99-545: [REDACTED] Look up quadruple in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Quadruple may refer to: 4-tuple , an ordered list of elements, with four elements Quad (figure skating) , a figure skating jump Quadruple (computing) , a term used as alternative for nibble in some contexts Quadruple-precision floating-point format in computing Multiple birth with four offspring A term for winning four football trophies in
198-618: A throw quadruple jump (a throw quad Salchow). She landed, then fell, and the jump was not ratified. On November 17, 2007, in the free skate at the Trophée Eric Bompard competition in Paris, France, American pairs skaters Tiffany Vise and Derek Trent landed the first ratified throw quadruple jump (a quad Salchow). At the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea, Canadian pairs skaters Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford completed
297-568: A chipmunk, a lamb, a mountain goat, a porcupine, and a snowball. The Vučko is a long-time symbol of Sarajevo. In 1978, the Sarajevo region had an artificial ice rink, a few cross-country ski trails and biathlon and alpine ski slopes. Most of the facilities remained to be built. The construction of the new venues began in the summer of 1979 and was completed in December 1982, which made it possible to organize 31 national and international test events during
396-429: A female skater to be able to do multiple quadruple jumps past puberty". She added, "I also think careers for men will be shorter because of the stress on backs, knees, and ankles, and the body type will be more of a determinate in who can dominate the sport." The observation that pre-pubescent girls, especially, have an advantage when it comes to quads was one of the stated reasons for the original introduction in 2018 of
495-566: A few people landing the jump (in practice) long before I did, and by watching them I was inspired to try it myself. After landing it, I certainly expected more skaters to start doing it in competition. I was surprised in the next few years when that really did not happen." At the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway, Chinese skater Zhang Min landed the first clean quadruple (a quadruple toe loop) in Olympic competition. On March 7, 1998, at
594-435: A half revolutions. A jump harness is often employed in training quads. Quads require an average rotational frequency of around 340 rpm, with the peak rotational frequency usually exceeding 400 rpm. The optimum height is estimated to be around 51 cm (20 in); however, most skaters rarely go above 46 cm (18 in). This is partly because of the heaviness of the skates and partly because skaters have to maintain
693-638: A new shooting range installed for the biathlon. A bobsleigh and luge track , the first in the country's history, was built on the Trebević south-east of Sarajevo. The track has a length of 1300 meters and a drop of 126 meters. The main Olympic village was built in the Mojmilo district of Sarajevo near the Koševo Stadium. Approximately 1,950 persons were accommodated in the 639 apartments available. The organizers built
792-511: A points system. The Norwegian Tom Sandberg was in first place after the jumps. Among the other favorites, the Finns Rauno Miettinen and Jouko Karjalainen occupied the sixth and 15th ranks. Karjalainen won the cross-country ski race with 1:20.7 ahead of second-placed Sandberg, but it was not enough to overtake him in the final standings. Sandberg was the Olympic gold medal champion and Karjalainen silver medalist. Surprisingly, fifth in
891-473: A quad in a program has come to be seen as a severe handicap. This phenomenon is often referred to as the "quad revolution". Since 2018, quadruple jumps have also become an increasingly common feature of women's skating, although they are not allowed under the International Skating Union ("ISU") rules in the ladies' short program. The first person to land a ratified quadruple jump in competition
990-467: A quadruple Axel in competition. In pair skating competition, Russian skaters Marina Cherkasova and Sergei Shakrai performed the first ever quadruple twist lift in competition during their free skate at the 1977 European Championships . At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , United States, Chinese pairs skaters Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo became the first skaters to attempt
1089-596: A quadruple jump (a quadruple toe loop ) in competition, at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo , but it was not officially recognized by the ISU because of a flawed landing. On March 25, 1988, at the 1988 World Championships in Budapest, Hungary, Canadian skater Kurt Browning landed the first ratified quadruple jump (a quadruple toe loop) in competition (with three turns on the landing). Browning said: "I remember that there were
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#17328555517051188-599: A quadruple jump in Olympic competition was during the 2022 Winter Olympics , this achievement, originally, went to Kamila Valieva of the Russian Olympic Committee in the team event women’s free skate . However, she was later disqualified following a doping violation from earlier in the season, thus her achievement nullified. The achievement then was given to Alexandra Trusova of the Russian Olympic Committee where she jumped 5 quadruple jumps during
1287-752: A ratified quadruple Lutz at the NHK Trophy , becoming the first skater to successfully land a quadruple Lutz in international competition. On April 22, 2016, in the short program at the Team Challenge Cup in Spokane, United States, Japanese skater Shoma Uno landed the first ratified quadruple flip in competition. On September 30, 2016, in the short program at the Autumn Classic International in Montreal, Canada, Japanese skater Yuzuru Hanyu landed
1386-556: A second ahead of Belousov and Beliakov, and the East Germans Jörg Hoffmann and Jochen Pietzsch won bronze. The figure skating events took place at the Skenderija sports center. The American Scott Hamilton , world champion from 1981 to 1983, was first after the compulsory figures of the men's competition. The Canadian Brian Orser won the short program and the free skate ahead of Hamilton. Orser, who finished seventh in
1485-748: A secondary Olympic village on Mount Igman for athletes and coaches of cross-country skiing, Nordic combined and biathlon, with a capacity of 500 people. A press village built in the Dobrinja district accommodated representatives of the press, radio and television as well as accompanying staff with 2,100 apartments for a total of 8,500 beds. Members of the IOC, international sports federations, national committees and some NOCs with small delegations stayed in at existing Holiday Inn in Sarajevo comprising 340 rooms. Finally, another 19,400 beds were made available to tourists in minor hotels, private accommodation or rental apartments in
1584-466: A single season See also [ edit ] 4 (disambiguation) Quadruple Alliance (disambiguation) , any of a number of military alliances Quadruple glazing , a type of insulated glazing Quadrupel , a strong beer Quadripole Quadrupole Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Quadruple . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
1683-458: A skater's body. According to Aaron, "the force of a quadruple is huge", and practicing them means "you're going to fall a lot and take a beating". There is a lack of research into the impact of quads on the joints, but the repetitive nature of jump training and the fact that skaters always land on the same foot means that skaters are at risk of developing microfractures that can become more serious with time. Because of this, some coaches try to limit
1782-418: A slightly higher angular momentum than lower difficulty jumps, but the major difference is in how skaters control the moment of inertia . Skaters usually begin rotating the jump as soon as they leave the ice, but generally have less than two-thirds of a second to complete their rotation. However, some skaters begin rotating their jumps before they leave the ice, which is known as pre-rotation. This technique
1881-643: A time one minute faster. Rötsch was second, and the bronze medal went to the Norwegian Eirik Kvalfoss . The next event was the 10 km sprint. Kvalfoss, world champion in 1982 and 1983, won the race despite two missed targets. Angerer won the silver medal due to a good finish and the East German Matthias Jacob was the bronze medalist. The reigning Olympic champion Frank Ullrich missed three targets and finished only 17th. The Soviets did not win an individual medal and were not favorites for
1980-622: A total of thirty-nine official events, one more than four years earlier. Seven National Olympic Committees sent their athletes to the Olympic Winter Games for the first time, including Egypt , British Virgin Islands , Monaco , Puerto Rico and Senegal . Finland's Marja-Liisa Hämäläinen , who won all three individual races in cross-country skiing , earned the most individual medals of the Games. The host country Yugoslavia won its first-ever medal at
2079-616: A winter multi-sport event held between 8 and 19 February 1984 in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia . It was the first Winter Olympic Games held in a Slavic language -speaking country, as well as the only Winter Olympics held in a communist country before the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing , China . It was the second consecutive Olympic Games held in a communist country, after the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , Russian SFSR , Soviet Union. The Games were held in Sarajevo and at neighbouring resorts in
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#17328555517052178-425: Is a figure skating jump with at least four (but fewer than five) revolutions. All quadruple jumps have four revolutions, except for the quadruple Axel , which has four and a half revolutions. The quadruple toe loop and quadruple Salchow are the two most commonly performed quads. Quadruple jumps have become increasingly common among World and Olympic level men's single skaters, to the point that not performing
2277-413: Is reliant on the skater being physically small and puts added strain on the back, thereby increasing the risk of injury. It is particularly favoured by Russian women skaters but usually fails post-puberty. Despite being considered an example of flawed technique, it is not currently penalised by the technical panel. Greater understanding of successful jump technique has developed over time. Kurt Browning,
2376-561: Is shared between the organizing committee which received two-thirds and the IOC which collected one-third. The channel ABC spent US$ 91.5 million to broadcast the footage in the United States, nearly 51% of all money spent on broadcasting rights. The Games were covered by 7,393 representatives of the media from 39 countries: 2,363 journalists from the print media and 5,030 employees of television and radio channels. Seven Media Press Centers and International Broadcaster Centers were set at
2475-789: Is the only skater to successfully land the jump in competition. Malinin is also the first skater to have successfully landed all six types of quadruple jumps in international competition, as well as the first skater to land six quadruple jumps with positive grades of execution in a single free skate at an international competition. This feat was accomplished at the 2024 World Figure Skating Championships in Montreal No quadruple-quadruple combination (quadruple jumps followed by quadruple loop or toe loop) or sequences (quadruple jumps followed by any quadruple jumps except for quadruple loop or toe loop) have yet been ratified. However, other quadruple combinations have been performed. Canada's Elvis Stojko landed
2574-522: The 1988 Summer Olympics . The city therefore had experience and most of the infrastructure present and was in use since then, but new options were seen as more attractive. Sarajevo presented a compact project, with all the planned venues within 25 kilometers of the city, and has experience of several international competitions such as Alpine Skiing World Cup events, and the European Figure Skating Championishipis. The host city for
2673-524: The 1997–98 Junior Grand Prix Final in Lausanne, Switzerland, American skater Timothy Goebel landed the first ratified quadruple Salchow in combination with a double toe loop. On September 16, 2011, in the short program at the Colorado Springs Invitational, American skater Brandon Mroz landed the first ratified quadruple Lutz in a sanctioned competition. On November 12, he landed
2772-525: The 1999 NHK Trophy . Plushenko also landed the first quadruple-triple-triple combination (a quadruple toe loop-triple toe loop-triple loop) in competition at the 2002 Cup of Russia . Yuzuru Hanyu landed the first quadruple-triple sequence (a quadruple toe loop-triple Axel) at the 2018 Grand Prix of Helsinki . The following table lists the first recorded quadruple jumps by female skaters in women's singles competition. Only successfully ratified jumps landed in an ISU sanctioned event or officially recognized by
2871-460: The Dinaric Alps located less than 25 kilometers from the city. At the first days of the Games, the sports program was disrupted by extreme weather conditions and the alpine ski events started four days later than planned. The Games brought together 1272 athletes from 49 countries, which represents a significant increase compared to 1980. Athletes participated in six sports and ten disciplines for
2970-473: The bobsleigh/luge track built on the Trebević mountain. The East Germans dominated the discipline as they won the two gold medals and two silver medals. As of 2020, this performance has still not been matched. East Germans Wolfgang Hoppe and Dietmar Schauerhammer won the two-man bobsleigh event setting the fastest time in three of the four runs. They finished half a second ahead of their compatriots Bernhard Lehmann and Bogdan Musiol . The bobsledders of
3069-619: The ice rink and the Main Press Center, 560 million for the bobsleigh and luge track , 400 million for the speed skating track and 340 million for the ski jumps . The organizing committee also invested YUD 1.65 billion in posts, telegraphs and telephones, the television network, the expansion and modernization of the Sarajevo Airport, the road network, 23 sports centers and other facilities. Preparation and organization costs were listed at YUD 4.51 billion. The region's transport network
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3168-611: The war in Yugoslavia , which broke out in 1992, heavily damaged the city and the Olympic facilities. Some sites have been renovated after the war but others remain abandoned, the former bobsleigh/luge track being one of the more well-known abandoned sites. A study entitled "The possibilities and problems of tourism development continental in Yugoslavia" and published in 1968 by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) first indicated that Yugoslavia and in particular
3267-441: The women’s free skate . Anna Shcherbakova , also of Russian Olympic Committee landed quadruple jumps in the women's singles free skate as well. At 2022 Winter Olympics, Anna Shcherbakova became the first woman (and the only woman as of December 2023) to land a quad flip in combination with a triple jump (triple toeloop), also the first woman to land two quad flip jumps in one program. As of 2023 , no female skater has attempted
3366-653: The 1,500 meters; the Quebecer ended the Games with three medals. Soviet Sergey Khlebnikov was second in these two races and the bronze medals were awarded to the Norwegian Kai Arne Engelstad and the Soviet Oleg Bozhev respectively. The Swede Tomas Gustafson , who picked up the training techniques of Eric Heiden , won the 5,000 meters ahead of the Soviet Igor Malkov . In the 10,000 meters, Malkov
3465-407: The 2022 Winter Olympics, Hanyu’s quadruple Axel attempt received deductions for an under-rotation and a fall but was the first attempt in competition that was not downgraded to a triple Axel. On September 14, 2022, in the free skate at the 2022 CS U.S. International Figure Skating Classic , American skater Ilia Malinin landed the first successful quadruple Axel in competition. As of May 2024, he
3564-667: The Czechoslovaks who took silver. Sweden defeated Canada 2–0 to win the bronze. The luge competitions were held on the Sarajevo Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track built on the Trebević mountain. The East German Torsten Görlitzer and the Italian Ernst Haspinger dominated the first two rounds of the men's event, but they both lost time in the third round. The Italian Paul Hildgartner , silver medalist in 1980, set
3663-705: The Games, an outdoor track was constructed with natural ice near the Zetra Olympic Hall. The Soviet Sergey Fokichev won the 500 meters ahead of the Japanese skater Yoshihiro Kitazawa . Erroll Fraser , representing the British Virgin Islands , was the first athlete from the Caribbean to compete in a Winter Games. After finishing third in the 500 meters, the Canadian Gaétan Boucher won the 1,000 and
3762-526: The Games, the revenues amounted to YUD 19.83 billion (approximately US$ 203 million) and expenses at YUD 17.3 billion ( US$ 177 million), a net amount of YUD 2.54 billion ( US$ 26 million). The official report for the games listed the final profit at US$ 10 million. This was the first time in history that the Winter Olympic Games were organized in a communist state , but the organizers did not hesitate to partner with capitalist companies to finance
3861-504: The Games. Conversely, Soviets and Czechoslovaks who had participated in no other activity than ice hockey could participate without any restriction. The Soviets won all their matches, notably thanks to the KLM Line made up of Vladimir Krutov , Igor Larionov , and Sergei Makarov . Continuing the tradition from the 1964 to 1976 Games, the Soviet Union won the gold medal with a 2–0 win over
3960-502: The Games. The Organizing Committee argued it was not hypocritical because sport must be above political influence. The organizing committee signed 218 contracts and arrangements in Yugoslavia and 459 on the foreign market. This included the sale of television rights, sponsorship, sale of license rights, free delivery of goods and equipment, advertising, donations as well as Olympic coins, lottery and philately. Marketing brought in YUD 4.31 billion on
4059-489: The ISU count towards these records. French skater Surya Bonaly was the first female skater to attempt a quadruple jump in competition. She attempted a quad toe loop and a quad Salchow at the 1990 European Championships , however the jumps were not ratified. She attempted quad jumps at four more competitions (including the 1992 Winter Olympics ), the final being the 1996 World Championships , but all were unsuccessful. On December 14, 2002, Japanese skater Miki Ando became
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4158-456: The Koševo stadium for part of the ice hockey and figure skating events as well as the closing ceremony. A natural speed skating track was also set up in the same district. Skenderija Complex, located in another part of town, was renovated and expanded for the Games to include another ice rink with a capacity 8,500 seats which hosted the other hockey and figure skating events, the main press center and
4257-556: The Sarajevo region. A total of nine hotels were built and seven more were renovated for the Games. There were 39 events contested in 6 sports (10 disciplines). The biathlon events were held in Veliko Polje on Mount Igman . Biathlon races began with the individual 20 km sprint. The 19-year-old East German Frank-Peter Rötsch quickly took the lead, but it was ultimately the West German Peter Angerer who won with
4356-510: The Soviet Union created a surprise by placing third and fourth while the Swiss, world champions in 1982 and 1983, had to be content with fifth and sixth places. Swede Carl-Erik Eriksson was the first athlete to compete in six editions of the Olympic Winter Games. At 53 years old, he was also the oldest athlete at the 1984 Games. In the four-man bobsleigh event, Hoppe again finished first ahead of Lehmann while Silvio Giobellina 's Swiss bobsleigh won
4455-474: The Winter Games after alpine skier Jure Franko came second in the giant slalom. East Germany , which won all gold and silver medals in women's speed skating and bobsleigh, topped the medal table for the first time with twenty-four medals overall, nine of which were gold. The 1984 Winter Olympics, considered a success, made it possible to further modernize Sarajevo and develop winter sports in Yugoslavia, but
4554-592: The Winter Games. A provisional organizing committee was created on July 13, 1978, and the final committee with 79 members was formed as April 1980 by the Yugoslav Olympic Committee and the Sarajevo Municipal Assembly. Branko Mikulic , member of the presidency of the central committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia , was appointed chairman of the organizing committee. Ahmed Karabegovic
4653-763: The XIV Olympic Winter Games was announced on 18 May 1978, during the 80th session of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in Athens , Greece. Sarajevo was selected by a margin of three votes over Sapporo , Japan. Gothenburg became the first Swedish city to lose a Winter Olympics bid; other Swedish cities, such as Falun and Östersund , would later lose consecutive bids to the Calgary (1988) , Albertville (1992) , Lillehammer (1994) , Nagano (1998) , and Salt Lake City (2002) , respectively. Sarajevo,
4752-462: The balance between the energy put into the jump versus the energy put into the rotation. The height of a quad can be between five percent and eight percent higher than a triple jump. If skaters cannot achieve the necessary height, they must spin faster to compensate. Efficient body contraction is also important due to conservation of angular momentum . According to Deborah King, a professor of exercise and sports sciences at Ithaca College , quads have
4851-609: The best jump of the second set. He won the Olympic title with a 17.5 points lead, the biggest gap between first and second in Olympic ski jumping history. Weissflog finished second and Czechoslovakian Pavel Ploc took third place. The alpine skiing races took place on two different mountains: the men's events were contested on Bjelašnica and the women's events on Jahorina . The events started on February 13, four days behind schedule, because of strong winds and heavy snowfall. The American Bill Johnson , winner at Wengen in January, won
4950-545: The best time of the last two races and became Olympic champion. The podium was completed by the Soviets Sergey Danilin and Valery Dudin . This was the first time that East Germany had not won a medal in the men's luge competition at the Olympic Games since 1964. East Germany dominated the women's event, taking the first three places in every round. World champion in 1983, Steffi Martin won all four races and won
5049-523: The bronze medal. Both Mahre brothers retired from professional skiing after the Games at the age of 26. The Swiss Michela Figini won her first World Cup race two weeks before the Games. First of three of the five training heats in Sarajevo, she won the downhill ahead of her compatriot Maria Walliser and the Czechoslovak Olga Charvátová . At 17 years old, Figini became the youngest Olympic champion in alpine skiing. The giant slalom podium
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#17328555517055148-425: The bronze medal. These three crews finished all the heats in the first three places and in the same order. The differences were large since the Swiss bob 2 crew, which came in fourth, was 2:68 behind. The Nordic combined athletes competed in three jumps on the 70 meter hill, the two best being counted, then raced 15 kilometers on the tracks of Mount Igman the next day. The classification was established according to
5247-611: The capital of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina , was the third-largest city of Yugoslavia at the time. The 1984 Winter Games took place during the Cold War , four years after the boycott of the Moscow Games by 66 National Olympic Committees including the United States and a few months before the boycott of the Los Angeles 1984 Games by the Soviet Union and another 17 National Olympics Committees. International tensions did not affect
5346-419: The city. Spectators were transported to the venues by coaches, rental or personal cars, and minibuses. These options were also used for official transport. The emblem of the 1984 Winter Olympics was a stylized snowflake which also used the national embroidery motif overhung with the Olympic rings. The mascot for the competition was chosen by readers of Yugoslav newspapers from among six entries. The mascot
5445-500: The compulsory figures, won the silver medal, while Hamilton won gold. The bronze medal went to Czechoslovakian Jozef Sabovčík . The favorites in the women's competition were the Americans Elaine Zayak and Rosalynn Sumners , world champions in 1982 and 1983, respectively, as well as East Germany's Katarina Witt . Zayak was only thirteenth in the compulsory figures, which Sumners won, and Witt came third. The East German won
5544-643: The downhill ahead of the Swiss Peter Müller and the Austrian Anton Steiner . Johnson became the first American male to win a downhill medal in alpine skiing at the Olympic Games. The Swede Ingemar Stenmark , considered one of the best skiers in the world in technical events, surrendered his Olympic eligibility in order to negotiate an agreement with the Swedish Ski Association to personally retain more of his sponsorship money. Also missing
5643-455: The end of 1984, a deduction made from citizens' salaries (0.2% for citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 0.3% for those of Sarajevo) brought in YUD 1.21 billion. Building the facilities and purchasing the equipment for the Games cost a total of YUD 8.63 billion. The expenses were listed at 2.26 billion for equipment, 970 million for the Zetra hall, 600 million for the alpine ski slopes, 500 million for
5742-406: The event: a jump of 91.5 meters allowed him to move up from 21st to third place. The final scores were close: there was a 1.2 point difference between the first and the second as well as between the second and the third. Nykänen largely dominated the event on the big hill. He jumped to 116 meters in the first run, while Weissflog only reached 107 meters. The Finn increased his lead by also producing
5841-565: The final standings, won the first Yugoslav medal in the history of the Winter Games. The bronze medal went to Andreas Wenzel of Liechtenstein. The American Phil Mahre , favorite in Stenmark's absence, finished first in the slalom ahead of his twin brother Steve . This was the eighth time that siblings had taken the top two places in an individual Olympic event, but the Mahres were the first twins to achieve this performance. The French Didier Bouvet won
5940-543: The first event, the 1,500 meters, she easily won the gold medal by breaking the world record. She finished ahead of Andrea Ehrig and the Soviet Natalya Petrusyova , who were also among the favorites. The world record holder Christa Luding won the 500 meters ahead of Enke and the Soviet Natalya Glebova . The 1,000 meters podium was identical to that of the 1,500 meters contested three days earlier. In
6039-438: The first female skater to attempt a quad loop in domestic competition, at the 5th stage of Russian Cup qualifier, in combination with a double toe loop. She landed the quad loop with a "q" call (underrotated) and tried a second quad loop but fell. At the domestic 2022 Russian National Championships on the senior level in December 2021, Petrosian landed two clean quad loops (one in combination). The first female skater to land
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#17328555517056138-583: The first female skater to land a ratified quadruple jump (a Salchow) in her free skate at the 2002 Junior Grand Prix Final in The Hague, Netherlands. On March 10, 2018, in the free skate at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria, Russian skater Alexandra Trusova became the first female skater to land a ratified quadruple toe loop in competition. She also became
6237-641: The first female skater to successfully land two quads in one free skate. Russian skater Alexandra Trusova was the first female skater to land a quadruple jump in combination (a quad toe loop-triple toe loop), at the ISU Junior Grand Prix in Lithuania in September 2018. The first ratified quadruple Lutz was landed by Russian skater Anna Shcherbakova in a domestic event in October 2018. On October 12, 2018, in
6336-422: The first quadruple jump in combination (a quadruple toe loop-double toe loop) at the 1991 World Championships . Stojko also landed the first quadruple-triple combination (a quadruple toe loop-triple toe loop) at the 1997–98 Champions Series Final in December 1997. Russian skater Evgeni Plushenko performed the world's first quadruple-triple-double combination (a quadruple toe loop-triple toe loop-double loop) at
6435-411: The first ratified quadruple loop in competition. The first quadruple Axel attempt was by Russian skater Artur Dmitriev Jr. at the 2018 Rostelecom Cup . He landed forward and fell, receiving both a downgrade and fall deduction. Yuzuru Hanyu also attempted a quadruple Axel during the 2021–22 Japan Figure Skating Championships, although it was downgraded to a triple Axel with a two-footed landing. At
6534-567: The first round and winner of the second round, became Olympic champion despite having also never won the World Cup. Pelen won a second medal, silver, ahead of Liechtenstein's Ursula Konzett . The cross-country skiing races took place in Veliko Polje, on the Igman mountain. A new technique, skate skiing , was widely used at the 1984 Games. However, it was prohibited on the last 200 meters of each race to avoid falls. The women's 20 kilometers, contested at
6633-430: The first skater to land a ratified quad in competition, has said that when training the jump, "we really just jumped as high as we could and pulled in as hard as we could and hoped for the best." The smallest error may make the difference in the success of a quad attempt. Max Aaron has stated that "The minute your left arm is behind you, or your three-turn is too fast, if your hips don't turn in time, if your foot isn't in
6732-429: The first throw quadruple Salchow in Olympic competition. In 2004, Chinese pairs skaters Ding Yang and Ren Zhongfei attempted a throw quadruple toe loop at the Four Continents Championships; the landing was two-footed. In 2015, Russian pairs skaters Yuko Kavaguti and Alexander Smirnov , at a domestic competition ( 1st stage of 2015 SPB Cup ) became the first skaters to attempt a throw quadruple loop. The landing
6831-422: The free skate at the Junior Grand Prix in Yerevan, Armenia, Alexandra Trusova landed the first ratified quadruple Lutz in international competition, becoming the first woman to land the jump. On December 7, 2019, in the free skate at the Grand Prix Final in Torino, Italy, Alexandra Trusova landed the first ratified quadruple flip in competition. In November 2021, Russian skater Adeliia Petrosian became
6930-433: The gold medal, Bettina Schmidt won the silver medal, and Ute Oberhoffner won bronze. The doubles event was very close as the Soviets Yevgeny Belousov and Aleksandr Belyakov were first by 6.7 hundredths of a second after the opening round, but a small mistake at the end of the second and final round cost them the victory. The West Germans Hans Stangassinger and Franz Wembacher won the Olympic title, 4 hundredths of
7029-452: The last race, the 3,000 meters, the East Germans won all three medals: Ehrig ahead of Enke and Gabi Zange . This was the third time that a country had won the first three places in an Olympic speed skating event. Enke ended the Games with four medals and Ehring with three. The ski jumping events took place on the Igman hills , southwest of Sarajevo in windy weather conditions. On the normal hill, 20-year-old Matti Nykänen of Finland led
7128-400: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quadruple&oldid=1232331048 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Quad (figure skating) A quadruple jump or quad
7227-668: The medal plaza which for the first time was inside an indoor hall . The men's alpine ski races were held on Bjelašnica , the highest mountain at 2,067 meters located southwest of Sarajevo. The women's events were contested on Jahorina , at an altitude of 1,913 meters and located to the south-east of the city. The Nordic events took place on Igman , in an area near Mount Bjelašnica. Igman Olympic Jumps of 70 and 90 meters were built in Malo Polje . The already existing cross-country ski and biathlon tracks in Veliko Polje were redeveloped and
7326-649: The minimum age should be increased, and was listed as a reason for the increase in the ISU FAQ on the subject. 1984 Winter Olympics The 1984 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XIV Olympic Winter Games ( Serbo-Croatian and Slovene : XIV. Zimske olimpijske igre ; Cyrillic : XIV Зимске олимпијске игре ; Macedonian : XIV Зимски олимписки игри , romanized : XIV Zimski olimpiski igri ) and commonly known as Sarajevo '84 ( Cyrillic : Сарајево '84 ; Macedonian : Сараево '84 ), were
7425-516: The national market and YUD 9.42 billion on the foreign market, totaling YUD 13.73 billion ( US$ 141.65 million). The government also contributed to the financing of the Games: the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina paid YUD 1.83 billion, the national government of Yugoslavia and the other republics and autonomous regions, YUD 780 million and the city of Sarajevo, YUD 1 billion. From 1982 to
7524-862: The number of jump repetitions skaters do in practice. Concerns have been raised about the long-term impact of quads on the bodies of young skaters, especially girls. As of 2023, Elizabet Tursynbaeva of Kazakhstan and Rion Sumiyoshi of Japan are the only female skaters over the age of 18 to ever land a quad in competition. The figure skating community remains divided about the sustainability of such jumps for women past puberty. Rafael Arutyunyan , coach of skaters such as Nathan Chen and Ashley Wagner , has questioned, "Will they still land these jumps at age 18 or 19? They are doing these jumps with bodies that have not developed yet, with bones that are still growing. What will they be at age 40? Will they all need new hips?" His concern has been echoed by fellow coach Linda Leaver, who predicts that "it will be extremely rare for
7623-475: The other in the east ( Skopje – Novi Sad – Belgrade – Sarajevo), 2,687 kilometres (1,670 mi) in length. The final torchbearer, from a total of 1,600, was figure skater Sanda Dubravčić , who received the torch from cross country skier Ivo Čarman . One of the two original torches is held in a private collection in Žalec, Slovenia . There are also 20 more torches in Greece, owned by individual athletes who were
7722-582: The pairs event. American siblings Kitty and Peter Carruthers were second and another Soviet pair, Larisa Seleznyova and Oleg Makarov , finished third. British ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean did not disappoint the public. They carried out a very original program set to the music of Boléro by Maurice Ravel and the nine judges give them the maximum score of six for artistic impression. Torvill and Dean become Olympic champions ahead of two Soviet couples ( Natalia Bestemianova / Andrei Bukin and Marina Klimova / Sergei Ponomarenko ). For
7821-401: The pre-Olympic period. All the events took place in Sarajevo or at the neighbour resorts in the Dinaric Alps located less than 25 kilometers from the city's downtown. The Koševo City Stadium , built in 1947 in the center of Sarajevo, was completely renovated to host the opening ceremony of the Games. Its capacity was 45,000. The Zetra Olympic Hall , with a capacity of 8,500, was built near
7920-510: The proposal to increase the senior category age limit in figure skating to 17. "Younger skaters are able to show more difficult elements until they are fully matured. Therefore we are currently losing Seniors [ sic ] skaters who are afraid they cannot compete with these younger skaters in Senior Events." This reason was also given by some who responded to the survey conducted by the ISU asking whether
8019-530: The region of Sarajevo have favorable conditions for the development of winter sports. As early as 1970, the authorities in Sarajevo planned to host the Winter Olympics to promote this development and become a sustainable winter sports center. They first considered a candidature for the Games of 1976 or 1980 but, after having modernized the city within the framework of the project "Protection of the environment and of man", applied for those of 1984. The bid committee
8118-419: The relay. Dmitriy Vasilyev , Juri Kashkarov , Algimantas Šalna and Sergei Bulygin won the race however; this was the fifth consecutive time that the Soviet Union had won gold in the relay since the start of the event in 1968. Norway finished second with 1:20 ahead of East Germany. Kvalfoss and Angerer therefore ended the Games with three medals in three different events. The bobsleigh races took place on
8217-424: The right place, anything will throw you off." Research indicates that changes in arm position of even three or four degrees can significantly affect the rotational speed. According to Ross Miner , the quality of the ice can also affect the success of the jump, especially for the quad Salchow. Performing quads, whether in practice or competition, increases the risk of injury as well as the level of wear and tear on
8316-423: The short program while Sumners took fifth place. In the free skate, Witt had a good performance that allowed her to win the gold medal while Sumners, who had a less difficult program than expected, settled for the silver medal. The Soviet Kira Ivanova took third place. The Soviets Elena Valova and Oleg Vassiliev , world champions in 1983, won the short program and the free program and finished in first place in
8415-474: The skater's program short of performing combinations. The higher scoring for more difficult elements was put in place by the introduction of the ISU Judging System in 2004. Before then, the technical scores for each skater were capped at 6.0. The current ISU scoring for quad jumps in base values is listed below. All quadruple jumps have four revolutions, except for the quadruple Axel , which has four and
8514-449: The standings after the first round by achieving a jump of 91 meters. The 19-year-old East German Jens Weissflog was second with a jump of 90 meters. In the second run, Weissflog jumped to 87 meters and Nykänen, who would have won gold with a jump of 86 meters, landed at 84 meters. The East German was the Olympic champion ahead of the Finn. Jari Puikkonen , also Finnish, produced the best jump of
8613-731: The torchbearers from Ancient Olympia to the nearby military airport and from Athens Domestic Airport to the Panathinaikon Stadium where the Ceremony of handing over the Olympic Flame to the Sarajevo Olympic Games Committee occurred. Readers of Yugoslav newspapers were asked to choose the mascot for the 1984 Winter Olympics from a list of six finalists. The winner was Vučko, the little wolf, designed by Slovenian designer and illustrator Jože Trobec. The other finalists were
8712-502: The two events, the Finn Jukka Ylipulli won the bronze medal and Miettenen, ninth in cross-country skiing, finished fourth. The ice hockey tournament took place on two rinks built in the districts of Zetra and Skenderija . The twelve teams were divided into two groups of six, and the two best teams of each group qualified for the final pool, any points acquired against the teams in the same pool being carried forward. There
8811-594: The various competition venues, the main one was inside the Skenderija Center. The torch relay for the 1984 Winter Olympics started in Olympia and then proceeded by airplane to Dubrovnik . The total distance of the torch relay through Yugoslavia was 5,289 kilometres (3,286 mi) plus 2,879 kilometres (1,789 mi) of local routes. There were two main routes: one in the west ( Split – Ljubljana – Zagreb – Sarajevo ), 2,602 kilometres (1,617 mi) in length; and
8910-513: Was Marc Girardelli , who previously refused to train with the Austrian team and competed under the Luxembourg flag. Girardelli did not have Luxembourg citizenship and was not permitted to compete in the Games. The Swiss Max Julen set the fastest time of the first heat and the second of the second heat and became Olympic champion. The Slovenian Jure Franko , winner of the second round and second in
9009-418: Was Canadian Kurt Browning in 1988. Japanese skater Miki Ando became the first female to do so, in 2002. The following table lists the first recorded quadruple jumps by male skaters in men's singles competition. Only successfully ratified jumps landed in an ISU sanctioned event, or officially recognized by the ISU count toward these records. Soviet skater Alexandre Fadeev was the first skater to attempt
9108-467: Was a wolf named Vučko and created by Slovenian Jože Trobec. More than 3,000 employees of the Yugoslav public broadcaster, Yugoslav Radio Television , produced 204 hours of television broadcasts. The number of countries in which received broadcasts of the games on television increased from 40 to 100 and the broadcasting rights, which were US$ 20.7 million in 1980, stood at US$ 102.7 million. Media revenue
9207-699: Was appointed the secretary-general and Anto Sucic, then president of the Sarajevo Municipal Assembly, became the president of the executive committee. The organizing committee included the president of the Yugoslav Olympic committee and representatives of the Federal Executive Council , the League of Communists and the Socialist Alliance of the Working People. According to the financial results of
9306-569: Was controversy over player eligibility in advance of the Games. The IOC regulations stated that players who had signed a professional contract could not participate, while the International Ice Hockey Federation ruled that only players who had played a professional match were deemed ineligible. Finally, all players who had signed a contract or played a game in the National Hockey League were ineligible to take part in
9405-527: Was created on 23 November 1977. Two other candidates for the Games were Gothenburg in Sweden and Sapporo in Japan. The Gothenburg project was considered expensive and if it were the winner, the logistics expenses would be gigantic, because the competition places would be decentralized. Sapporo had previously hosted the Games in 1972, only twelve years before the proposed 1984 Games and Japan presented Nagoya to bid to
9504-605: Was developed for the Games. Roads with a total length of 160 kilometers were constructed to improve access to mountain sites from Sarajevo or to link the sites to each other. The city's train station and the Sarajevo International Airport were renovated, and an international terminal was built. Most of the athletes, accompanying persons, officials and visitors arrived in Yugoslavia by regular international flights to Zagreb and Belgrade and reached Sarajevo by trains, buses or charter flights that landed directly on
9603-448: Was this time ahead of Gustafson. The East German René Schöfisch finished third in the two events. East Germany dominated the women's events, winning all of the gold and silver medals as well as a bronze medal, taking nine medals out of the twelve available. Karin Enke , who had won several world titles since winning the 500 meters Olympic gold in 1980, was the favorite in all four races. In
9702-424: Was two-footed, then she fell. Later in 2015, Kavaguti and Smirnov performed a throw quadruple loop at the 2015 Cup of China , although the landing was two-footed. Also in 2015, Canadian pairs skaters Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford , at a domestic competition (2015 Souvenir Georges-Ethier), attempted the first throw quadruple Lutz, but she fell. The quad jump is currently the highest scoring single element in
9801-563: Was unexpected: the American Debbie Armstrong , who had never won a World Cup race, won gold ahead of her compatriot Christin Cooper . The Frenchwoman Perrine Pelen was third while another American, Tamara McKinney , finished in fourth place. Only 21 of the 45 starters completed the two heats of the slalom. The Frenchwoman Christelle Guignard won the first round but did not complete the second. The Italian Paoletta Magoni , fourth in
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