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53-578: Qiblai ( Tajik : Қиблаӣ Qiblai ) is a village and jamoat in Tajikistan . It is located in Rudaki District , one of the Districts of Republican Subordination . The jamoat has a total population of 13,860 (2015). This Tajikistan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tajik language By way of Early New Persian, Tajik, like Iranian Persian and Dari Persian ,

106-494: A ). However, it is standardly not a back vowel. The vowel ⟨Ӣ ӣ⟩ usually represents a stressed /i/ at the end of a word. However, not all instances of ⟨Ӣ ӣ⟩ are stressed, as can be seen with the second person singular suffix -ӣ remaining unstressed. The vowels /i/, /u/ and /a/ may be reduced to [ə] in unstressed syllables. The Tajik language contains 24 consonants, 16 of which form contrastive pairs by voicing: [б/п] [в/ф] [д/т] [з/с] [ж/ш] [ҷ/ч] [г/к] [ғ/х]. The table below lists

159-472: A 17-part series "Roads of Fire" based on Komil Yashin 's novel. For the first time, large feature historical films were made about the geniuses of world science born in the territory of modern Uzbekistan: Avicenna "Youth of Genius", about Ulugh Beg "The star of Ulugbek". In 1966, a cartoon production workshop was established at the Uzbekfilm studio. In 1968, the first Uzbek drawn cartoon "Brave Sparrow"

212-689: A candidate member of the Central Committee of the Communist party in 1956. In March 1959 he became the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan, a post he held until his death in 1983. In 1961 he became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist party as well as a candidate member of the Presidium of the Central Committee. Rashidov was the de facto leader of

265-624: A deputy in the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR, where he served as a deputy in the 2nd to 9th convocations. He also served as a delegate to the 19th to 24th Congresses of the Communist party. In 1949 he became the chairman of the board of the Union of Writers of the Uzbek SSR, but moved on from the post in 1950, as he became the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR, which he held until 1959. He continued to rise in power, becoming

318-620: A letter.' In Iranian Persian, the present progressive form consists of the verb دار, dār , 'to have' followed by a conjugated verb in either the simple present tense, the habitual past tense or the habitual past perfect tense. من man I دارم dār-am have کار kār work می‌کنم Sharof Rashidov Sharof Rashidovich Rashidov (Uzbek Cyrillic: Шароф Рашидович Рашидов, [ʃæˈrɒf ræˈʃidəvʲɪt͡ɕ ræˈʃidəf] ; Russian : Шараф Рашидович Рашидов , romanized :  Sharaf Rashidovich Rashidov ; 6 November [ O.S. 24 October] 1917 – 31 October 1983)

371-569: A major international conference marking the anniversary of the Hijra was held in Tashkent. During his tenure many mosques that were converted by previous administrations for secular purposes such as gyms and warehouses were restored. Rashidov's first work, the epic “Chegarachi” was published in 1937. In 1945 his collection of poems about the Great Patriotic War (World War II). This was followed by

424-731: A museum of the city's history and an opera and ballet theater were opened. In 1977, for the first time in Central Asia , a subway was opened in Tashkent. In 1969, an international symposium on the history of art of the Timurid period was held in Samarkand. In 1973, the 1000th anniversary of the famous scholar Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni was widely celebrated and a feature film was made. The number of research institutes in Uzbekistan under Rashidov's leadership increased from 64 in 1960 to 100 in

477-470: A network of informers using a "divide and conquer" method to ensure loyalty to him from his associates. His opponents likened him to a Khan of the previous century for the amount of control he exercised over the republic. During Rashidov's tenure the Uzbek SSR experienced rapid economic growth, not only in the agricultural sector but also urbanization and industrialization. The Tashkent Aviation Production Association named after V.P. Chkalov became one of

530-570: A prominent native usage of Tajik language. Today, virtually all Tajik speakers in Bukhara are bilingual in Tajik and Uzbek. This Tajik–Uzbek bilingualism has had a strong influence on the phonology, morphology, and syntax of Bukharan Tajik. Tajiks are also found in large numbers in the Surxondaryo Region in the south and along Uzbekistan's eastern border with Tajikistan. Tajiki is still spoken by

583-555: A role, but some accounts allege that his death was suicide to avoid facing corruption charges. He was succeeded by Inomjon Usmonxoʻjayev . While he was initially eulogized after his death, criticism of Rashidov was soon not only permitted but done by senior politicians in both Moscow and Tashkent. Although he was originally buried in Tashkent's Lenin Square, although after the cotton scandal received more attention and he began to face more damnatio memoriae , his remains were disinterred from

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636-591: A schoolteacher in a secondary school before starting to work for the regional Samarkand newspaper Leninsky put. He then graduated from the philological faculty of Samarkand State University in 1941, but later that year he was deployed to the Eastern Front as a junior lieutenant. He saw combat in the Battle of Moscow and was awarded two Order of the Red Star before being demobilized in 1943 after being severely wounded in

689-421: A sports event as a pretext to get Moscow to reject him. However, Rashidov prevailed, and the leaders of the plot lost their power in Uzbek SSR politics, with Nasriddinova and Nishonov getting union-level positions but Qurbonov facing imprisonment. Rashidov had strong support from Brezhnev , who in turn allocated resources to projects industrializing the Uzbek SSR and protected him from investigation. For decades,

742-484: Is Muslim -majority, Rashidov lived a secular lifestyle as was expected of Soviet leaders and maintained that he was an atheist, and referred to religion as superstition. However, he was very tolerant of religion in the republic, and allowed for not only the development of religious institutions but also public celebrations of religious nature, rendering Tashkent a key center of Islam in the Soviet Union. In September 1980

795-556: Is a continuation of Middle Persian , the official administrative, religious and literary language of the Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE), itself a continuation of Old Persian , the language of the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC). Tajiki is one of the two official languages of Tajikistan, the other being Russian as the official interethnic language. In Afghanistan , this language is less influenced by Turkic languages and

848-639: Is also the result of the poor state of the economy of Tajikistan and each year approximately one million men leave Tajikistan to gain employment in Russia. Tajik dialects can be approximately split into the following groups: The dialect used by the Bukharan Jews of Central Asia is known as the Bukhori dialect and belongs to the northern dialect grouping. It is chiefly distinguished by the inclusion of Hebrew terms, principally religious vocabulary, and historical use of

901-585: Is now the Jizzakh region of Uzbekistan. Although his family was poor, both of his parents were among the few that were literate at the time, and they wanted their six children to be educated. Sharof Rashidov's father, Rashid Khalilov, was a farmer who joined the Qizil karvon kolkhoz, and his mother Kuysinoy was a housewife. Initially after graduating from the Jizzakh Pedagogical College in 1935 he worked as

954-468: Is regarded as a form of Dari , which has co-official language status. The Tajiki Persian of Tajikistan has diverged from Persian as spoken in Afghanistan and even more from that of Iran due to political borders, geographical isolation, the standardisation process and the influence of Russian and neighbouring Turkic languages. The standard language is based on the northwestern dialects of Tajik (region of

1007-473: Is the construction of the present progressive tense in each language. In Tajik, the present progressive form consists of a present progressive participle, from the verb истодан, istodan , 'to stand' and a cliticised form of the verb -acт, -ast , 'to be'. Ман man I мактуб maktub letter навишта navišta write истода-ам istoda-am be Ман мактуб навишта истода-ам man maktub navišta istoda-am I letter write be 'I am writing

1060-457: The Hebrew alphabet . Despite these differences, Bukhori is readily intelligible to other Tajik speakers, particularly speakers of northern dialects. A very important moment in the development of the contemporary Tajik, especially of the spoken language, is the tendency in changing its dialectal orientation. The dialects of Northern Tajikistan were the foundation of the prevalent standard Tajik, while

1113-613: The official language (as throughout the Union ). In addition, the law officially equated Tajik with Persian , placing the word Farsi (the endonym for the Persian language) after Tajik. The law also called for a gradual reintroduction of the Perso-Arabic alphabet. In 1999, the word Farsi was removed from the state language law. Two major cities of Central Asia , Samarkand and Bukhara , are in present-day Uzbekistan , but are defined by

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1166-546: The Samarkand faction of Uzbek politics, which encountered rivalry from other factions, especially the Tashkent faction. After coming to power in 1959 he began a series of purges of Tashkent-aligned politicians from leadership positions in the Uzbek SSR. In 1969 Yadgar Nasriddinova of the Tashkent faction, Rafiq Nishonov of the Fergana faction, and Rahmonqul Qurbonov of the Bukhara faction attempted to depose him from his position as first secretary, utilizing an anti-Russian rally at

1219-652: The Southern dialects did not enjoy either popularity or prestige. Now all politicians and public officials make their speeches in the Kulob dialect, which is also used in broadcasting. The table below lists the six vowel phonemes in standard, literary Tajik. Letters from the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet are given first, followed by IPA transcription. Local dialects frequently have more than the six seen below. In northern and Uzbek dialects, classical / o̞ / has chain shifted forward in

1272-540: The Soviet " Uzbekisation " supervised by Sharof Rashidov , the head of the Uzbek Communist Party, Tajiks had to choose either to stay in Uzbekistan and get registered as Uzbek in their passports or leave the republic for the less-developed agricultural and mountainous Tajikistan. The "Uzbekisation" movement ended in 1924. In Tajikistan Tajiks constitute 80% of the population and the language dominates in most parts of

1325-490: The Uzbek SSR and frequently corresponded with government bodies of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan emphasizing his support of their endeavors. Under Rashidov in 1966, the capital of Uzbekistan , Tashkent , was rebuilt, and new museums , parks , theaters , and monuments were erected. In 1970, the 2500th anniversary of Samarkand was celebrated, and in this connection great events were held in Samarkand,

1378-524: The Uzbek SSR and solidifying ties of the Samarkand-Bukhara grouping. His brother Sahib was head of the People's Inspectorate. His wife's nephew was rector of the Tashkent medical institute. In total, Rashidov put at least fourteen of his relatives in important positions in the government of the Uzbek SSR, although the exact number of relatives throughout the government remains unclear. While Uzbekistan

1431-620: The Uzbek SSR claimed to produce compared to what was actually produced. The huge push from Moscow to increase cotton production played a huge role in the ecological devastation that the republic, especially the Karakalpakstan region. The rivers that fed the Aral Sea were diverted to irrigate cotton fields, causing the sea to recede. As the ecological situation worsened, cotton production declined, yet Moscow kept demanding more cotton. An intricate system of tribute, bribes, and forgery were used to create

1484-550: The Uzbek SSR had an extremely high degree of autonomy compared to other republics in the union. While other Soviet politicians of similar status feared the KGB and Community Party apparatuses giving such entities a great degree of control, those very same institutions based in Uzbek SSR feared Rashidov, whose close ties to Brezhnev enabled him to deviate from party norms far more than other politicians. People who expressed disagreement with Rashidov faced severe retaliation, as Rashidov maintained

1537-411: The allegations were false that he would have nothing to worry about. With orders from Moscow to grow increasing quantities of cotton, the government of the Uzbek SSR under Rashidov responded by reporting artificially inflated statistics for growth in land irrigated and harvested, boasting of record improvements in production and efficiency. However, there was a huge disparity in the amount of cotton that

1590-474: The consonant phonemes in standard, literary Tajik. Letters from the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet are given first, followed by IPA transcription. At least in the dialect of Bukhara , ⟨Ч ч⟩ and ⟨Ҷ ҷ⟩ are pronounced / tɕ / and / dʑ / respectively, with ⟨Ш ш⟩ and ⟨Ж ж⟩ also being / ɕ / and / ʑ / . Word stress generally falls on the first syllable in finite verb forms and on the last syllable in nouns and noun-like words. Examples of where stress does not fall on

1643-611: The country. Some Tajiks in Gorno-Badakhshan in southeastern Tajikistan, where the Pamir languages are the native languages of most residents, are bilingual. Tajiks are the dominant ethnic group in Northern Afghanistan as well and are also the majority group in scattered pockets elsewhere in the country, particularly urban areas such as Kabul , Mazar-i-Sharif , Kunduz , Ghazni , and Herat . Tajiks constitute between 25% and 35% of

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1696-531: The early 1980s. Rashidov initiated the first Institute of Archaeology in Central Asia, which opened in 1970 in Samarkand. In 1970, there were 192 students for every 10,000 people in Uzbekistan. In 1970-1980, with Rashidov's support, three large historical series were filmed in Uzbekistan: "Ulugbek's Treasures" based on Odil Yoqubov 's work, a 10-part video film "Alisher Navoi" based on Aybek 's novel , and

1749-446: The exception of separate volumes on individual periods. While the CPSU was well aware of Rashidov's corruption and nepotism, they initially chose to overlook it. With thousands of complaint letters sent to central bodies complaining about widespread corruption and bribery in the Uzbek SSR, the central government began to investigate Rashidov and his cadres more seriously. Eventually Rashidov

1802-472: The illusion of fulfilling cotton quotas. The Uzbek leadership used these exaggerated figures to transfer substantial amounts of wealth from central Soviet funds into the Uzbek SSR and the Rashidov family. Brezhnev turned a blind eye to the situation, as his son-in-law was implicated in the scandal. After the death of Brezhnev, Andropov, who was aware of the scheme, began dismantling the “cotton mafia”, and eventually

1855-486: The language and simply regarded themselves as speaking Farsi , which is the endonym for the Persian language. The term Tajik derives from Persian, although it has been adopted by the speakers themselves. For most of the 20th century, its name was rendered in the Russian spelling of Tadzhik . In 1989, with the growth in Tajik nationalism, a law was enacted declaring Tajik the state (national) language , with Russian being

1908-533: The largest aircraft producers in the world; in 1969 the Muruntau mine began extraction of gold, which became one of the most important mines in the Soviet Union. After the devastating earthquake of 1966 the city of Tashkent was rebuilt and experienced significant urbanization, with the construction of the Tashkent Metro and expansion of the city as well as other socially oriented construction projects throughout

1961-463: The last syllable are adverbs like: бале ( bale , meaning "yes") and зеро ( zero , meaning "because"). Stress also does not fall on enclitics , nor on the marker of the direct object. The word order of Tajiki Persian is subject–object–verb . Tajik Persian grammar is similar to the classical Persian grammar (and the grammar of modern varieties such as Iranian Persian). The most notable difference between classical Persian grammar and Tajik Persian grammar

2014-484: The majority of the population in Samarkand and Bukhara today although, as Richard Foltz has noted, their spoken dialects diverge considerably from the standard literary language and most cannot read it. Official statistics in Uzbekistan state that the Tajik community comprises 5% of the nation's total population. However, these numbers do not include ethnic Tajiks who, for a variety of reasons, choose to identify themselves as Uzbeks in population census forms. During

2067-489: The mouth to / ɵ̞ / . In central and southern dialects, classical / o̞ / has chain shifted upward and merged into / u / . In the Zarafshon dialect, earlier /u/ has shifted to / y / or / ʊ / , however /u/ from earlier /ɵ/ remained (possibly due to influence from Yaghnobi ). The open back vowel has varyingly been described as mid-back [o̞] , [ɒ] , [ɔ] and [ɔː] . It is analogous to standard Persian â (long

2120-532: The old major city of Samarqand ), which have been somewhat influenced by the neighbouring Uzbek language as a result of geographical proximity. Tajik also retains numerous archaic elements in its vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar that have been lost elsewhere in the Persophone world, in part due to its relative isolation in the mountains of Central Asia . Up to and including the nineteenth century, speakers in Afghanistan and Central Asia had no separate name for

2173-876: The poem "O'zbekiston") appeared in Uzbek culture . Museums were opened: the Alisher Navoi State Museum of Literature , the Sadriddin Ayni House Museum, the Abu Ali Ibn Sina Museum in Afshona, the Lenin Museum in Tashkent and others. In 1980, on the initiative of Rashidov, the 100th anniversary of the Uzbek and Tajik poet Orif Gulhani was celebrated and the Gulhani Museum was opened in Samarkand. In addition, an important aspect of cultural policy

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2226-677: The prelude to the Cuban missile crisis. During the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 , Rashidov was instrumental in the organization of peace talks in Tashkent, were the two countries signed the Tashkent Declaration peace agreement in 1966. While the negotiations were officially led by Alexei Kosygin , Rashidov was more involved in the peace process. During the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , Rashidov welcomed Afghan students to study at universities in

2279-552: The republic. Another project of Rashidov was the Mubarek zone , a plan to push exiled Crimeans to “take root” in the desolate Mubarek district of the Qashqadaryo Region . The Mubarek district was absolutely nothing like the coastal Crimean homeland that Crimean Tatars had been longing for, and the climate was inhospitable. Most Crimean Tatars grew to see the project as just another Rashidov scam to fleece Moscow of money, and found

2332-520: The scandal was made officially acknowledged. Rashidov was married to Khursanda G'furovna Rashidova, and they had five children. Their son Ilkhom was married to the daughter of Qallibek Kamolov , first secretary of the Karakalpak ASSR . One of Rashidov's daughters was married to the nephew of Ibrohim Muminov of the Bukhara faction, who held the post of vice president of the Academy of Sciences of

2385-468: The short story “Gʻoliblar” about development of unused lands. He then wrote the novels "Boʻrondan kuchli“, “Qudratli toʻlqin” and “Gʻoliblar”, published in 1958, 1964, and 1972 respectively. Rashidov died on 31 October 1983 while visiting the Karakalpak ASSR. Most sources indicate that he died of a heart attack, with many suggesting that the stress of the ongoing corruption investigation into him played

2438-430: The square in 1986 and reburied in his hometown instead. After independence from the Soviet Union, Rashidov's image was rehabilitated by Islam Karimov and Rashidov became celebrated as a symbol of Uzbek nationalism. Sharof Rashidov District was named in his honor. While the cotton scandal was seen as a shame by Russians, Uzbeks largely supported Rashidov not in spite of it but rather because of it, as it became seen as

2491-413: The suggestions that anywhere in Central Asia was their "real" homeland to be chauvinist. In 1957 Rashidov accompanied Kliment Voroshilov on a diplomatic trip to visit Indonesia , Burma , China , and Vietnam , where he met with leaders of anti-colonial movements. Although his first visits to Cuba dealt with agricultural matters, in 1962 he was part of a Soviet delegation to Cuba sent by Khrushchev in

2544-686: The total population of the country. In Afghanistan, the dialects spoken by ethnic Tajiks are written using the Persian alphabet and referred to as Dari , along with the dialects of other groups in Afghanistan such as the Hazaragi and Aimaq dialects . Approximately 48%-58% of Afghan citizens are native speakers of Dari. A large Tajik-speaking diaspora exists due to the instability that has plagued Central Asia in recent years, with significant numbers of Tajiks found in Russia , Kazakhstan , and beyond. This Tajik diaspora

2597-577: The war. Having returned to Uzbekistan, he worked as editor of the Lenin yoli newspaper of Samarkand from 1943 to 1944, then became the secretary of the Samarkand regional committee before worked as the executive editor Qizil Oʻzbekistoni from 1947-1949. He also was a student of the All-Union Party School under the Central Committee of the Party, graduating in absentia in 1948. In 1947 he began his career as

2650-631: Was published. In the mid-70s, the animation workshop became a union of puppet and drawn cartoons, cartoons were made: "The Ballad of the Falcon and the Star" by Mavzur Mahmudov and "Lake in the Desert" by Nazim Tulahojaev, "Hoja Nasreddin". Rashidov actively supported young poets and writers of Uzbekistan. Under him, such outstanding poets as Erkin Vohidov (author of the poem "O'zbegim") and Abdulla Oripov (author of

2703-418: Was summoned by Ligachev , who showed him the stacks of letters from citizens of the Uzbek SSR complaining about his corruption. Rashidov responded by asking Ligachev who he thought he was, and Ligachev informed him that he was bringing up the issue on behalf of Yuri Andropov, to which Rashidov replied by claiming the letters to be slander, to which Ligachev informed him that he was subject to investigation and if

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2756-739: Was the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan from 1959 until his death in 1983. During his tenure the Uzbek SSR saw considerable economic growth and had a very high degree of autonomy from the rest of the Soviet Union . Rashidov was born on 6 November [ O.S. 24 October] 1917, the day before the Russian Revolution . He was born to an Uzbek peasant family in Sovungarlik village, located in what

2809-533: Was the creation of three museum-reserves: "Itchan Kala" in Khiva (1968), Samarkand United Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve (1982) and Bukhara State Architectural Art Museum-Preserve (1983). Under the leadership of Sharof Rashidovich Rashidov, historians wrote and published in 1967-1970 in Uzbek and Russian languages a four-volume "History of Uzbekistan". After Rashidov's death, multi-volume general histories of Uzbekistan were no longer published, with

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