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108-464: The implementation of the agreement has been controversial, as critics have argued that the agreement was passed without proper environmental review. The impact on the surrounding environment has been cited by opponents, who argue that the policies of the agreement are severely damaging the Salton Sea and Colorado River . In addition, a protracted drought affecting the state of California has complicated

216-592: A resort destination in the 20th Century, but saw die-offs of fish and birds in the 1980s due to contamination from farm runoff , and clouds of toxic dust in the current century as evaporation exposed parts of the lake bed. Over millions of years, the Colorado River had flowed into the Imperial Valley and deposited alluvium (soil), creating fertile farmland, building up the terrain, and constantly moving its main course and river delta . For thousands of years,

324-637: A pathway for restoring this ecosystem. In addition to the purported environmental benefits, the Quantification Settlement Agreement is of particular importance to the Imperial Valley region due to the economic conditions of the area. In a recent article for the New Yorker , Dana Goodyear noted that "The deal gives Imperial billions of dollars to spend on improving efficiency on its farms and its irrigation infrastructure, which in some parts

432-641: A safe eating advisory for fish caught in the Salton Sea based on levels of mercury or PCBs found in local species. As of 2018, all species were considered acceptable for all populations. The Salton Sea has been termed a "crown jewel of avian biodiversity" by Milt Friend of the Salton Sea Science Office. It hosts "the most diverse and probably most significant populations of bird life in the continental United States, rivaled only by Big Bend, Texas ;" over 400 species have been documented. The Salton Sea

540-713: Is a shallow, landlocked, highly saline endorheic lake in Riverside and Imperial counties at the southern end of the U.S. state of California . It lies on the San Andreas Fault within the Salton Trough , which stretches to the Gulf of California in Mexico . The lake is about 15 by 35 miles (24 by 56 km) at its widest and longest. A 2023 report puts the surface area at 318 square miles (823.6 km ). The Salton Sea became

648-402: Is about 44,000 mg/L, that is about 4.4% salt. The amount of salts that is deposited in the Imperial Valley agricultural land with irrigation water is about 4 million tons of salts annually. To maintain crop productivities, equal amount of salts must be leached from the root zone". Fertilizer runoffs have resulted in eutrophication , with large algal blooms and elevated bacterial levels. By

756-651: Is also a major resting stop on the Pacific Flyway . A December 2018 report by the National Geographic Society stated: "Nearly all of California's population of eared grebes , for example, stop over at the lake, and at least a third of all the white pelicans living in North America ..." The report expressed concern about the reducing input of water into the Sea and the increasing salinity. "Without that extra water,

864-581: Is being developed that will prioritize and phase-in implementation of the 2013 USGS Salton Sea Ecosystem Monitoring and Assessment Plan. The first state-funded project was the Torres-Martinez Wetland Project, in which the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians partnered with the state to restore shallow wetlands along the northern edge of the sea that was destroyed by a massive storm in 2012. This prototype project

972-473: Is mainly responsible, as California lawmakers pledged to fund air-quality management projects to mitigate impacts from the 2003 water transfer agreement. Over the years, local, state and federal bodies have found minimal success dealing with the dust from the exposed playa. To reduce wind-borne dust, the district has a program known as vegetation enhancement and surface roughening, which includes plowing furrows on newly exposed playa within property owned by

1080-428: Is now too saline for most species of fish. Massive fish kills involve the oxygen-depleting combination of summer sun and salt. The fish suffocate as salt water carries less oxygen than fresh water. Dead fish wash up in mass quantities on the beaches. Introduced tilapia (hybrid Mozambique × Wami ) can tolerate the high salinity levels and pollution. As of 2014, other fresh and brackish water fish species lived in

1188-626: Is on a railroad map from 1900, although this place had existed as a rail stop since the late 1870s. Until the advent of the modern sea, the Salton Sink was the site of a major salt-mining operation. In 1900, under Governor James Budd , the California Development Company began construction of irrigation canals to divert water from the Colorado River into the Salton Sink, a dry lake bed. After construction of these irrigation canals,

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1296-474: Is primitive." Some potential improvements to this system include the installation of improved pumping systems and more durable canal infrastructure. Although the agreement went into effect in 2003, it was almost immediately challenged by groups of local farmers and environmentalists. Despite these challenges, the water transfers outlined in the agreement started on time and canal lining conservation projects have been completed. The Coachella Canal lining project

1404-605: The California Natural Resources Agency finished the "Bruchard Road Dust Suppression Project" which, although only 112 acres (45 ha), was the first dust suppression project to be completed under the Salton Sea Management Program: Phase 1: 10 Year Plan (August 2018). Construction began on the ambitious 4,110-acre (1,660 ha) Species Conservation Habitat (SCH) Project in January 2021 on

1512-457: The Colorado River "is facing an unprecedented water crisis due to prolonged drought, climate change and an overallocation of its resources". The water of the Salton Sea has a salinity of 44 grams of salt per liter, greater than that of the Pacific Ocean (35 g/L). The lack of an outflow means the Salton Sea does not have a natural stabilization system; it is very dynamic. Fluctuations in

1620-693: The Colorado River Basin is for the time being, secure." The CFWE is based in Denver and has a different perspective of the QSA due to the importance of the Colorado River outside of California. There has been significant discussion about the human impact on water supplies in California, with criticism of the unrestrained population growth particularly in Southern California. The State of California has connected

1728-408: The Gulf of California . Most of these gulls are only present in the summer months. According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, the area roughly within 3 miles (4.8 km) of the sandy shoreline of the Salton Sea would have a saltbush / greasewood ( 40 ) vegetation type and a Great Basin shrubland ( 7 ) vegetation form. This saline , endorheic rift lake on

1836-449: The Pacific Flyway . In the 1970s, scientists issued warnings that the lake would continue to shrink and become more inhospitable to wildlife. In the 1980s, contamination from farm runoff promoted the outbreak and spread of wildlife diseases. Massive die-offs of the avian populations have occurred, especially after the loss of several species of fish on which they depend. Salinity rose so high that large fish kills occurred, often blighting

1944-672: The Quantification Settlement Agreement of 2003, the surface area of the sea had been expected to decrease by 60% between 2013 and 2021. Coachella Canal The Coachella Canal is a 122-mile (196 km) aqueduct that conveys Colorado River water for irrigation northwest from the All-American Canal to the Coachella Valley north of the Salton Sea in Riverside County, California . The canal

2052-615: The San Andreas Fault at the southern end of the U.S. state of California lies between and within the Imperial and Coachella valleys, all of which lie within the larger Salton Trough , a pull-apart basin that stretches to the Gulf of California in Mexico. The lake occupies the lowest elevations of the trough, known as the Salton Sink , where the lake surface is 236.0 ft (71.9 m) below sea level as of January 2018. The deepest point of

2160-458: The U.S. Department of the Interior . The agreement was a compromise that divided available water resources between the environmentally fragile Imperial Valley and the more heavily populated areas of Southern California. Among California agricultural regions, the Imperial Valley uses a substantial portion of the Colorado River water that is allotted to the state each year. Approximately 3.1 million of

2268-455: The coot ), black-tailed jackrabbit , black-tailed cottontail rabbit , and sometimes deer and bighorn sheep . Among the plants they used were bulrush , cattail , mesquite , and saltbush . The Cahuilla people have an oral memory of the last lake, which existed in the 17th century and dried up soon after 1700. Throughout the Spanish period of California's history, the area was referred to as

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2376-570: The ecological stability of the Salton Sea. As of April 2015, a state task force has agreed to examine the petition and potentially respond to the ecological concerns cited. An envoy from the Imperial Irrigation District is discussing the petition with the state government, as there have been concerns that the state's promises to assist the IID in providing mitigation water to the Salton Sea region have been vague and unfulfilled. The QSA required

2484-553: The " Colorado Desert " after the Colorado River. In a railroad survey completed in 1855, it was called "the Valley of the Ancient Lake". On several old maps from the Library of Congress , it has been found labeled "Cahuilla Valley" (after the local Indian tribe) and "Cabazon Valley" (after a local Indian chief – Chief Cabazon). " Salt Creek " first appeared on a map in 1867, and "Salton Station"

2592-405: The 1970s, the runoff which was full of salty chemicals led to a warning that the salinity of the lake would no longer sustain wildlife. Both the hypersalinity and the presence of contaminants in the Salton Sea triggered massive die-offs in the fish and avian populations; salt water carries less oxygen than fresh water , which was further depleted by algal blooms and by extreme temperatures during

2700-436: The 4.4 million acre feet of water the state receives annually from the Colorado River is used by the Imperial Irrigation District. According to the Imperial Irrigation District, "As a result of the QSA, California can creatively stretch its limited Colorado River resource by allowing urban areas to fund water conservation efforts in the Imperial Valley in exchange for use of the conserved water." Much attention has been paid to

2808-496: The 82-mile (132 km) All-American Canal . The canal runs west along the Mexican border and then north into 1,700 miles (2,700 km) of irrigation channels that crisscross the farms. Gravity carries the agricultural runoff downhill through the New and Alamo rivers to the lake. The water is full of salts, selenium , and fertilizers (mainly nitrates ). As it drains through the soil,

2916-618: The Agreement violated the state's Clean Air Act, but this claim was rejected as well. In July 2013, the Sacramento Superior Court entered a final judgment upholding the agreement and dismissing all current challenges, but the San Diego County Water Authority still anticipates another round of appeals. Most of the support for the Quantification Settlement Agreement has been associated with government agencies, on both

3024-500: The Central Valley and the rural areas of Imperial County. However, there are indications that Californians are aware of this crisis, and Los Angeles Times reporter Jay Famligietti noted that "A recent Field Poll showed that 94% of Californians surveyed believe that the drought is serious, and that one-third support mandatory rationing." Reflecting these concerns, California Governor Jerry Brown announced new restrictions on water use in

3132-664: The Colorado Foundation for Water Education. They note that "The first benchmark, set for December 31, 2002, required the California water agencies to enter into a Quantification Settlement Agreement." The same group notes that the Secretary of the Interior determined in July 2003 that the Imperial Irrigation District, which also has authority over the water supply for the Salton Sea, was wasting 300,000 acre-feet of water per year and threatened to remove that allotment without compensation under

3240-557: The Colorado River "will leave growing stretches of lakebed exposed to the desert winds, sending more dust wafting through an area that already has high rates of asthma and other respiratory illnesses." The Quantification Settlement Agreement and the Salton Sea restoration have increasingly been discussed within the larger framework of the California water crisis in 2015. The use of water for agricultural purposes has been discussed and debated, as approximately 80% of all California water use can be attributed to agricultural needs, most notably in

3348-583: The Imperial County Air Pollution Control District. Local activists ask if this is an issue of environmental justice , since the area most impacted is 85% Latinos. Some 650,000 people, many who are farmworkers, live where there is significant exposure to the dust. The public health impacts of continuing not to meet federal air quality standards include the treatment of child and adult asthma, cardiac disease , lung cancer , and increased mortality rates . Lower concentrations of

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3456-587: The Interior prepared a draft Environmental Impact Report in compliance with the Reclamation Act and working in partnership with the Salton Sea Authority . A Strategic Science Plan and the Bureau of Reclamation's Alternatives Appraisal Report were also added to the voluminous studies of the lake. Before the legislative and scientific recommendations were implemented, priorities shifted away from activities at

3564-584: The QSA to the larger water shortage crisis the state faces. Other opposition arguments include poor conduct of the parties involved in litigation and the seeming lack of commitment to restoring the Salton Sea. Elizabeth Varen, in an article for the Imperial Valley Press , noted that Judge Ronald B. Robie refused to recuse himself as the environmental group POWER fought the QSA in court. Other media outlets have voiced their opposition as well. Wired Magazine asserts that "the deal allots virtually no water to

3672-625: The QSA. The agreement has been associated with a large degree of litigation, with numerous parties and organizations filing motions in California state courts. As of December 8, 2011, the California Court of Appeal for the Third District has ruled in favor of the major state and federal water authorities, and determined that the Quantification Settlement Agreement does not violate the California Constitution . Opponents also argued that

3780-540: The Quantification Settlement Agreement to the Salton Sea crisis, and has attempted to highlight the planned environmental restoration benefits of the compact. According to the California Department of Water Resources , the major elements of the Salton Sea Restoration Plan include: water management infrastructure, habitat restoration, water quality management, and air quality management. Opposition to

3888-876: The Salton Sea Restoration Act. It stated that it was the "intent of the Legislature that the State of California undertake the restoration of the Salton Sea ecosystem and the permanent protection of the wildlife dependent on that ecosystem". The restoration plan was not implemented as state lawmakers found it too expensive and the Great Recession hit the economy. Repeated delays and dwindling public interest precluded any real change. The lake continued to dry up, exposing more lake bed known as playa , and sending nearby communities clouds of toxic dust. A haze incorporating pesticide plumes, exhaust fumes, factory emissions, and

3996-407: The Salton Sea by the year 2028. This would improve conditions for residents and wildlife. The initial 10-year plan will cover less than half of the dry lakebed that researchers say will be exposed during that time. The state initially budgeted $ 80.5 million to begin designing the wetlands without a commitment that the program will ever be fully funded. The projected cost to design and construct

4104-528: The Salton Sea to compensate for the loss of agricultural runoff needed to replenish the sea. As the 2017 deadline for ending the additional mitigation water approached, the district, along with Imperial County, petitioned the California State Water Resources Control Board in 2014 with a demand for state action to fulfill its obligation after years of delays and unfulfilled plans. Pacific Institute , an environmental think tank ,

4212-427: The Salton Sea" and also notes that efforts to deliver mitigation water have been impeded. While the current round of legal questions have been settled in the courts, controversy about the effects of the agreement has increased in 2015. The Coachella Valley Water District and the Imperial Irrigation District have disputed a petition filed by the latter organization that calls for the state and other authorities to restore

4320-411: The Salton Sea" would be lower and achievable using existing infrastructure. The aqueduct proposal, and others, hung on the outcome of a feasibility study. After a yearlong review, in 2022 a state-appointed panel of experts rejected the idea "based on its high cost, environmental damage, minimal benefits to Mexico" and other factors, recommending instead that fresh water be diverted to the sea. However,

4428-446: The Salton Sea. The body was initially a freshwater lake and was stocked with tilapia , gulf croaker , orangemouth corvina , and sargo , which sustained an important sport fishery and provided food for birds. By the 1960s, its rising salinity had begun to jeopardize some of these species. A September 2019 report stated that 20 years earlier, "there were some 100 million fish in the Sea. Now, more than 97% of those fish are gone". It

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4536-558: The Salton Sink became fertile, allowing farmers to plant crops. Within two years, the Alamo Canal became filled with silt from the Colorado River. Engineers tried to alleviate the blockages to no avail. Imperial Valley farmers, under considerable financial stress, pressured the California Development Company to resolve the problem. Engineer Charles Rockwood , faced with bankruptcy and "after mature deliberation", directed

4644-473: The United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Japan. Most of exported hay feeds dairy cows, while Japan uses it for Kobe beef production. On January 1, 2018, 40% less water began flowing into the sea as the 15-year mitigation period ended per the 2003 water transfer agreement. A court decision also forced the Imperial Irrigation District to end a program that had allowed it to equally distribute and cap

4752-445: The agreement has been centered with two main groups: Protect Our Water and Environmental Rights (POWER), an environmental organization, and local farmers from the Imperial Valley. POWER has argued for traditional methods of water conservation , such as reuse and recycling in urban areas in place of a transfer of water from the Salton Sea. The salinity of the lake has increased substantially, and conservationists argue that this has damaged

4860-412: The amount of water its members receive. Although it had been shrinking for years, this began to lower the water level significantly. As the shore recedes, at least 75 square miles (190 km ) of playa will be exposed by 2045, with additional dust becoming wind blown as the exposed playa dries out. A vertical drop of one foot in the water level can expose thousands of feet of horizontal playa. The state

4968-414: The area, and as of 2020 was developing a seawater desalination proposal. In 2018, the California Natural Resources Agency requested proposals to increase waterflow to the sea to reduce dust and dust-borne toxins. The 11 proposals ranged in cost from $ 300 million to several billion dollars. Alternatively, a 2020 research report stated that the cost of "transferring water from agricultural users to

5076-509: The avian population depended on for food increased their risk of starvation, exacerbating their decline. Birdwatchers in 2017 reported that most of the American white pelicans , double-crested cormorants , and eared grebes have disappeared. The Salton Sea is notable as the only part of the United States to host a significant population of Yellow-footed gulls , a species otherwise endemic to

5184-619: The basin resulted in the formation of the Salton Sea. On February 11, 1907, the breach was finally closed after substantial intervention by the Southern Pacific Transportation Company . In the 1920s, agriculture had boomed in the valley as the Imperial Irrigation District delivered large quantities of Colorado River water to irrigate the crops. The lake would have dried up naturally, but with flood irrigation being commonly used, plenty of water ran off

5292-450: The beaches of the sea with their carcasses. Tourism was drastically reduced. After 1999, the lake began to shrink as local agriculture used the water more efficiently, so less runoff flowed into the lake. As the lake bed became exposed, the winds sent clouds of toxic dust into nearby communities. The state is mainly responsible for fixing the problems. California lawmakers pledged to fund air-quality management projects in conjunction with

5400-668: The breach was later described as a "blunder so serious as to be practically criminal." In 1905, heavy rainfall and snowmelt caused the Colorado River to swell, overrunning the third intake cut into the bank of the river and sending the flood into the Alamo Canal. The resulting flood poured down the canal and down two formerly dry arroyos , the New River in the west and the Alamo River in the east, each about 60 mi (97 km) long. Over about two years, these two newly created rivers carried

5508-482: The children in the region have asthma (with the national rate being less than 10%). Scientists are studying how much of this is caused by the Salton Sea dust and what is actually in the windblown particles. Ten schools in the Imperial Valley use green, yellow, and red flags signaling air quality for the many children who have asthma. Green means they join their friends on the playground, whereas red means they stay inside all day. Parents can also receive emailed alerts from

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5616-441: The combination of evaporation and agricultural drainage water increased the Sea's salinity, eliminating most of the fresh water fish species." In addition to fish, migratory birds have long inhabited the region, and there is concern that pollutants are damaging the population. Most notably, "salt, selenium and pesticides are carried into the sea with agricultural return flows, which originates largely from Imperial Valley farms." With

5724-541: The construction of a breach in the bank of the Colorado River approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) south of the existing wooden headgates (the Chaffey Gate). The breach, known as the Lower Mexican Intake and constructed without headgates and without the permission of the Mexican authorities, allowed the Colorado River to flow unimpeded into the canal and then to Imperial Valley farms. Rockwood's action in ordering

5832-472: The debate about effective water control policies. Prior to the agreement, there was comparatively little environmental impact on the ecologically fragile Salton Sea. If upheld by the courts, the conditions will remain in force for up to 75 years. Starting in 1901, farmers in the Imperial Valley were using the Colorado River for irrigation water, with drainage water going to a very small Salton Sea. The surrounding ecosystem changed somewhat rapidly, and "by 1929,

5940-656: The district. Fugitive dust , consisting of very small particles suspended in the air, is being studied to distinguish between playa dust and desert emissions that are primarily made up of mineral dust from soil. The Imperial County Air Quality Management District , the South Coast Air Quality Management District, and the University of California at Riverside School of Medicine along with the environmental justice group Comite Civico Del Valle are using mobile and stationary air quality monitoring units in

6048-550: The effort to protect the health of the nearby residents. The Salton Sea Task Force was formed by the state in 2015 by Governor Jerry Brown 's administration. The Natural Resources Agency released the Salton Sea Management Program (SSMP) in March 2017. The SSMP proposed constructing 29,800 acres (12,100 ha) of habitat restoration and dust suppression projects on lakebed areas that have been, or will be, exposed at

6156-416: The end of mitigation flows at the start of 2018), there will not be any species of fish left that will be able to survive in the sea's main body. As the decline of tilapia populations continues, there has been an immense proliferation of the water boatman population which do serve as feed for "a limited number of aquatic and shorebird species". A direct concern of the potential eradication of fish species from

6264-413: The entire volume of the Colorado River into the Salton Sink. The Southern Pacific Railroad tried to stop the flooding by dumping earth into the canal's headgates area, but the effort was not fast enough, and the river eroded deeper and deeper into the dry desert sand of the Imperial Valley. A large waterfall formed as a result and began cutting rapidly upstream along the path of the Alamo Canal that now

6372-406: The farms into the lake and kept it full. The district holds senior rights to water from the Colorado River according to Doctrine of Prior Appropriation , which states that whoever first puts a quantity of water from a given source to beneficial use gains the right to use that quantity of water from that source in future. In 1930, a wildlife refuge was established on some wetlands along the edge of

6480-443: The growing communities they serve. Local agriculture became more efficient at using water which resulted in the shoreline retreating as less run-off flowed into the lake. Farmers installed sprinklers to replace flood irrigation and used soil measurement devices that tell them when to water. As the Salton Sea shrank, it became saltier than ocean water. The California State Legislature , by legislation enacted in 2003 and 2004, directed

6588-514: The impact of the Quantification Settlement Agreement on the Salton Sea, and Wired Magazine notes that "Considered to be among the world's most vital avian habitats and-until recently-one of its most productive fisheries, the Salton Sea is in a state of wild flux." At one time a thriving ecosystem formed following an irrigation accident in 1905, the Salton Sea has increasingly faced higher levels of salinity in addition to shrinking water volume. The Quantification Settlement Agreement intended to provide

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6696-399: The improvements is $ 383 million. The focus was no longer on restoring the lake but presenting a feasible plan with a budget that legislators would gradually fund over the ten-year period. The 10-year plan will not fix everything so state and local officials continue to seek ways to deal with the problems. Salton Sea Management Program Monitoring and Adaptive Management Implementation Plan

6804-654: The irrigation canals. In the 1950s and into the 1960s, the communities expanded as the area's reputation as a resort destination and sport fishery grew. Hotels and yacht clubs were built on the shore along with homes and schools. Resorts in communities like Bombay Beach hosted entertainers such as Frank Sinatra , The Beach Boys and Bing Crosby . Yacht clubs held parties at night and golf courses provided recreation. Many people came for boating activities such as water skiing and fishing as stocked fish proliferated. Lakeshore communities grew as vacation homes were built. More than 1.5 million visitors visited annually at

6912-608: The lake after the September 11 attacks in 2001. In 2003, the Imperial Irrigation District signed the largest agriculture-to-urban water transfer agreement in US history. Much of its water allocation would go to communities along the California coast at a profit. With a 45-year term, the Quantification Settlement Agreement was a means for the San Diego County Water Authority and other districts to obtain additional water for

7020-409: The lake is only 5 ft (1.5 m) higher than the lowest point of Death Valley . The Salton Sea is about 15 by 35 miles (24 by 56 km) at its widest and longest, though it varies in dimensions and area with fluctuations in agricultural runoff and rainfall. A 2023 report puts surface area at 318 square miles. The New , Whitewater , and Alamo rivers, combined with agricultural runoff , are

7128-420: The lake that had attracted many birds. The fish flourished in the lake and provided a source of food for massive populations of migratory birds. Birdwatchers flocked to this new refuge in the middle of a desert. The continuing intermittent flooding of the Imperial Valley from the Colorado River ended with the construction of Hoover Dam . Imperial Dam , built in 1938, serves as a desilting dam for water entering

7236-412: The lake's shrinking will start to accelerate—making it saltier, smaller, less welcoming to the birds that rely on it during migration". Both the hypersalinity and presence of contaminants in the Salton Sea triggered massive die-offs in the fish and avian populations and the contamination promoted the outbreak and spread of diseases such as avian cholera . In turn, the loss of several species of fish that

7344-482: The lake, botulism spread among the dying tilapia , which were eaten by the birds. During a four-month long period in 1996, 14,000 birds died from eating the fish, nearly 10,000 of which were pelicans. The carcasses were burned in an incinerator 24 hours per day for weeks. The resulting news coverage conveyed a simplified story that implied the lake was a toxic catastrophe filled with water that could be deadly. In 1995, Congressman Sonny Bono advocated for attention to

7452-442: The lakeshore communities and put Bombay Beach completely underwater. Tourism was drastically reduced, and many of the resorts and associated infrastructure were abandoned. The state began to issue odor advisories as the lake began to stink. In the 1990s, the shores were littered with dead fish as the lake had gotten so salty that large die-offs occurred. Fertilizers in the runoff caused massive blooms of algae . When storms churned

7560-422: The measure would likely prevent federal intervention, a concern of many residents of the Imperial Valley. In addition, the Colorado Foundation for Water Education, an educational and professional development organization, has written positively about the agreement. In an article, Jim Lochhead notes that "By forcing California to live within its means, the QSA provides reassurance that our ability to develop water in

7668-402: The modern lake. During the early 20th century, the lake would have dried up, except that farmers used generous amounts of Colorado River water for irrigation and let the excess flow into the lake. In the 1950s and into the 1960s, the area became a resort destination , and communities grew with hotels and vacation homes. Birdwatching was also popular as the wetlands were a major resting stop on

7776-456: The northern edge of the sea in 2018. Construction began in 2021 on a 4,110-acre (1,660 ha) habitat restoration and dust suppression project. The Gulf of California would extend as far north as the city of Indio , some 150 miles (240 km) northwest of its current limits, were it not for the delta created by the Colorado River. Over three million years, through all of the Pleistocene ,

7884-399: The peak. In the 1970s, scientists issued warnings about the changes coming to this lake with no outlet. Studies that started in the 1960s found a complex problem for which any remediation would be expensive. The Imperial Valley has about 500,000 acres (200,000 ha) of farmland for which flood irrigation is typical. Water from the Colorado River is diverted near Yuma, Arizona , into

7992-548: The post-World War II population growth in Southern California , there has been an increasing demand for water sources to supply both urban and existing agricultural areas. The Colorado River currently supplies approximately a quarter of the water for these areas. Along with increased water demand, a protracted drought throughout the state has complicated the debate about effective water control and usage policies. In 2003, California suffered from an extended drought, and there

8100-457: The price to manage the death or shrinking of the sea is too high. Estimates range from $ 3 billion to $ 9 billion." Stewart compared this to the much larger $ 60 billion high speed rail project the state has approved, and is critical of the government's priorities. He also argues that "we can't solve this problem with tired old thinking based on the concept of a virtually free and seemingly limitless supply of clean, fresh surface and ground water", tying

8208-418: The primary sources that feed the lake. The Salton Sea is the largest lake in California by surface area. The average annual inflow is less than 1.2 million  acre⋅ft (1.5 km ), which is enough to maintain a maximum depth of 43 feet (13 m) and a total volume of about 6 million  acre⋅ft (7.4 km ). Due to changes in water apportionments agreed upon for the Colorado River under

8316-599: The problems. His wife and some politicians took up the cause as a form of tribute to Bono after his death in a 1998 skiing accident. Congress passed and President Bill Clinton signed into law the Salton Sea Reclamation Act of 1998 (Public Law 105-372). In 1999, the lake began to recede dramatically. The dropping water level stranded many of the remaining boat docks, residences, and businesses. Water-management priorities were changing including diverting water from agricultural areas to cities. The U.S. Department of

8424-594: The project. In October 2024, expanding the SCH project by 750 acres (300 ha) was announced with the allocation of $ 70 million in federal funding for improving drought infrastructure. Many concepts have been proposed on how to deal with the problems. The idea of importing seawater from the Pacific Ocean or the Sea of Cortez in Mexico has been around for a long time. The area's plentiful geothermal power could be used to desalinate

8532-422: The proposal mandated by the legislature. The state released an $ 8.9-billion proposal in 2007 that involved building a horseshoe-shaped outer lake, a berm crossing the center of the lake and an extensive system of dikes, channels and pumps. Due to their concerns about the impact on the lake, the district only approved the water transfer agreement after Governor Gray Davis had signed the 2003 legislation known as

8640-415: The river alternately flowed into the valley or diverted around it, creating either a salt lake called Lake Cahuilla or a dry desert basin , respectively. When the river diverted around the valley, the lake dried completely, as it did around 1580. Hundreds of archaeological sites have been found in this region, indicating possibly long-term Native American villages and temporary camps. The modern lake

8748-411: The river's delta expanded until it cut off the northern part of the gulf. Since then, the Colorado River has alternated between emptying into the basin, creating a freshwater lake, and emptying into the gulf, leaving the lake to dry and turn to desert. Wave-cut shorelines at various elevations record a repeated cycle of filling and drying over hundreds of thousands of years. The most recent freshwater lake

8856-469: The rivers and canals that fed the Salton Sea, including redbelly tilapia , threadfin shad , carp , red shiner , channel catfish , white catfish , largemouth bass , mosquitofish , and sailfin molly . Tilapia populations have reached such low volumes such that the fish-eating birds in the area cannot be sustained anymore. Scientists have approximated that if the sea's salinity reaches levels of 70 parts per thousand (more likely to occur than not due to

8964-425: The sea include mosquito production, which is usually abundant in high salinity salt marshes but have been low because of the presence of fish. There have been worries about this potential outcome as mosquitoes in warm regions have been known to "act as vectors of West Nile virus , Western equine encephalitis and St. Louis encephalitis ". The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment developed

9072-479: The secretary of the California Resources Agency to prepare a restoration plan for the Salton Sea ecosystem , and an Environmental Impact Report. The Salton Sea Authority had a consultant study the alternatives and in 2004 issued their preferred alternative. After receiving comments from other agencies, they approved a new report in 2006. They hoped the reports would influence the state as it prepared

9180-418: The signing of the 2003 agreement to send more water to coastal cities. Local, state and federal bodies all had found minimal success dealing with the dust, dying wildlife, and other problems for which warnings had been issued decades before. In 2017, the Salton Sea Management Program was developed by the state. The Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians partnered with the state to restore shallow wetlands along

9288-574: The small delta of the New River. The project is building ponds and wetlands on both sides of the mouth of this highly polluted river on the southern bank of the sea. Water from the Salton Sea will be combined with the river water to control salinity and naturally occurring selenium . While creating a dust reducing wetlands, the blended water will achieve the proper conditions for the desert pupfish and other aquatic life. Federal government said in November 2022, it will spend $ 250 million over four years for

9396-472: The state and federal level. Numerous government agencies produced press releases that touted the benefits of the agreement. Many of these releases noted that this was the largest water transfer agreement in American history. Although residents of the Imperial Valley have been the main opponents of this measure, some observers have embraced the agreement, arguing that it is the most realistic and pragmatic solution to

9504-522: The state in 2015. These restrictions, delivered in an executive order, "directed the State Water Resources Control Board to impose a 25% reduction on the state's 400 local water supply agencies, which serve 90% of all California residents, over the coming year." It remains to be seen how this will affect the Quantification Settlement Agreement, as well as the environmental future of the Salton Sea. Salton Sea The Salton Sea

9612-404: The state to identify a Salton Sea restoration plan and include funding, though nothing has yet been approved. Imperial Irrigation District officials have asserted that they would never have agreed to the QSA without assistance from other government agencies. In an article dating from January 2015, the local Desert Sun newspaper noted that the decrease in water provided to the Imperial Valley from

9720-488: The summer. The desert pupfish is the only native fish species in the sea and is a federally listed endangered species . The desert pupfish, notable for its ability to withstand the rising salinity of the Salton Sea, can survive salinities ranging from freshwater to twice as salty as seawater. The pupfish have adapted to the Imperial Irrigation District’s drains, which funnel water runoff from farms into

9828-460: The surrounding ecosystem. Restoration efforts have been championed by local politicians, as the Salton Sea is prominent for being the largest man-made lake in California . Along with environmentalists and farmers, local journalists have noted the negative effects that the QSA may have on the communities in the Salton Sea vicinity. In an article in the Desert Sun , Colt Stewart notes that "We are told

9936-526: The town of Salton, a Southern Pacific Railroad siding, the New Liverpool Salt Company facility and miniature railroad, and Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indian Reservation were submerged. Established in 1876, nearly half of the reservation was eventually flooded as the Indigenous people packed their belongings and headed into the mountains. The influx of water and the lack of any drainage from

10044-402: The vaporized dust from the lake regularly hangs over the communities in the valley. With a dense blend of ozone and particulate matter , Imperial County became known for some of the worst air quality in the country. Eastern Coachella communities have disproportionately higher rates of asthma and respiratory complications because of high concentrations of contaminants in the air. Over 20% of

10152-434: The water crisis in the area. Brad Jennings, a tentative supporter of the agreement, notes that "There are things most agree on: The Salton Sea must be saved. No matter how you feel about water transfers you know that a dead Sea would be an environmental disaster for us. And our water rights and water allotment must be protected. That means we may have to give some up, which is what the QSA was designed to do." He also argued that

10260-527: The water leaches out ancient salt deposits that also raise the salinity. Evaporation in the desert heat further concentrates the salt. The transformation of the lake made it increasingly inhospitable to wildlife. By the late 1970s, fish started dying off and bird populations declined. In the late 1970s, a series of heavy tropical storms caused the water level to rapidly rise and flood its banks. The surrounding towns and businesses were severely damaged, many beyond repair. In 1976, Hurricane Kathleen inundated

10368-528: The water level caused by variations in agricultural runoff, the ancient salt deposits in the lake bed, and the relatively high salinity of the inflow feeding the sea are all causing increasing salinity. The concentration has been increasing at a rate of about 3% per year. About 3.6 million tonnes of salt are deposited in the valley each year. An undated report on the University of California: Imperial County website provides these specifics: "Salton Sea salinity

10476-410: The water. Around 2004, Aqua Genesis Ltd proposed such a project that would sell the nonsaline water. Their proposal involved the construction of over 20 miles (32 km) of pipes and tunneling that would have provided 1,000,000 acre-feet (1.2 km ) of water to Southern California coastal cities each year. Berkshire Hathaway Energy has a subsidiary that already operates 10 geothermal plants in

10584-540: The wind-borne dust travel all the way into Southern California and Arizona. Residents in the Los Angeles Basin , some 150 miles (240 km) away, complained about the odor that drifted their way in 2012, after the biomass on the sea bottom was churned by a storm. During the first 15 years after the sale of the Imperial water to San Diego County , the Imperial Irrigation District has been required to put water into

10692-676: Was Lake Cahuilla , also known as the Blake Sea after American professor and geologist William Phipps Blake . It covered over 2,000 square miles (5,200 km ), six times the area of the Salton Sea. Archaeological sites and radiocarbon dates indicate that the lake was filled three or four times over the last 1,300 years. When full, the lake would attract Native Americans to its shores. Hundreds of sites have been found, some possibly long-term villages and others temporary camps. The occupants ate at least four species of fish (two of which were razorback sucker and bonytail chub ), birds (particularly

10800-634: Was completed in 1949 and is currently operated by the Coachella Valley Water District . Construction of the Coachella Canal began in the 1930s by the Six Companies, Inc. , but was interrupted by World War II . After the war, work was resumed on the canal and deliveries of water began in the late 1940s. The canal was mostly earth-lined when it was first constructed, except for the last 38 miles, which were concrete-lined. Today, most of

10908-402: Was completed in 2006, and the All-American Canal lining project finished in 2010, conserving 93,700 acre-feet of water per year. While those conservation numbers are important to the agreement, the total amount of water transferred to the water authorities is set to increase significantly in 2018. The Imperial Irrigation District faced significant criticism in 2012 when it was reported that it

11016-542: Was completed in April 2018. In November 2019, an emergency was declared because of the "heavily polluted New River, which empties into the Salton Sea". The Imperial County Board of Supervisors were hoping that this would accelerate the restoration projects by enabling the state to obtain federal funding. Nearly all the state's funding comes from bond measures for the Salton Sea projects. Since 2000, California voters have approved five bond measures as of 2020 . In February 2020,

11124-500: Was considerable discussion and debate about how much water each water district was entitled to receive from the Colorado River and its tributaries . As a result, several organizations negotiated an agreement for water rights for their associated districts: the San Diego County Water Authority, the Coachella Valley Water District , the Imperial Irrigation District, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California , and

11232-456: Was formed from an inflow of water from the Colorado River in 1905. Beginning in 1900, an irrigation canal was dug from the Colorado River to provide water to the Imperial Valley for farming. Water from spring floods broke through a canal head-gate, diverting a portion of the river flow into the Salton Basin for two years before repairs were completed. The water in the formerly dry lake bed created

11340-440: Was not conserving as much water as stipulated under the Quantification Settlement Agreement. The Imperial Irrigation District is required to deliver its water quota through conservation, rather than delivery from existing sources. Some have noted that this would be difficult for a rural region that depends heavily on water for irrigation purposes. One of the most comprehensive summaries of the implementation process has been written by

11448-451: Was occupied by the Colorado. This waterfall was initially 15 feet (4.6 m) high but grew to 80 feet (20 m) high before the flow through the breach was stopped. Originally, the waterfall was feared to recede upstream to the true main path of the Colorado, becoming up to 100 to 300 feet (30 to 90 m) high, when it would be practically impossible to stop the flow. As the basin filled,

11556-410: Was temporarily fallowed to meet the reductions in the water transfer agreement. Since the most recent creation of the lake, local farms in the Imperial Valley have produced alfalfa , wheat , and vegetables such as carrots and Brussels sprouts . As of 2015 , the most widely planted crop was alfalfa, followed by bermuda grass and sudan grass . A third of the hay produced here was exported to China,

11664-413: Was warning that the lack of replenishment water was leading to a "period of very rapid deterioration." The rapidly shrinking sea was a "looming environmental and public health crisis". With the increased shrinkage, dust storms would increase and the rotten-egg smell would reach the coastal cities more frequently. About 36,000 acres (15,000 ha), or about 10%, of Imperial Valley's arable farmland

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