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94-526: According to one view, the name of the city comes from the Sogdian word dizak ( Persian : دزک ), which is the diminutive form of diz ( دز , 'fortress') and means "small fortress" or "small fort". It was mentioned in the 13 century Mu'jam al-Buldan under the name dīzak ( Arabic : ديزك ). Jizzakh was an important Silk Road junction on the road connecting Samarkand with the Fergana Valley . It

188-705: A Genghisid princess, Saray Mulk Khanum . Timurid dynasty originated from the Barlas tribe. Timur's father told him the story of how his family was descended from Abu al-Atrāk ( lit. 'Father of the Turks'), according to the statement of his father. According to the Timurid ruler Ulugh Beg's Tārīkh-i arbaʿ ulūs ( lit. 'History of Four Nations'), abridged as the Shajarat al-atrāk ( lit. 'Genealogy of Turks ') , Timurids were descendants of Turk, son of Yāfas ( Japheth ). Turk

282-530: A key mountain pass, was likely rebuilt and refortified during this period. Under the Timurid Empire , Central Asia experienced a blossoming of art and culture. Jizzakh, with its proximity to the empire's northern border and location of trade routes to the capital Samarkand likely experienced growth and revitalization. The empire began to weaken in the second half of the 15th century. In 1488, an Uzbek contingent led by Muhammad Shaybani helped Moghulistan defeat

376-586: A large literary corpus. The Sogdian language is usually assigned to a Northeastern group of the Iranian languages . No direct evidence of an earlier version of the language ("Old Sogdian") has been found, although mention of the area in the Old Persian inscriptions means that a separate and recognisable Sogdia existed at least since the Achaemenid Empire (559–323 BCE). Like Khotanese, Sogdian may have possessed

470-640: A loss of 6 men, against 6000 dead for the defenders. The old town was mostly destroyed, its remaining inhabitants evicted, and Russian settlers brought in. After its incorporation into the Russian Empire , Imperial agents placed Jizzakh under the jurisdiction of the Samarkand Oblast following its establishment in 1887. At the turn of the 19th century, the region was populated by what the Russian authorities qualified as ethnic Uzbeks , who made up more than half of

564-474: A market town between the nomadic raiders and settled farmers. The Arabs built a series of rabats (blockhouses) at Jizzakh, housing ghazis to protect the people. Under the Abbasids, rule of the region of Osrushana was given over to the house of Saman, who split the wider region amongst themselves under Abbasid suzerainty. In 892, Ismail Samani united the regions under his family's control, and effectively gained

658-566: A massacre but spared the craftsmen to be sent to Samarkand. He left Delhi in January 1399. During Timur's entry into India, he was faced by a sultanate that was already in decline due to the secession of its richest provinces. Later in 1400–1401 he conquered Aleppo , Damascus and eastern Anatolia . In 1401 he destroyed Baghdad, and in 1402 he defeated the Ottomans in the Battle of Ankara . This made Timur

752-614: A more conservative grammar and morphology than Middle Persian. The modern Eastern Iranian language Yaghnobi is the descendant of a dialect of Sogdian spoken around the 8th century in Osrushana , a region to the south of Sogdia. During the period of the Chinese Tang dynasty (ca. 7th century CE), Sogdian was the lingua franca in Central Asia of the Silk Road , along which it amassed

846-399: A new era of khans with Mongol ancestry being used as politically legitimizing puppets, but lacking any real control. In 1370, after defeating his rivals in the region, Timur took control of Transoxiana, including Jizzakh. Early in his career, Timur fought regularly with Moghulistan to his north and east. Jizzakh, geographically near the border of Timur's realm and Moghulistan and controlling

940-604: A region to the south of Sogdia, developed into the Yaghnobi language and has survived into the 21st century. It is spoken by the Yaghnobi people . The first discovered Sogdian text was the Karabalgasun inscription , however, it was not understood until 1909 that it contained text in Sogdian. Aurel Stein discovered 5 letters written in Sogdian known as the "Ancient Letters" in an abandoned watchtower near Dunhuang in 1907, dating to

1034-518: A rich vocabulary of loanwords such as tym ("hotel") from the Middle Chinese /tem/ ( Chinese : 店 ). The economic and political importance of Sogdian guaranteed its survival in the first few centuries after the Muslim conquest of Sogdia in the early eighth century. A dialect of Sogdian spoken around the 8th century in Osrushana (capital: Bunjikat, near present-day Istaravshan , Tajikistan),

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1128-637: A state of decay. The Mongol Empire was divided among the grandsons of Genghis Khan , Jizzakh was included in the portion known as the Chagatai Khanate . This Khanate included Transoxiana, the Fergana Valley, the Tarim Basin, the region around Turpan, and much of what is today southern Kazakhstan. Despite being a key piece of the great Mongol Empire , the Chagatai Khanate began to fragment as early as

1222-576: A year. Or the cultural Tavakbulak, located on the shoulders of Mount Molguzar at an altitude of two thousand six hundred meters above sea level, can be called a miracle. On the river Aktash in Bakhmal district there is a huge cemetery on the shoulders of steep mountains, next to it there is a magnificent gorge "Blood Drop". Or the spring that rises from the Suffa Square at the top of the mountain in Zaamin district,

1316-504: Is a city with long sports traditions and actively developing professional sports . Sports development is supervised by the Department of Culture and Sports of Jizzakh Region . Football The city has a soccer club "Sogdiana" (called "Jizzakh" in 1970-1972 and 1975-1976). It plays its home matches at the stadium of the "Sogdiana" sports complex - a multipurpose arena, rebuilt in 2015 and now designed for 11,650 spectators (previously -

1410-450: Is also known that the same expression was used in flags as well. Standards with a golden crescent are mentioned in different historical sources. Some miniatures depict the red banners of Timur's army, and it is thought that Timur generally used red banners, probably for visibility, with variable cut-outs, to which may have been added the tail of a horse or yak (the Mongol tugh ), topped with

1504-592: Is at the edge of Golodnaya Steppe , and next to the strategic Pass of Jilanuti ( Timur 's Gate) in the Turkestan Mountains , controlling the approach to the Zeravshan Valley , Samarkand and Bukhara . The name Jizzakh likely derives from the Sogdian word for 'small fort' and the present city is built of the site of the town which belonged to Osrushana . After the Arab conquest of Sogdiana , Jizzakh served as

1598-611: Is based on an older Zafarnāmeh by Nizam al-Din Shami , the official biographer of Timur during his lifetime. The most famous poet of the Timurid era was Nūr ud-Dīn Jāmī , the last great medieval Sufi mystic of Persia and one of the greatest figures in Persian poetry . Hearing of the Persian culture of the Timurid empire, the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II encouraged those under his patronage to engage with

1692-662: Is commonly known as the Mughal dynasty though it was directly inherited from the Timurids. By the 17th century, the Mughal Empire ruled most of India but eventually declined during the following century. The Timurid dynasty finally came to an end when the remaining nominal rule of the Mughals was abolished by the British Empire following the 1857 rebellion . Although the Timurids hailed from

1786-519: The Aq Qoyunlu confederation. However, members of the Timurid dynasty continued to rule smaller states, sometimes known as Timurid emirates, in Central Asia and parts of India. In the 16th century, Babur , the Timurid prince of Ferghana (modern Uzbekistan ), invaded Kabulistan (modern Afghanistan ) and established a small kingdom there. Twenty years later, he used this kingdom as a staging ground to invade

1880-531: The Barlas tribe, which was of Turkicized Mongol origin, they converted to Islam, and resided in Turkestan and Khorasan . Thus, the Timurid era had a dual character, reflecting both its Turco-Mongol origins and the Persian literary, artistic, and courtly high culture of the dynasty. During the Timurid era, Central Asian society was bifurcated, with the responsibilities of government and rule divided into military and civilian spheres along ethnic lines. At least in

1974-583: The Borjigin . Timur continued vigorous trade relations with Ming China and the Golden Horde , with Chinese diplomats like Ma Huan and Chen Cheng regularly traveling west to Samarkand to buy and sell goods. The empire led to the Timurid Renaissance , particularly during the reign of astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Begh . By 1467, the ruling Timurid dynasty , or Timurids, had lost most of Persia to

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2068-533: The Bulgarian Khan, Tokhtamysh Khan..." In the literature of the Timurid era, the realm was formally referred to as Iran-o-Turan ( Persian : ایران و توران ) in the same manner that the words 'Turk' and 'Tajik' were paired together. The border between the two areas was considered to be at the Oxus River . Both terms were concerned with imperial traditions, Iran being Persian and Perso-Islamic, and Turan with

2162-866: The Delhi Sultanate in India and established the Mughal Empire . Timurid historian Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi states in his work Zafarnama (Book of victories) that the name of the Timur's state was Turan ( Persian : توران ). Timur personally ordered the name of his state as Turan be carved onto a rock fragment in Ulu Tagh mountainside (present-day Kazakhstan ), known today as Karsakpay inscription . The original text, in particular, states: "... Sultan of Turan, Timur bey went up with three hundred thousand troops for Islam on

2256-749: The First World War . One of Gauthiot's most impressive articles was a glossary to the Sogdian text, which he was in the process of completing when he died. This work was continued by Émile Benveniste after Gauthiot's death. Various Sogdian pieces have been found in the Turfan text corpus by the German Turfan expeditions . These expeditions were controlled by the Ethnological Museum of Berlin . These pieces consist almost entirely of religious works by Manichaean and Christian writers, including translations of

2350-695: The Irshad al-zira'a , covered the agricultural development of Herat and included minor architectural suggestions for gardens. The Timurids also played a very important role in the history of Turkic literature . Based on the established Persian literary tradition, a national Turkic literature was developed in the Chagatai language . Chagatai poets such as Mīr Alī Sher Nawā'ī , Sultan Husayn Bāyqarā , and Zāhiruddīn Bābur encouraged other Turkic-speaking poets to write in their own vernacular in addition to Arabic and Persian. Nawa’i's work, predominantly based on Persian designs,

2444-579: The Traditional Mongolian alphabet . As in other writing systems descended from the Proto-Sinaitic script , there are no special signs for vowels. As in the parent Aramaic system, the consonantal signs ’ y w can be used as matres lectionis for the long vowels [a: i: u:] respectively. However, unlike it, these consonant signs would also sometimes serve to express the short vowels (which could also sometimes be left unexpressed, as they always are in

2538-584: The Uzbek League (Super Liga). Jizzakh is an ancient oasis. The Turkestan and Nurata ridges, which surround the southern and part of the western part of the country, and the Arnasay-Aydar-Tuzkan lakes in the northern part of the country, provides a temperate climate. The peaks are covered with snow and glaciers, Chovkar mountain, in the foothills of the Usturshona system there are thick pine forests. From

2632-530: The "Central" stadium, the "Jizzakh" stadium). Jizzakh is a major transportation hub. The railroad and highway connecting the central and western regions with the eastern regions of Uzbekistan pass through the city. Along the valley of the Sangzor River runs the highway "Big Uzbek Route", connecting the two largest cities and two capitals of Uzbekistan: modern and ancient - the cities of Tashkent and Samarkand . An electrified railroad line connecting

2726-578: The "earlier dominions of the Timurid Empire", specifically referencing a flag raised over the city of Camull (the modern city of Khamil in Xinjiang ). Yuka Kadoi also noted the existence of Timur's umbrella detail with three-dots decorative motif , as well as some contemporary coins from Samarkand which also have the three circles as a motif. Beyond that, the evidence remains scant and ambiguous, but according to Kadoi "one can reasonably conclude that

2820-540: The 15th century was Gawhar Shad , whose constructions demonstrate a high quality of decoration and increasingly elaborate structural elements, with important examples being her religious and funerary complex in Herat and the mosque of Gawhar Shad in Mashhad . The power and prestige of the empire, along with the scale of its patronage, ensured that its architectural style was a major subsequent influence in many regions. In Iran, it

2914-616: The 1740s, the emirs of Bukhara seized power from the remaining leaders of the Khanate of Bukhara . At some point between this time, and the official founding of the Emirate of Bukhara in 1785, Jizzakh fell under the control of the Emirs. It would stay as a part of the Emirate of Bukhara until the 1860s. In 1866, Jizzakh was a major fortress for the Emirate of Bukhara . This was in part due to its position near

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3008-544: The Bible . Most of the Sogdian religious works are from the 9th and 10th centuries. Dunhuang and Turfan were the two most plentiful sites of Manichean, Buddhist, and Christian Sogdian texts. Sogdiana itself actually contained a much smaller collection of texts, discovered in the early 1930s near Mt. Mug in Tajikistan . These texts were business related, belonging to a minor Sogdian king, Divashtich . These business texts dated back to

3102-655: The Jizzakh region, both the city and the mountains south of it. In 1917, Jizzakh's most famous native son, Sharof Rashidov , future secretary of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan , was born. During the Russian civil war, Jizzakh was inititally a part of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . After a debate among the communists about whether the region should embrace a more pan-Turkish identity, or be divided into smaller ethnic republics,

3196-505: The Middle Ages. These same Mongols intermarried with the Persians and Turks of Central Asia, even adopting their religion and languages. Yet their simple control of the world at that time, particularly in the 13th–15th centuries, reflected itself in the idealised appearance of Persians as Mongols. Though the ethnic make-up gradually blended into the Iranian and Mesopotamian local populations,

3290-637: The Mongol stylism continued well after and crossed into Asia Minor and even North Africa . Timurid architecture elaborated on the existing tradition of Iranian and Central Asian architecture that had grown up to the preceding Ilkhanid period. The Timurid style is distinguished by large-scale buildings, layouts with strong axial symmetry , prominent double-shelled domes in bulbous form , rich exterior tile decoration (in both tile mosaic and banna'i techniques), and sophisticated interior vaulting . Timur used various tools for legitimisation, including urban planning in his capital, Samarkand. One of

3384-412: The Timurid capital of Samarkand. In the next ten years his forces also captured Bukhara , Herat , and most of the surrounding region. Shaybani established the Khanate of Bukhara , which would control Jizzakh for the next 100 years. Between 1600 and the mid 1700s, Jizzakh regularly changed hands, often functioning independently of neighboring powers. Uzbek nobility controlled the city during this era. In

3478-618: The Timurid/Mongol tradition of partitioning the empire as well as several civil wars. The Aq Qoyunlu conquered most of Iran from the Timurids, and by 1500, the divided and war-torn Timurid Empire had lost control of most of its territory, and in the following years it was effectively pushed back on all fronts. Persia, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, and Eastern Anatolia fell quickly to the Shiite Safavid Empire , secured by Shah Ismail I in

3572-511: The Timurids in their attempt to conquer Tashkent, at the Battle of the Chirciq River . After this Timurid defeat, their power fell while Shaybani's power grew in the area between Tashkent and Samarkand. It is unclear if Jizzakh was held by Shaybani or as a Timurid bastion in these early years of Shaybani's rise to power. In 1500, he certainly controlled the city, as he needed it in his campaign to take

3666-420: The ancient greater Persian territories in Central Asia, primarily Transoxiana and Khorasan , from 1363 onwards with various alliances. He took Samarkand in 1366 and Balkh in 1369, and was recognized as ruler over them in 1370. Acting officially in the name of Suurgatmish , the Chagatai khan , he subjugated Transoxania and Khwarazm in the years that followed. Already in the 1360s he had gained control of

3760-539: The border with Russian Turkestan. The Russian conquest of Central Asia had begun in the 18th century, and by the 1860s the Russians controlled a line of forts along the Syr Darya , just 70 miles from Jizzakh. In 1864, hostilities broke out between the Russians and the Emirate of Bukhara. Russian General Mikhail Chernyayev , the “Lion of Tashkent” failed in his first attempt to take Jizzakh, but succeed in his second try, with

3854-465: The bulk of it was published in Arabic. The Timurid prince Baysunghur also commissioned a new edition of the Persian national epic Shāhnāmeh , known as Shāhnāmeh of Baysunghur , and wrote an introduction to it. The Persian poet 'Ismat Allah Bukhari taught poetry to Khalil Sultan , grandson of Timur. According to T. Lenz: It can be viewed as a specific reaction in the wake of Timur's death in 807/1405 to

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3948-578: The cities of Tashkent and Samarkand passes through the city of Jizzakh, passing through the city of Xovos . Previously, there was also a non-electrified railroad line passing through Syr Darya station, which ceased to function in the 1990s. Until 2010, a trolleybus transportation network operated in the city. Trolleybuses were replaced by buses produced by the SamKochAvto on Isuzu chassis , as well as shuttle buses based on Daewoo Damas microcars . Sogdian language The Sogdian language

4042-409: The conscription of troops from settled populations. They were unable to fully subjugate many other nomadic tribes. This was not because of lack of military power as Timur succeeded in defeating them, but rather because he was unwilling to integrate autonomous tribes into his power structure due to his centralised governance. The tribes were too mobile to effectively suppress and the loss of their autonomy

4136-409: The country's population, as well as the fact that the city as an administrative center is attractive to the population of its own and visitors from other regions . National composition as of 2011: Uzbeks — 140,700 people (87.8%), Russians — 6,300 people (3.9%), Tajiks — 2,720 people (1.7%), others (including Kazakhs , Tatars , Ukrainians , Kyrgyz and others) — 10,600 people (6.6%). Jizzakh

4230-540: The crescent of Islam. During the Indian campaign , a black banner with a silver dragon was used. Before the campaign to China, however, Timur ordered the depiction of a golden dragon on the army's banners. There is little certainty about the actual flag of the Timurid Empire. Yuka Kadoi studied the possibility that the "brown or originally silver flag with three circles or balls" in the Catalan Atlas could be associated with

4324-506: The developments in Safavid Iran – Chinese art and artists had a significant influence on Persian art. Timurid artists refined the Persian art of the book, which combines paper, calligraphy, illumination, illustration and binding in a brilliant and colourful whole. The Mongol ethnicity of the Chaghatayid and Timurid khans was the source of the stylistic depiction of Persian art during

4418-427: The dynasty within the context of the Islamic Iranian monarchical tradition, and the Baysanghur Shahnameh, as much a precious object as it is a manuscript to be read, powerfully symbolizes the Timurid conception of their own place in that tradition. A valuable documentary source for Timurid decorative arts that have all but disappeared for the period, the manuscript still awaits a comprehensive monographic study. Following

4512-459: The earliest surviving Timurid monuments is the Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi in present-day Kazakhstan (1389–1399). Many of the major imperial monuments of the era are found in Samarkand, including the Gur-i Amir Mausoleum (completed c.  1404 ), the Bibi-Khanym Mosque (1399–1404), the Shah-i Zinda necropolis (late 14th to early 15th centuries), and the Ulugh Beg Madrasa (1417–1420). The most important patron of architecture in

4606-413: The early stages, the military was almost exclusively Turco-Mongolian, while the civilian and administrative element was almost exclusively Persian. The spoken language shared by all the Turko-Mongolians throughout the area was Chaghatay . The political organization hearkened back to the steppe-nomadic system of patronage introduced by Genghis Khan . The major language of the period, however, was Persian ,

4700-447: The emblem adopted by Timur was composed of "three circlets" arranged into the shape of a triangle: "The special armorial bearing of Timur is the three circlets set thus to shape a triangle, which same it is said signifies that he Timur is lord of all three quarters of the world. This device Timur has ordered to be set on the coins that he has stuck, and on all buildings that he has erected (…) These three circlets which, as said, are like

4794-444: The end of the Timurid century—it was still dwarfed by the Persian literary output that the Timurid elite supported. There are no surviving Turkic historical work from the Timurids, although two Turkic histories seem to have been written during the Timurid period before the flowering of the Timurid historiography in Persian. The golden age of Persian painting began during the reign of the Timurids. During this period – and analogous to

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4888-486: The end of the Western Jin dynasty. The finding of manuscript fragments of the Sogdian language in China's Xinjiang region sparked the study of the Sogdian language. Robert Gauthiot , (the first Buddhist Sogdian scholar) and Paul Pelliot , (who while exploring in Dunhuang, retrieved Sogdian material) began investigating the Sogdian material that Pelliot had discovered in 1908. Gauthiot published many articles based on his work with Pelliot's material, but died during

4982-436: The existence of primitive man. Jizzakh has a sharply continental version of a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csa ). January lows average −4 °C or 24.8 °F and July highs average 34.9 °C or 94.8 °F. The climate at the foot of the mountains is milder than that of deserts and steppes. Annual precipitation is 400 to 500 millimetres (16 to 20 in) in the south and 250 to 300 millimetres (10 to 12 in) in

5076-420: The following decade. Much of the Central Asian lands was overrun by the Uzbeks of Muhammad Shaybani who conquered the key cities of Samarkand and Herat in 1505 and 1507, and who founded the Khanate of Bukhara . From Kabul, the Mughal Empire was established in 1526 by Babur , a descendant of Timur through his father and possibly a descendant of Genghis Khan through his mother. The dynasty he established

5170-453: The following simple vowels: Sogdian also has three rhotacized vowels: ə , i , u . The diphthongs in Sogdian are āi, āu, and those where the second element is a rhotacized vowel or a nasal element ṃ. Sogdian has two different sets of endings for so-called 'light' and 'heavy' stems. A stem is heavy if it contains at least one heavy syllable (containing a long vowel or diphthong); stems containing only light vowels are light. In heavy stems,

5264-413: The government. In 1916, Jizzakh was a center of an anti-Russian uprising . The revolt broke out after the Russians announced local men would be conscripted to do manual labor behind the front lines during World War I. This violated treaties the Russians had signed with during their conquest of the region that had promised to not conscripted locals. Most of the revolt was focused in the southern portions of

5358-444: The governors became conclusively independent. Due to the fact that the Persian cities were desolated by wars, the seats of Persian culture were now in Samarkand and Herat, cities that became the centre of the Timurid renaissance . The costs of Timur's conquests included the deaths of possibly 17 million people. Shahrukh Mirza , the fourth ruler of the Timurids, dealt with the Qara Qoyunlu , who aimed to expand into Iran. But in

5452-427: The junior partner to Persian, and was not promoted systemically in the Timurid Empire to replace Persian. Chaghatai texts were found at Sultan Husayn Bayqara's court, but the Timurid chancery and court continued to use Persian. Although the body of Turkic literature produced in Central Asia increased during the Timurid era of the fifteenth century—partially as a result of Mir 'Ali Shir Nawa'i's independent efforts toward

5546-401: The later side won out. National delimitation in Central Asia was started in 1924, and Jizzakh was placed in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic . Modern Jizzakh is quietly tree-lined European, with almost nothing remaining of the pre- Rashidov era. The city has two universities, with a total of approximately 7,000 students, and is home to a football team, Sogdiana Jizzakh , which plays in

5640-439: The letter O thrice repeated to form a triangle, further are the imprint of Timur’s seal, and again by his special order are added so as to be seen patent on all the coins stuck by those princes who are become tributary to his government." Often images of abstract symbols ( tamga ) on coins were accompanied by the Persian expression "Rāstī rustī" ( Persian : راستى رستى ), which can be translated as "In rectitude lies salvation". It

5734-409: The long cave is artificially fenced and additional stairs are made for the next hall, which testifies to the fact that primitive people lived here in ancient times. The huge cave south of Mount Molguzar was once used as a Buddhist temple. The book "History of the Sui Dynasty" also mentions the Eastern TSao (Usturshona), "There is the city of Yecha. It is a closed cave in the city and is sacrificed twice

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5828-414: The models provided by Persian cultural centers like Shiraz and Tabriz, and in particular by the Timurid court of Sultan Husayn Bayqara (r. 1469–1506) in Herat. Mehmed II was determined to foster the creation of a new language and literary-artistic culture for his burgeoning court in Istanbul. In addition, some of the astronomical works of the Timurid sultan Ulugh Beg were written in Persian, although

5922-435: The most preeminent Muslim ruler of the time, as the Ottoman Empire plunged into civil war . Meanwhile, he transformed Samarkand into a major capital and seat of his realm. Timur appointed his sons and grandsons to the main governorships of the different parts of his empire, and outsiders to some others. After his death in 1405, the family quickly fell into disputes and civil wars, effectively weakening themselves, and many of

6016-468: The native language of the Tājīk (Persian) component of society and the language of learning acquired by all literate or urban people. Timur was already steeped in Persian culture and in most of the territories he incorporated, Persian was the primary language of administration and literary culture. Thus the language of the settled " diwan " was Persian, and its scribes had to be thoroughly adept in Persian culture, whatever their ethnic origin. Persian became

6110-402: The nearby Muzbulak, the garden built on the top of a high mountain in Bakhmal - all this speaks of ancient history. Rivers attached to the mountains, springs flowing from glaciers, groves covering the ravines. About 100 medicinal herbs... On the banks of the Poyimard river in Jizzakh district, in the middle of a 20-meter-high rocky outcrop, all of them are natural monuments, all of which testify to

6204-413: The new cultural demands facing Shahhrokh and his sons, a Turkic military elite no longer deriving their power and influence solely from a charismatic steppe leader with a carefully cultivated linkage to Mongol aristocracy. Now centered in Khorasan, the ruling house regarded the increased assimilation and patronage of Persian culture as an integral component of efforts to secure the legitimacy and authority of

6298-416: The north. The frost-free period totals between 210 and 240 days, whilst annual sunshine totals 2800 to 3000 hours. There are many rivers flowing from the mountains, of which the largest are Sangzor and Zaamin. The population of the city as of 2020 was 179,900. The overwhelming part of the population is Uzbeks . The number of the city's residents is constantly growing, which is due to the general growth of

6392-409: The official state language of the Timurid Empire and served as the language of administration, history, belles lettres, and poetry. The Chaghatay language was the native and "home language" of the Timurid family, while Arabic served as the language par excellence of science, philosophy, theology and the religious sciences. Persian literature, especially Persian poetry, occupied a central place in

6486-463: The parent systems). To distinguish long vowels from short ones, an additional aleph could be written before the sign denoting the long vowel. The Sogdian language also used the Manichaean alphabet , which consisted of 29 letters. In transcribing Sogdian script into Roman letters, Aramaic ideograms are often noted by means of capitals. The consonant inventory of Sogdian is as follows (parentheses mark allophones or marginal phonemes): Sogdian has

6580-547: The population, with Tajiks constituting another quarter of the population and other ethnicities including Kazakhs and Uyghurs making up the rest. After a railway was built to Tashkent in 1906, Russian settlers began to pour into the region. This led to resentment, and land was often seized from locals by the government and given over to settlers. While few settlers moved to the Jizzakh region, Russian policies of land surveying, and redistribution angered natives who had their rights to grazing land and other key commodities restricted by

6674-400: The process of assimilation of the Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamic courtly culture. The Timurid sultans, especially Shāh Rukh Mīrzā and his son Mohammad Taragai Oloğ Beg , patronized Persian culture. Among the most important literary works of the Timurid era is the Persian biography of Timur , known as Zafarnāmeh ( Persian : ظفرنامه ), written by Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi , which itself

6768-430: The publication of Mukhtar al-Ikhtiyar , a legal manual that was used until the twentieth century, by the head magistrate of Bayqara in Herat, Persian was used as a language of jurisprudence ( fiqh ) under the late Timurids. During the reign of sultan Husayn Bayqara, the Irshad al-zira'a , a Persian agricultural treatise, was written by Qasim b. Yusuf Abu Nasiri. Based on in-depth, first-hand conversations with farmers,

6862-629: The region's independence from the Abbasids, founding the Samanid Empire . After the fall of the Samanid's around the year 1000, Jizzakh fell under the rule of the Kara-Khanid Khanate . The Khanate had a string of successes, conquering the whole region of Transoxiana and pushing east into the Western Tarim Basin. In 1041, the khanate splintered into two. After a decade of infighting, the split

6956-629: The region. In 1394–1395, he triumphed over the Golden Horde, following his successful campaign in Georgia , after which he enforced his sovereignty in the Caucasus . In 1398, the anarchy prevailing in the Delhi Sultanate had drawn Timur's attention. At the beginning of 1398, Timur sent an army led by his grandson Pir Muhammad to cross the Indus and attack Multan ; the successful siege lasted six months. Later in

7050-546: The same year, Timur himself marched the main army across the Indus, and after destroying Tulamba joined Pir Muhammad. At Sutlej , he defeated the Khokhar chief Jasrat and then took the Loni and Bhatnair forts , seven miles northeast of Delhi . In December 1398, Timur engaged with the armies of Sultan Mahmud Shah and won. This led to his triumphal entry into Delhi, where he conducted

7144-452: The size of the army for large expeditions. The main symbol of the Timurids is thought to have been the so-called "sign of Timur", which is three equal circles (or rings) arranged in the form of an equilateral triangle ( [REDACTED] ). Ruy de Clavijo (d. 1412), the ambassador of the king of Castile to the court of Timur in 1403, and the Arab historian, Ibn Arabshah described the sign, which

7238-498: The slopes of the mountains at an altitude of 1,800 meters above sea level, pine forests begin. As the mountains rise, the pine forest thickens. There are more than 20 caves in the region. Although they have not been studied by experts, only amateurs who have observed the Peshawar cave recall that inside the cave there is a large and long square (hall), a red hearth, paintings on stone walls and petroglyphic inscriptions abound. In addition,

7332-453: The steppe empires of the Turks and the Mongols. Mawarannahr ( Arabic : ما وراء النهر ) also appears as the name of the realm. According to Shia authors, the ruling dynasty of Timurids was called Gurkani ( Persian : گورکانیان , Gurkāniyān). Gurkani means 'son-in-law', a title applied by Timur to help legitimise his rule as he could not claim Genghisid descent. To this end, he married

7426-499: The stress falls on the stem, and in light stems, it falls on the suffix or ending. Timurid Empire The Timurid Empire was a late medieval , culturally Persianate , Turco-Mongol empire that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century, comprising modern-day Iran , Iraq , Afghanistan , much of Central Asia , the South Caucasus , and parts of contemporary Pakistan , North India , and Turkey . The empire

7520-561: The time of the Muslim conquest, about 700. Between 1996 and 2018, a number of inscribed fragments have been found at Kultobe in Kazakhstan . They date back to the Kangju culture, are significantly earlier than the 4th century A.D. and showcase an archaic state of Sogdian. In the years between 2003 and 2020, three new bilingual Chinese-Sogdian epitaphs have been discovered and published. Like all

7614-605: The various successor states of the Ilkhanate . By 1389, he had removed the Kartids from Herat and advanced into mainland Persia where he enjoyed many successes. This included the capture of Isfahan in 1387, the removal of the Muzaffarids from Shiraz in 1393, and the expulsion of the Jalayirids from Baghdad . Tokhtamysh , the khan of the Golden Horde , was a major rival to Timur in

7708-504: The wake of Shahrukh's death, the Qara Qoyunlu under Jahan Shah drove the Timurids out to eastern Iran after 1447 and also briefly occupied Herat in 1458. After the death of Jahan Shah, Uzun Hasan , bey of the Aq Qoyunlu , conquered the holdings of the Qara Qoyunlu in Iran between 1469 and 1471. The power of Timurids declined rapidly during the second half of the 15th century, largely due to

7802-410: The western Chagatai Khanate and while as emir he was nominally subordinate to the khan, in reality it was now Timur who picked the khans, who became mere puppet rulers. The western Chagatai khans were continually dominated by Timurid princes in the 15th and 16th centuries and their figurehead importance was eventually reduced into total insignificance. Timur began a campaign westwards in 1380, invading

7896-549: The writing systems employed for Middle Iranian languages, the Sogdian alphabet ultimately derives from the Aramaic alphabet . Like its close relatives, the Pahlavi scripts , written Sogdian contains many logograms or ideograms , which were Aramaic words written to represent native spoken ones. The Sogdian script is the direct ancestor of the Old Uyghur alphabet , itself the forerunner of

7990-455: The year 1300. In the 1340s, the khanate split into two. Moghulistan , or the eastern portion, retained the Tarim Basin and southern Kazakhstan. Jizzakh fell into the western portion, which was initially controlled by Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur , the last independently powerful Khan in the Transoxiana region. In 1346 a tribal chief, Amir Qazaghan , killed Qazan and set up a puppet Khan. This marked

8084-549: Was an Eastern Iranian language spoken mainly in the Central Asian region of Sogdia (capital: Samarkand ; other chief cities: Panjakent , Fergana , Khujand , and Bukhara ), located in modern-day Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan ; it was also spoken by some Sogdian immigrant communities in ancient China. Sogdian is one of the most important Middle Iranian languages , along with Bactrian , Khotanese Saka , Middle Persian , and Parthian . It possesses

8178-483: Was an attempt to create a culture that was specific to the Turkophone audience. The Bāburnāma , the autobiography of Bābur (although being highly Persianized in its sentence structure, morphology, and vocabulary), as well as Mīr Alī Sher Nawā'ī's Chagatai poetry are among the best-known Turkic literary works and have influenced many others. Despite being spread throughout Central and South Asia, Chaghatai Turkic remained

8272-495: Was brought to an abrupt end in 1219 when the newly formed Mongol Empire invaded Khwarazmia. The Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire was one of their most brutal campaigns, and many cities were destroyed including Jizzakh. In 1220, the city was invaded and destroyed, resulting in most of the population being killed and the majority of the city being leveled. Under Mongol rule, the city struggled to recover, and went into

8366-493: Was commonly referred as "Father of the Turks". Mughul and Tatar were twin brothers and children of Aljeh Khan, and therefore fifth generation descendants of Turk. Ulugh Beg's work on genealogy classified Mongols as Turks , while also praising their warrior spirit. Ulugh Beg included Yāfas (Japheth), Turk, Mughūl, Tātār and Ughūz in the genealogical record of the Genghisids and Timurids. Timur conquered large parts of

8460-540: Was culturally hybrid, combining Turkic , Mongolic , and Persian influences, with the last members of the dynasty being "regarded as ideal Perso-Islamic rulers". The empire was founded by Timur (also known as Tamerlane), a warlord of Turco-Mongol lineage, who established the empire between 1370 and his death in 1405. He envisioned himself as the great restorer of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan , regarded himself as Genghis's heir , and associated closely with

8554-591: Was encountered on the seal of the Amir, as well as on Timurid coins. Timur himself issued several coins bearing the "three annulets" tamgha on the reverse. It is not known for certain what meaning the triangular sign had, but according to Clavijo, each circle meant a part of the world (of which there were three before 1492), and the owner of the symbol was their ruler. The sign consisting of circles perhaps tried to illustrate Timur's nickname of "Sahib-Qiran" (the ruler of three benevolent planets). According to Ruy de Clavijo ,

8648-673: Was formalized into an eastern and western khanate, with Jizzakh falling into the western portion. After their conquest of Samarkand in 1086, the Seljuk Empire forced the western khanate to submit to their rule. Jizzakh next fell under the control of the Khwarazmian Empire , who began as vassals to the Seljuks but eventually managed to become fully independent by 1190. Under their rule, they conquered much of Persia and Central Asia, leading to economic growth. This situation of relative prosperity

8742-671: Was inherited by the Safavids , while in the east it was inherited by the Mughals (of Timurid origin) on the Indian subcontinent, where it was blended with Indo-Islamic influences to create the Mughal style . Further west, it also influenced early Ottoman architecture . In the Chagatay translation of Ali Yazdi's Zafarnama , Timur's army is called a "Chagatay army" ( Čaġatāy čerigi ). The Timurids relied on

8836-552: Was unattractive to them. Hence, Timur was unable to win the loyalty of the tribes, and his hold over them did not survive his death. The role of slave soldiers such as the ghilman and mamluks was considerably smaller in Mongol-based armies like the Timurids, as compared to other Islamic societies. The Timurids had a contingent called the nambardar levy, which mostly consisted of native Iranians, and occasionally scholars and fiscal administrators. The nambardar were used to bolster

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