinese and Japanese nationals escaping

4066-466: The National Economic Council was created. It advised the government about economic and financial questions, including the promotion of industries, diversification of crops and enterprises, tariffs , taxation, and formulating an economic program in preparation for eventual independence. The National Development Company was reorganized by law, and the National Rice and Corn Company (NARIC) was created with

4173-586: The Philippine Assembly upon being appointed as one of the Philippines' two resident commissioners . Serving two terms from 1909 to 1916, he lobbied for the passage of the Philippine Autonomy Act (the Jones Law ). Quezon returned to Manila in 1916, and was elected senator from the Fifth Senatorial District . He was later elected Senate President and served continuously until 1935 (19 years),

4280-672: The Philippine National Bank. Yielding to American pressure, on September 25, 1945, the Congress enacted Commonwealth Act No. 682 creating the People's Court and the Office of Special Prosecutors to deal with the pending cases of "collaboration". Osmeña sent the Philippine delegation, which was headed by Carlos P. Romulo , to the San Francisco gathering for the promulgation of the Charter of

4387-400: The Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. However, in 1940, constitutional amendments were ratified allowing him to seek re-election for a fresh term ending in 1943. In the 1941 presidential elections, Quezon was re-elected over former Senator Juan Sumulong with nearly 82% of the vote. Re-elected in 1941, Osmeña remained vice president during the Japanese occupation when the government

Quezon Memorial Shrine - Misplaced Pages Continue

4494-405: The Philippines and deposited with the U.S. State Department on October 11, 1945. To prepare for the forthcoming independent status of the Philippines, Osmeña created the Office of Foreign Relations. Vicente Sinco was appointed as its first commissioner, with cabinet rank. In this connection, Osmeña also entered into an agreement with the United States government to send five Filipino trainees to

4601-467: The Philippines government. Soon after the reconstitution of the Commonwealth government in 1945, Senators Manuel Roxas , Elpidio Quirino and their allies called for an early national election to choose the president and vice president of the Philippines and members of the Congress. In December 1945, the House Insular Affairs of the United States Congress approved the joint resolution setting

4708-665: The Philippines of Jewish refugees fleeing fascist regimes in Europe and took on critics who were convinced by propaganda that Jewish settlement was a threat to the country. Quezon and McNutt proposed 30,000 refugee families on Mindanao and 30,000-40,000 refugees on Polillo . Quezon made a 10-year loan to Manila's Jewish Refugee Committee of land adjacent to his family home in Marikina to house homeless refugees in Marikina Hall (the present-day Philippine School of Business Administration ), which

4815-481: The Philippines' national language; it was taught in schools during the 1940–1941 academic year. The National Assembly later enacted Law No. 570, making the national language an official language with English and Spanish; this became effective on 4 July 1946, with the establishment of the Philippine Republic. With the 1940 local elections, plebiscites were held for proposed amendments to the constitution about

4922-581: The President, Vice President , Senate President , House Speaker , Senate President pro tempore , House Speaker pro tempore , the majority floor leaders of both chambers of Congress , former presidents, and three to five prominent citizens. The elections for the Second National Assembly were held on 8 November 1938 under a new law which allowed block voting and favored the governing Nacionalista Party . As expected, all 98 assembly seats went to

5029-418: The Quezon Memorial Shrine from the Manila North Cemetery on August 1, 1979. The remains of his wife Aurora Aragon Quezon , were likewise transferred to the shrine on April 28, 2005. On March 12, 2020, the shrine was recognized by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines as a National Cultural Treasure (NCT) but such declaration was only made public in December 2021. The Quezon Memorial Shrine

5136-424: The Reorganization Act, Quezon was given the power to appoint the first all-Filipino cabinet in 1935. From 1901 to 1935, a Filipino was chief justice but most Supreme Court justices were Americans. Complete Filipinization was achieved with the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935. Claro M. Recto and José P. Laurel were among Quezon's first appointees to replace the American justices. Membership in

5243-429: The Supreme Court increased to 11: a chief justice and ten associate justices, who sat en banc or in two divisions of five members each. To meet the demands of the newly-established government and comply with the Tydings-McDuffie Act and the Constitution , Quezon, – true to his pledge of "more government and less politics," – initiated a reorganization of the government . He established

5350-488: The U.S. State Department to prepare themselves for diplomatic service. They were sent by U.S. State Department to the United States embassies in Moscow and Mexico City and consulates in Saigon and Singapore . On December 5, 1945, Osmeña appointed Resident Commissioner Carlos P. Romulo as his representative to accept Philippine membership in the International Monetary Fund and in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which bodies had been conceived in

5457-407: The United Nations on June 26, 1945. Other members of the delegation were Maximo Kalaw, Carlos P. Garcia , Pedro Lopez, Francisco Delegado, Urbano Zafra, Alejandro Melchor, and Vicente Sinco. The 28th signatory nation of the United Nations, the Philippines was one of the fifty-one nations that drafted the UN Charter. Once approved by Philippine delegation, the UN Charter was ratified by the Congress of

SECTION 50

#1732851768178

5564-421: The United States Congress to suspend the constitutional provisions for presidential succession until after the Philippines had been liberated; this legal way out was agreeable to Quezon and his cabinet, and steps were taken to carry out the proposal. Sponsored by Senator Tydings and Congressman Bell, the resolution was unanimously approved by the Senate on a voice vote and passed the House of Representatives by

5671-461: The United States. Indicating the Philippine government's cooperation with the war effort, he offered the U.S. Army a Philippine infantry regiment which was authorized by the War Department to train in California. Quezon had the Philippine government acquire Elizalde's yacht; renamed Bataan and crewed by Philippine officers and sailors, it was donated to the United States for use in the war. In early November 1942, Quezon conferred with Roosevelt on

5778-452: The amendments. Quezon was originally barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. In 1940, however, a constitutional amendment was ratified which allowed him to serve a second term ending in 1943. In the 1941 presidential election , Quezon was re-elected over former Senator Juan Sumulong with nearly 82 percent of the vote. He was inaugurated on December 30, 1941 at the Malinta Tunnel in Corregidor . The oath of office

5885-411: The assembly sought to initiate policies that constantly clashed with the opinions of American superiors in the Philippine Commission that ultimately did not pass. Three important bills from the assembly were rejected by the Philippine Commission. The Americans' authority did not stop the assembly under him from initiating transformative legislation that would come to pass. These included the creation of

5992-409: The bar examination in 1903. Quezon worked for a time as a clerk and surveyor, entering government service as treasurer for Mindoro and (later) Tayabas. He became a municipal councilor of Lucena , and was elected governor of Tayabas in 1906. Quezon was elected in 1907 to represent Tayabas 's 1st district in the first Philippine Assembly (which later became the House of Representatives) during

6099-433: The cabinet, with the functions of secretary of justice assigned to the chief justice of the Supreme Court. By 1943, the Philippine government-in-exile was faced with a serious crisis. According to the amendments to the 1935 Constitution, Quezon's term as president was to expire on December 30, 1943, and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would automatically succeed him to serve out the remainder of term until 1945. This eventuality

6206-431: The conditions of the Philippine working class and inspired by the social doctrines of Pope Leo XIII and Pope Pius XI and treatises by the world's leading sociologists, Quezon began a program of social justice introduced with executive measures and legislation by the National Assembly . A court for industrial relations was established to mediate disputes, minimizing the impact of strikes and lockouts. A minimum-wage law

6313-417: The construction of the monument in 1952. The monument was placed under the jurisdiction of the National Historical Institute through Presidential Decree No.1 issued by then President Ferdinand Marcos on September 24, 1972. On January 14, 1974, the monument was formally designated as a national shrine and was inaugurated on August 19, 1978. The remains of former President Manuel Quezon was transferred to

6420-448: The country and opening many more. There were 6,511 primary schools, 1,039 intermediate schools, 133 secondary and special schools, and five junior colleges by this time. Total enrollment was 1,262,353, with 28,485 teachers. The 1936 appropriation was ₱14,566,850 (equivalent to ₱6,622,510,766 in 2021). Private schools taught over 97,000 students, and the Office of Adult Education was created. Quezon initiated women's suffrage during

6527-427: The date of the election on no later than April 30, 1946. Prompted by this congressional action, Osmeña called the Philippine Congress to a three-day special session. Congress enacted Commonwealth Act No. 725, setting the date of the election on April 23, 1946. The act was signed by Osmeña on January 5, 1946. Three parties presented their respective candidates for the different national elective positions. These were

SECTION 60

#1732851768178

6634-401: The disposition of public land. When the commonwealth government was established, Quezon implemented the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 to regulate share-tenancy contracts by establishing minimum standards. The act provided a better tenant-landlord relationship, a 50–50 sharing of the crop, regulation of interest at 10 percent per agricultural year, and protected against arbitrary dismissal by

6741-452: The early 1940s, and the rural conflict was more acute than ever. During the Commonwealth period, agrarian problems persisted. This motivated the government to incorporate a social-justice principle into the 1935 Constitution . Dictated by the government's social-justice program, expropriation of estates and other landholdings began. The National Land Settlement Administration (NLSA) began an orderly settlement of public agricultural lands. At

6848-441: The first Visayan to become president. Prior to his accession in 1944, Osmeña served as governor of Cebu from 1906 to 1907, member and first speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives from 1907 to 1922, and senator from the 10th senatorial district for thirteen years, in which capacity he served as Senate president pro tempore . In 1935, he was nominated to be the running-mate of Senate President Manuel L. Quezon for

6955-460: The flames of discontent among the people, of capitalizing on the people's hardship, and of minimizing the accomplishment of the [Osmeña] Administration. These men with the Messiah complex have been the bane of the country and of the world. This is the mentality that produces Hitlers and the Mussolinis, and their desire to climb to power. they even want to destroy the party which placed them where they are today." Senator Carlos P. Garcia , who delivered

7062-736: The former president's father. In 2023, Osmeña's descendants Maria Lourdes Bernardo and Annabelle Osmeña-Aboitiz launched a paternity project to determine the father of their ancestor. Y-DNA testing was conducted and in June 2023, Sanson was determined to be Sergio Osmeña's biological father. Several of Osmeña's descendants became prominent political figures in their own right: Manuel L. Quezon Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina GCGH KGCR ( UK : / ˈ k eɪ z ɒ n / , US : / ˈ k eɪ s ɒ n , - s ɔː n , - s oʊ n / , Tagalog: [maˈnwel luˈis ˈkɛson] , Spanish: [maˈnwel ˈlwis ˈkeson] ; 19 August 1878 – 1 August 1944), also known by his initials MLQ ,

7169-417: The generalissimo himself deliver an oratorical masterpiece consisting of 50 per cent attacks against the (Osmeña) Administration, 50 per cent promises, pledges. Rabid Roxasites greeted the Roxas acceptance speech with hysterical applause. Osmeña tried to prevent the split in the Nacionalista Party by offering Senator Roxas the position of Philippine Regent Commissioner to the United States but Roxas turned down

7276-401: The greatest President of The Philippines, and the quintessential Filipino statesman. Known as "The Father of The National Language", and "The Father of the modern Republic of The Philippines". He was also known as "One of the Finest Statesmen in the world" during his time. During his presidency, Quezon tackled the problem of landless peasants. Other major decisions included the reorganization of

7383-476: The highest since 1929. Government revenue in 1936 was ₱76,675,000 (equivalent to ₱34,858,669,716 in 2021), compared to the 1935 revenue of ₱65,000,000 (equivalent to ₱28,793,209,590 in 2021). Government companies, except for the Manila Railroad Company , earned profits. Gold production increased about 37 percent, iron nearly doubled, and cement production increased by about 14 percent. The government had to address some economic problems, however, and

7490-423: The immediate reorganization of the government and its diverse dependencies. On April 8, 1945, he formed his Cabinet, administering the oath of office to its component members. Later, Osmeña received the Council of State to help him solve the major problems confronting the nation. Government offices and bureaus were gradually reestablished. A number of new ones were created to meet needs then current. Also restored were

7597-478: The islands' military defense, approval of a recommendation for government reorganization, the promotion of settlement and development in Mindanao , dealing with the foreign stranglehold on Philippine trade and commerce, proposals for land reform, and opposing graft and corruption within the government. He established a government in exile in the U.S. with the outbreak of World War II and the threat of Japanese invasion . Scholars have described Quezon's leadership as

7704-499: The landing of U.S. forces in Leyte on October 20, 1944, starting the liberation of the Philippines during the Second World War. Upon establishing the beachhead, MacArthur immediately transferred authority to Osmeña, the successor of Manuel Quezon, as Philippine Commonwealth president. With Manila liberated, General of the Army , Douglas MacArthur , on behalf of the United States, turned over

7811-556: The landlord. Because of a major flaw in the act, however, no petition to apply it was ever presented. The flaw was that it could be used only when the majority of municipal councils in a province petitioned for it. Since landowners usually controlled such councils, no province ever asked that the law be applied. Quezon ordered that the act be mandatory in all Central Luzon provinces. However, contracts were good for only one year; by refusing to renew their contract, landlords could eject tenants. Peasant organizations clamored in vain for

7918-565: The law. Quezon, however, remained adamant. He accordingly sought U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt 's decision. The latter chose to remain aloof from the controversy, suggesting instead that the Philippine officials themselves solve the impasse. A cabinet meeting was then convened by Quezon. Aside from Quezon and Osmeña, others present in this momentous meeting were Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, Brig. Gen. Carlos P. Romulo , and Cabinet Secretaries Andres Soriano and Jaime Hernandez. Following

8025-494: The longest tenure in history until Senator Lorenzo Tañada 's four consecutive terms (24 years, from 1947 to 1972). Quezon headed the first independent mission to the U.S. Congress in 1919, and secured passage of the Tydings–McDuffie Act in 1934. In 1922, he became leader of the Nacionalista Party alliance Partido Nacionalista-Colectivista. In 1935, Quezon won the Philippines' first national presidential election under

8132-684: The members of his Cabinet. Proper steps were taken to carry out the proposal. Sponsored by Senator Tydings and Congressman Bell, the pertinent Joint Resolution No. 95 was unanimously approved by the Senate on a voice vote and passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 181 to 107 on November 12, 1943. Osmeña became president of the Commonwealth on Quezon's death in 1944. He was sworn in by Associate Justice Robert Jackson in Washington, D.C. on August 1. Osmeña delivered his inaugural speech on August 10. Osmeña accompanied U.S. General Douglas MacArthur during

8239-509: The national language would become effective in two years. With presidential approval, the INL began work on a Tagalog grammar text and dictionary. As Imperial Japan encroached on the Philippines, Quezon antagonized neither the American nor the Japanese officials. He travelled twice to Japan as president, from 31 January to 2 February 1937 and from 29 June to 10 July 1938, to meet with government officials. Quezon emphasized that he would remain loyal to

8346-465: The necessity of relieving the Philippine front. He did the same to the Senate, urging the senators to adopt the slogan "Remember Bataan ". Despite his declining health, Quezon traveled across the U.S. to remind the American people about the Philippine war. Quezon broadcast a radio message to Philippine residents in Hawaii, who purchased ₱4 million worth of war bonds , for his first birthday celebration in

8453-479: The nomination speech for President Sergio Osmeña, made a long recital of Osmeña's achievements, his virtues as public official and as private citizen. Entering the convention hall at about 7:30 p.m., President Osmeña, accompanied by the committee on notification, was greeted with rounds of cheer and applause as he ascended the platform. President Osmeña delivered his speech which was a general outline of his future plans once elected. He emphasized that as far as his party

8560-1575: The offer. A new political organization was born, the Liberal wing of the Nacionalista Party, which would later become the Liberal Party of the Philippines. A total of 2,218,847 voters went to the polls to elect a president and vice president. who were to be the Commonwealth's last and the Republic's first. Four days after election day, the Liberal Party candidates were proclaimed victors. Roxas registered an overwhelming majority of votes in 34 provinces and nine cities: Abra , Agusan , Albay , Antique , Bataan , Batanes , Batangas , Bukidnon , Bulacan , Cagayan , Camarines Norte , Camarines Sur , Capiz , Cavite , Cotabato , Ilocos Norte , Ilocos Sur , Isabela , Laguna , La Union , Leyte , Marinduque , Mindoro , Misamis Oriental , Negros Occidental , Nueva Vizcaya , Palawan , Pangasinan , Rizal , Romblon , Samar , Sorsogon , Sulu , Surigao , Tayabas , Zambales , Manila , Quezon City , Bacolod (Negros Occidental), Iloilo City (Iloilo), Baguio (Mountain Province), Zamboanga City (Zamboanga), Tagaytay (Cavite), Cavite City (Cavite) and San Pablo (Laguna). After his electoral defeat, Osmeña retired to his home in Cebu City . He died of pulmonary edema at age 83 on October 19, 1961, at

8667-497: The outbreak of the Second World War, settlement areas covering over 65,000 hectares (250 sq mi) had been established. With his Executive Order No. 19, dated 19 February 1936, Quezon created the National Council of Education. Rafael Palma , former president of the University of the Philippines , was its first chairman. Funds from the early Residence Certificate Law were devoted to maintaining public schools throughout

8774-560: The parish priest. Quezon is Chinese mestizo surname originally from a Spanish romanization of Hokkien Chinese , possibly from the Hokkien word, Chinese : 雞孫 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : ke-sun / koe-sun , with Chinese : 雞 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : ke meaning "outer city" or "strongest" and Chinese : 孫 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : sun meaning "grandson"; many Filipino surnames that end with “on”, “son”, and “zon” are of Chinese origin, Hispanized version of 孫 ( sun ). He later boarded at

8881-582: The passage of this bill, with United States High Commissioner, Paul V. McNutt , exerting similar pressure. The Act gave the Philippines eight years of free trade with the United States, then twenty years during which tariffs would be upped gradually until they were in line with the rest of the American tariff policy. The law also fixed some quotas for certain products: sugar – 850,000 long tons (860,000 t); cordage – 6,000,000 pounds (2,700,000 kg); coconut oil – 200,000 long tons (200,000 t); cigars – 200,000,000 pounds (91,000,000 kg). This aid

8988-632: The people of the Philippines for reaching out to victims of the Holocaust from 1937 to 1941. President Benigno Aquino III and then-94-year-old Maria Zenaida Quezon-Avanceña, the daughter of the former president, were informed of this recognition. Quezon was born on 19 August 1878 in Baler in the district of El Príncipe, then the capital of Nueva Ecija (now Baler, Aurora ). His parents were Lucio Quezon y Vélez (1850–1898) and María Dolores Molina (1840–1893). Both were primary-school teachers, although his father

9095-542: The reins of government of the Philippines to Commonwealth president Sergio Osmeña, on February 27, 1945, amidst brief, but impressive, ceremonies held at the Malacañang Palace . Osmeña, after thanking the United States through General MacArthur, announced the restoration of the Government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and worked out the salvation of the Philippines from the ravages of war. Osmeña proceeded with

9202-476: The structure. The observation deck is currently not open to the public. The columns are adorned with three grieving bowed angels holding sampaguita ( Jasminum sambac ) wreaths with each of them representing the three major island groups of the Philippines namely, Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Each of the angels were given a traditional clothing representing one of the three island group. The angel figures were made by Italian sculptor Francesco Riccardo Monti. Under

9309-639: The watch of former Quezon City Mayor Tomas Morato , the monument was beautified by Amberti, an Italian architect hired by Morato, with Carrara marble . Morato's successors replaced the Italian marbles with locally sourced marble. At the base of the Quezon Memorial Shrine is the Museo ni Manuel L. Quezon ( lit.   ' Museum of Manuel L. Quezon ' ), a museum that has a collection of relics and memorabilia related to former President Manuel Quezon, as well as

9416-585: The world) to acclaim ex-katipunero and Bagong Katipunan organizer Manuel Acuña Roxas as the guidon bearer of the Nacionalista Party's Liberal Wing. The delegates, who came from all over the Islands, met in formal convention from 10:50 am and did not break up till about 5:30 pm. They elected 1. Mariano J. Cuenco , professional Osmeñaphobe, as temporary chairman; 2. José Avelino and ex-pharmacist Antonio Zacarias permanent chairman and secretary, respectively; 3. nominated forty-four candidates for senators; 4. heard

9523-404: Was Don Antonio Sanson, a socially prominent and wealthy Chinese mestizo businessman and haciendero known for his vast landholdings throughout Cebu. Sanson came from one of Cebu's oldest and most illustrious families. His mother, Juana Osmeña y Suico (born in 1858 or 1859 – died in 1941), was reportedly 20 years old at the time. However, since Sanson was already married to another woman, Osmeña

9630-406: Was a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the fourth President of the Philippines from 1944 to 1946. He was Vice President under Manuel L. Quezon . Upon Quezon's sudden death in 1944, Osmeña succeeded him at age 65, becoming the oldest person to assume the Philippine presidency until Rodrigo Duterte took office in 2016 at age 71. A founder of the Nacionalista Party , Osmeña was also

9737-406: Was a Filipino lawyer, statesman, soldier, and politician who was president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1935 until his death in 1944. He was the first Filipino to head a government of the entire Philippines and is considered the second president of the Philippines after Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901), whom Quezon defeated in the 1935 presidential election . He is often regarded as

9844-642: Was a member of the Pacific War Council , signed the United Nations declaration against the Axis powers and wrote The Good Fight , his autobiography. To conduct government business in exile, Quezon hired the entire floor of one wing of the Shoreham Hotel to accommodate his family and his office. Government offices were established at the quarters of Philippine Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, who became

9951-746: Was a retired sargento de Guardia Civil (sergeant of the Civil Guard ). According to historian Augusto de Viana in his timeline of Baler, Quezon's father was a Chinese mestizo who came from the Parián (a Chinatown outside Intramuros ) in Paco, Manila . He spoke Spanish in the Civil Guard and married María, who was a Spanish mestiza born of Spanish priest Jose Urbina de Esparragosa; Urbina arrived in Baler from Esparragosa de la Serena , Cáceres Province , Spain in 1847 as

10058-590: Was administered by Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines José Abad Santos . Corregidor was chosen as the venue of the inauguration and temporary seat of the government in-exile to take refuge from the uninterrupted Japanese bombing raids during the Japanese invasion . As crises mounted in the Pacific, the Philippines prepared for war. Youth military training under General Douglas MacArthur

10165-497: Was another constitutional question. After a one-year study, the Institute of National Language recommended that Tagalog be the basis for a national language. The proposal was well-received, despite the fact that director Jaime C. de Veyra was Waray , this is because Baler, Quezon's birthplace, is a native Tagalog-speaking area. In December 1937, Quezon issued a proclamation approving the institute's recommendation and declaring that

10272-409: Was brought to the attention of Quezon by Osmeña himself, who wrote the former to this effect. Aside from replying to this letter informing Osmeña that it would not be wise and prudent to effect any such change under the circumstances, Quezon issued a press release along the same line. Osmeña then requested the opinion of U.S. attorney general Homer Cummings , who upheld Osmeña's view as more in keeping

10379-516: Was considered illegitimate . As a result, he took on his mother's surname. Osmeña was secretive of his parentage. He would frequent Sanson's farm in Borbon , suggesting he was aware of the identity of his real father. The Osmeña family, a rich and prominent clan of Chinese Filipino heritage with vast business interests in Cebu, warmed to him as he established himself as a prominent figure in local society. Osmeña received his elementary education at

10486-421: Was coupled with that to be obtained from the recently passed Tydings Damage bill, which provided some nine hundred million dollars for payment of war damages, of which one million was earmarked to compensate for church losses. The sum of two hundred and forty million dollars was to be periodically allocated by the United States president as good will. Also, sixty million pieces of surplus property were transferred to

10593-484: Was dedicated on 23 April 1940. After the Japanese invasion of the Philippines during World War II, Quezon evacuated to Corregidor (where he was inaugurated for his second term ) and then to the Visayas and Mindanao. At the invitation of the U.S. government, he was evacuated to Australia, and then to the United States. Quezon established the Commonwealth government in exile , with its headquarters in Washington, D.C. He

10700-518: Was designed by Federico Ilustre . The 66-meter (217 ft) monument is composed of three connected pylons and is located at the center of the Quezon Memorial Circle , a major park in Quezon City. An observation deck is also present at the top of the structure which has a capacity of 60 people which can provide a panoramic view of the city. A spiral staircase connects the deck to the bottom of

10807-523: Was elected governor of Cebu in 1906. While governor, he successfully ran for a seat in the first Philippine Assembly inaugurated in 1907 and was elected as its first Speaker . Osmeña was 29 years old and already the highest-ranking Filipino official. He and another provincial politician, Manuel L. Quezon of Tayabas , set up the Nacionalista Party as a foil to the Partido Federalista of Manila-based politicians. During his speakership, members of

10914-585: Was elected to the Senate representing the 10th senatorial district . He went to the United States as part of the OsRox Mission in 1933, to secure passage of the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Independence Bill , which was superseded by the Tydings–McDuffie Act in March 1934. Osmena was inaugurated vice-president, along with Quezon as president, on November 15, 1935. Quezon had originally been barred by

11021-452: Was enacted, as well as a law providing an eight-hour workday and a tenancy law for Filipino farmers. The position of public defender was created to assist the poor. Commonwealth Act No. 20 enabled Quezon to acquire large, occupied estates to re-appropriate their lots and homes at a nominal cost and under terms affordable by their residents; one example was the Buenavista estate. He also began

11128-466: Was in exile. As vice-president, Osmeña concurrently served as secretary of public instruction from 1935 to 1940, and again from 1941 to 1944. The outbreak of World War II and the Japanese invasion resulted in periodic and drastic changes to the government structure. Executive Order 390, December 22, 1941, abolished the Department of the Interior and established a new line of succession. Executive Order 396, December 24, 1941, further reorganized and grouped

11235-571: Was infuriated, summoned General MacArthur and asked him if the U.S. would support the Philippines; if not, Quezon would return to Manila and allow himself to become a prisoner of war. MacArthur replied that if the Filipinos fighting the Japanese learned that he returned to Manila and became a Japanese puppet, they would consider him a turncoat. Quezon then heard another broadcast by former president Emilio Aguinaldo urging him and his fellow Filipino officials to yield to superior Japanese forces. Quezon wrote

11342-524: Was intensified. The first blackout practice was held on the night of 10 July 1941 in Manila. First aid was taught in all schools and social clubs. Quezon established the Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA) on 1 April 1941, with branches in provinces and towns. Air-raid drills were also held. In cooperation with U.S. High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt , Quezon facilitated the entry into

11449-403: Was nominated as Osmeña's running mate for vice president, in a convention held at Ciro's Club in Manila. According to the Manila Chronicle : The convention opened at 10:15 a.m. when the acting secretary of the party, Vicente Farmoso, called the confab to order. Congressman José C. Romero [ sic ], who delivered the keynote speech accused Senate President Manuel Roxas and his followers "of fanning

#177822