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55-522: With a population of around 5,000 people, Qasmi thrives primarily on agriculture. The village boasts fertile agricultural land, allowing for the cultivation of various crops such as wheat, maize, sugarcane, tobacco, and a wide range of vegetables and fruits. The irrigation system relies on a canal network that was established during the British colonial era. Qasmi's location amidst the villages of Tazagram, Sarobi, Alo, and Alam Ganj adds to its charm. Positioned to

110-469: A mirror for princes epistle , he attests that he came from a tribe in Barskhan , therefore he probably belonged to a Karluk tribe. His father was called Juq, and in contemporary Chinese documents, Sabuktigin is referred to as Sabuktigin, son of Juq. However, Juzjani , a 13-century historian, citing Tarikh-i Majadwal by Abu Al-Qasim Imami (written in early twelfth-century) states that Sabuktigin's father

165-413: A distinct change in the life of the villagers who construct pacca houses of cement, bricks and timber. A Tandoor (Oven) is also found for baking bread in many houses and some time women of three or four houses assembled on one Tandoor (Oven) for baking bread on their turn. The houses have huge compound walls around with gates. Chairs and tables are used in the houses of well-to-do persons whereas others use

220-462: A lack in evidence. In truth, Ghaznavid historians such as Bayhaqi conceptualized Sabuktigin as the ideal image of an archetype : the founding monarch, who lived a simple life and was a humble soldier who imposed justice. This representation continued with Nizam al-Mulk , the vazir of the Seljuk Empire , who idealized Sabuktigin. This image persisted even half a millennium later, when Babur ,

275-483: A large force under his leadership towards Ghazna. Sabuktigin united the Turkic garrisons of Gardez , Ghazna and Bamyan and defeated the invading forces at Charkh , killing Lawik in the process. Afterwards, with the support of the army, Sabuktigin replaced Böritigin as the governor. In 978, Sabuktigin invaded Rukkhaj and Bust in the south of his realm and subdued a rival Turkic group who were installed there earlier in

330-577: A truly captivating village in the Mardan District. This Mardan District location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mardan District Mardan District ( Pashto : مردان ولسوالۍ , Urdu : ضلع مردان ) is a district in the Mardan Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan . The district is named after Mardan city, which

385-413: A variety of fauna including 18 mammals, 120 birds and 3 reptiles. As of the 2023 census , Mardan district has 400,859 households and a population of 2,744,898. The district has a sex ratio of 105.44 males to 100 females and a literacy rate of 55.79%: 68.31% for males and 42.66% for females. 786,360 (28.69% of the surveyed population) are under 10 years of age. 453,342 (16.52%) live in urban areas. Pashto

440-616: Is a part of the ancient Peshawar valley . The whole area was once part of the ancient kingdom of Gandhara , the remains of which are scattered throughout the district. The armies of the Alexander the Great reached the Indus Valley by two separate routes. One through the Khyber Pass and the other through Kunar , Bajaur , Swat, and Buner in 326 BCE. After Alexander's death, the valley came under

495-552: Is also popular and is liked by most of the people. The oranges are a local famous fruit which is grown in Rustam valley in Palay, Palo Dheray,pirsai, Baroch and Malandray villages. These oranges are transported to various parts of the country. A new access road to these villages is being constructed via Rustam through Kaludheri Srakabroona Baringan Malandry to Buner District . The villages are divided into Kandis have congested house. Each Kandi

550-482: Is also the headquarters of the district. The district is famous for its agriculture industry and its archaeological sites, specifically of Takht-i-Bhai , Jamal Garhi and Sawal Dher . The main tribe of Mardan is Yusufzai , that contribute more than half of the district population, there are also the more minor settled tribes such as the Mohmand , Utmankhel , Tareen and Khalil . The literal meaning of Mardan

605-425: Is further occupied by sub-section. The division of Kandis are on the pattern of agricultural lands. Their houses are generally consists of two or three rooms and a courtyard turned as ghollai and verandah. The cattle and poultry are also accommodated beside the shelter for family. Each Kandi of the village has its own mosque and its own Maulvi and a place of meeting or for public assembly called Hujra. In most cases it

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660-750: Is one of the major Economic Zone of this project which strengthen the Economy of Mardan. The district of Mardan is administratively subdivided into five Tehsils . The district is represented in the provincial assembly by eight elected MPAs who represent the following constituencies: District Mardan is represented by three MNAs in national assembly. 34°15′00″N 72°15′00″E  /  34.25000°N 72.25000°E  / 34.25000; 72.25000 Sabuktigin Abu Mansur Nasir ad-Din wa'd-Dawla Sabuktigin ( Persian : ابومنصور ناصرالدین والدوله سبکتگین ; c. 940s – August-September 997)

715-710: Is speculated that he utilized the local Persian secretaries and officials in Ghazna. After his conquest of Bust, Sabuktigin brought with himself the local secretary and poet Abu al-Fath al-Busti , who became his chancellor. Moreover, al-Utbi, who previously served the Samanids, Abu Ali Simjuri and the Ziyarid ruler Qabus , became his secretary. According to al-Utbi, Sabuktigin was initially mistrustful of him and of al-Busti, because both had served his rivals, but then both successfully gained his favour and served in high positions. Sabiktigin

770-455: Is the "Land of Brave Men". The district lies from 34° 05' to 34° 32' north latitudes and 71" 48' to 72° 25' east longitudes. It is bordered with Buner on the east, Malakand on the north, Swabi on the south east, Nowshera on the south and the Charsadda and Mohmand districts on the west and north west respectively. The total area of the district is 1632 square kilometres. Mardan District

825-454: Is the property of elders of the Kandi who is expected to feed and give shelter to the visitors and travellers. These Hujras are commonly used for the settlement of public disputes/business beside public meetings. Residents of Kandi assemble there to smoke, hear news of the day and discuss their problems and politics. Nowadays the people in service abroad have accumulated sufficient wealth which brought

880-635: The Ghurids until the Turko-Afghans successfully established themselves in the Delhi Sultanate . ——— (1985). "Alptigin" . In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica . Vol. 9: Alp Arslan–ʿAbd-al-Hamīd. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 898. doi : 10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_5251 . ISBN   978-0-71009-098-0 . ——— (1961). The transition from Ghaznavid to Seljuq rule in

935-738: The Hindu Shahi dynasty of Kabul , he invaded Indian lands, opening the gates of India for the future monarchs of his dynasty. As a vassal of the Samanid Empire, he answered Nuh II 's call to help regarding Abu Ali Simjuri 's rebellion, defeating the latter in several battles during 994 to 996. Towards the end of his life, Sabuktigin arranged an agreement with the Kara-Khanid Khanate , Samanids' rivals, to partition Nuh's realm between themselves. However, before he could realize this agreement, he died on his way to Ghazna on August-September 997. As

990-759: The 11th century, the Dilzak Pashtuns had appeared in the valley. At that time, the Peshawar valley was under the control of the rulers of Lahore . The Dilzak Pashtuns joined the Gakkhars who held the country between the Indus and the Jhelum rivers and compelled the Lahore rulers to cede to them the hill country, west of the Indus and south of the Kabul River . In the 10th century

1045-587: The British took over. The British then went after the Sikhs and the Sikhs were defeated by the British in the Second Sikh War . Major Lawrence was appointed first Deputy Commissioner of Peshawar. From that time Peshawar city and Attock regions only (This does not include most of what is Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa today) became an administrative district under the Punjab Government. In 1909, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (the then NWFP)

1100-499: The Faith and State". According to al-Biruni , before Nasir ad-Din , Sabuktigin held the laqab Mu'in ad-Dawla . As an autonomous vassal of the Samanid dynasty , Sabuktigin was referred to as amir , contrary to his descendants who assumed the royal title of sultan . Born around 940s, there is not much known about Sabuktigin's early life. In Sabuktigin's Pandnama ,

1155-661: The Kara-Khanid khagan , however, after a falling out between the two, Sabuktigin made a secret agreement with Nasr to separate the Samanid realms in Transoxiana between themselves. But shortly after, when he was returning to Ghazna, Sabuktigin died in a village north of Hindu Kush on August-September 997. According to Juzjani, Sabuktigin had a total of six sons, of which three were in their adolescence when he died: Mahmud , Abu al-Muzzafar Nasr, and Ismail . One other son, Yusuf,

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1210-637: The Punjabi Muslim Emirate of Multan and march towards Ghazna with a large army in 986. A battle took place in Laghman which after days had no definitive winner. However, a sudden snowstorm devastated Jayapala's army. The cause of this storm's eruption, according to al-Utbi's history book Tarikh-i Yamini , was Sabuktigin himself. Jayapala conceded to a humiliating treaty with conditions such as paying 1 million dirhams , and granting his relatives as hostages to Sabuktigin. Yet, he did not uphold

1265-454: The Samanid army in Tokharistan . Eventually, Alp-Tegin conquered Ghazna from its local ruler, Abu Bakr Lawik , and was recognised as governor by the Samanid administration. He died shortly after in 963, and was succeeded by his son, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim , who also became Sabuktigin's new master. After Abu Ishaq's brief reign and death in 966, the Turkic ghulams in Ghazna reconciled with

1320-418: The Samanid government but remained autonomous and chose their leaders from their commanders. During the successive reigns of Bilgetegin (966-975) and Böritigin (975-977), Sabuktigin increased his prestige among his troops. In 977, the citizens of Ghazna, tired of the unpopular Böritigin, invited Abu Ali Lawik , Abu Bakr's son, to rule their city. The Hindu Shahi dynasty of Kabul supported Lawik and sent

1375-479: The Samanid lands between themselves. Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi , in his history book Tarikh-i Bayhaqi , portrayed Sabuktigin as a just ruler, contrasting him with his patron and Sabuktigin's grandson, Masʽud I . Before him, al-Utbi had portrayed Sabuktigin as an approachable, forgiving and just ruler, to contrast him with Mahmud. However, according to the British orientalist Clifford Edmund Bosworth , no traits can be attributed to Sabuktigin's personality because of

1430-606: The area came under the control of Sultan Sabuktigin who defeated Raja Jaipal, the Hindu ruler of Lahore. Sabuktgin's son Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni made this area the rallying point for his numerous raids into the interior of India. In the 12th century the Ghaurid empire of the Turkic origin overthrew the Ghaznavis and the era of Ghaznavis came to an end. In 1505, the Mughal emperor Babur invaded

1485-508: The area through Khyber Pass. Baber swiftly captured the area. The people of Swat in those days were of mix origins. On one side of the river lived Pashtuns along with Gujjar , Syriake people of whom many were Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims. In the Battle of Bajaur in 1519, Baber defeated a Gibar Swati Tajik dynasty. Due to the military strength of the Yusufzai, Babur needed security from their location in

1540-659: The century by Qaratigin Isfijabi (d. 929), another rebellious Samanid ghulam . He continued his expansion into Qusdar in north-east Baluchistan and a number of frontier forts belonging to Shahi dynasty. With the backing of jihad as a casus belli , Sabuktigin raided the neighbouring Indian lands and destroyed Hindu temples, replacing them with mosques . The Shahi maharaja , Jayapala , placed Afghan garrisons in Multan and Laghman , but they joined Sabuktigin. His threat prompted Jayapala to form an alliance with

1595-415: The district is bounded by small hills. In the district, the highest points in these hills are Pajja or Sakra, 2056 meters high and Garo or Pato, 1816 meters high. The south western half of the district is mostly composed of fertile plain with low hills strewn across it. It is generally accepted that this plain once formed the bed of a lake which was gradually filled up by the load of the river flowing into from

1650-590: The farmers and had pampered their production. Therefore, upon ascension, Sabuktigin's treasury was empty of gold and silver and reportedly only contained "swords and silks". Sabuktigin first ordered his commanders to give him gifts for his ascension, and then confiscated farming and iqta lands back into governmental domains, promising to pay his army from his treasury and from spoils of war, making his army dependent on him for their earnings. Sparse details remain about Sabuktigin's bureaucratic retinue; there are no recorded names of his vazirs (ministers), and it

1705-526: The founder of the Mughal Empire , citing al-Utbi's work, sought to find a way to erupt a snowstorm just as Sabuktigin had done. Sabuktigin was the first Ghaznavid ruler to invade India. According to al-Biruni , he opened the gates of India for his successor, Mahmud. Sabuktigin's conquests facilitated the beginning of the Turko-Afghan period into India, which would be further conducted by Mahmud, and later

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1760-500: The founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty, Sabuktigin was later idealized by Ghaznavid historians as a just and forgiving ruler, though these traits may have no basis in reality. He was the image of the "founding monarch" archetype , developed by historians such as Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi , who drew a contrast between the humble and just Sabuktigin with his successors. This conclusion was shared by later historians such as Nizam al-Mulk and lived all

1815-589: The hills that threatened his empire. As part of a treaty of peace between Babur and the Yusufzai tribe to establish mutual security and ties, Babur then married Bibi Mubarika . During the Aurangzeb regime, the Pashtun tribes revolted and Aurangzeb himself led his army to re-establish his authority as struggle which lasted for two years, he finally subdued the Pashtuns. In the same war the prominent rebel leader, Darya Khan Afridi

1870-488: The latter as garrison. Throughout his reign, Sabuktigin acknowledged Samanid sovereignty, he minted the names of Samanid amirs before his own name in his coins, and used the title al-Hajib al-Ajall (Most Exalted Commander) to indicate his subordinate status. This display was only nominal, since he was not bound to any vassalage obligations. The Samanid amir , Nuh II , came to gradually rely on Sabuktigin's military for defense against Kara-Khanid Khanate in

1925-618: The month of August the rainiest month is 12S.8Smm. Towards the end of cold weather there are occasional thunder storms and hail storms. The relative humidity is quite high throughout the year while maximum humidity has been recorded in December i.e. 73.33 percent. The present flora of the irrigated areas is exotic. The common trees are mesquite, ber, different species of acacia and jand. The most common shrubs are tarmariax, articulata, spands, akk, small red poppy, spera, pueghambrigul, drab grass, spera, eamelthorl and pohli chaulai etc. The district has

1980-443: The north of Mardan city, it shares its vicinity with Baizo Kharky, the local police station. The nearest towns, Katlang and Lund Khwar, are located at distances of 11 and 17 kilometers respectively. For geographical reference, Qasmi can be found at coordinates 34 degrees, 27 feet, 17 inches North and 72 degrees, 3 feet, 7 inches East. Its visually appealing landscapes, abundant agricultural resources, and close-knit community make Qasmi

2035-620: The north, who were a constant threat to his borders. In 994, Nuh requested Sabuktigin's help in subduing the rebellious Abu Ali Simjuri and his Kara-Khanid supporter, Fa'iq Khassa. Sabuktigin with his son Mahmud in tow, met Simjuri's army at Herat . During initial negotiations, Sabuktigin agreed to peace if only Abu Ali pledged obedience to Nuh II and paid a sum of 15 million dirhams as compensation. Abu Ali's warriors found these terms too humiliating and thus attacked Sabuktigin's army on their own. Fa'iq's men quickly disarrayed Sabuktigin's war elephants , which made him furious. The battle

2090-503: The ordinary cot (Charpoy). Most of the people are farmers in profession in villages. They are engaged in agriculture either directly or indirectly. Industrial labour has increased after the establishment of factories in different places of the district. Some people are engaged in-business and Government service also. Mardan is far famous for its economy and business mind people. Recent project of China Pakistan Economic Corridor bring more importance to this era. The border of Mardan, Rashakai

2145-559: The rule of Chandragupta , who ruled the valley from 297 to 321 BCE. During the reign of the Buddhist emperor Ashoka (the grandson of Chandragupta), Buddhism became the religion of the Peshawar Valley. The valley saw the revival of Hinduism after the Greeks took over in the time of King Mehanda. The Scythians and Indians followed and retained control of the valley till the 7th century CE. By

2200-586: The surrounding hills. From the foothills the plain runs down at first with a steep slope which carried the rain water to the lower levels and ultimately to the Kabul river. Generally stream flows from north to the south. Most of the streams drain into Kabul river. Kalpani, an important stream of the district rises in the Baizai and flowing southwards join Kabul river. Other important streams which join Kalpani are Baghiari Khawar on

2255-419: The tract is humid and heat is oppressive (Heat Index 69 on 7 July 2006). However, a rapid fat! of temperature has been recorded from October onwards. The coldest months are December and January. The mean minimum temperature recorded for the month of January the coldest month is 0.5 °C (32.9 °F). Most of the rainfall occurs in the month of July, August, December and January. Maximum rainfall recorded for

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2310-450: The treaty once he returned to his realm, causing Sabuktigin to march towards his realm with an army composed of Afghans and Khalajs in 988. Jayapala, who held some prestige among Indian rulers, mustered an army with the assistance of Delhi , Ajmer , Kalinjar and Kannauj . They again battled in Laghman , and this time Sabuktigin defeated Jayapala completely and captured the lands between Lamghan and Peshawar , housing 2000 horsemen in

2365-525: The way to Babur , the founding monarch of the Mughal Empire , who was influenced by Sabuktigin half a millennium after his death. Sabuktigin is a Turkic name meaning "beloved prince", however, during his era, the Old Turkic tegin had degenerated from "prince" to a synonym for Turkic slave commanders under the Abbasid service. His laqab ( agnomen ) Nasir ad-Din wa'd-Dawla means "Protector of

2420-519: The west and Muqam Khawar, coming from Sudham valley and Naranji Khawar from the Narangi hills on the left. The summer season is extremely hot. A steep rise of temperature observed from May to June. Even July, August and September record quite high temperatures. During May and June dust storms are frequent at night. The temperature reaches to its maximum in the month of June i.e. 43.5 °C (110.3 °F). Due to intensive cultivation and artificial irrigation

2475-673: Was a victory for Abu Ali until one of his allies, the Ziyarid prince Dara who ruled Gorgan , deserted his army and joined Sabuktigin. Abu Ali and Fa'iq fled towards Gorgan to seek help from their ally, Fakhr al-Dawla (Dara's overlord). For their victory, Sabuktigin and Mahmud were rewarded with laqabs and Mahmud became the commander of the army of Khorasan. In 995, Fa'iq and Abu Ali invaded Nishapur , and when Sabuktigin arrived, instead of fighting him, asked for forgiveness. Sabuktigin refused and launched an attack. His war elephants crushed many of Abu Ali's soldiers and chief commanders. Abu Ali

2530-467: Was befitting that a descendant of Alp-Tegin would rule Ghazna. For Nasr, he left Bust, and since Mahmud was commanding the army of Khorasan, Sabuktigin could not bestow him any titles and left nothing for him. In 998, during a succession struggle, Mahmud deposed Ismail and took his place. In 999, his invasion of Khorasan, along with Kara-Khanid's intrusion from north, finally put an end to the Samanid Empire, after which, Mahmud and Nasr ibn Ali partitioned

2585-687: Was bought by Alp-Tegin , himself a slave and a prominent commander. Sebuktigin quickly became integrated in the Persian community around him, despite being a stranger at first. He flourished under Alp-Tegin's patronage and by the age of eighteen, commanded 200 ghulams (military slaves). At the time, Alp-Tegin served as the head of the royal guard of the Samanid dynasty, but in 962, after he fell from grace, he left his position and sought to establish an independent rule in Ghazna , in present-day eastern Afghanistan . Sabuktigin accompanied him and helped defeating

2640-422: Was called Qara Bechkem, and through a fabricated genealogy, links him to the last Sasanian shahanshah , Yazdegerd III ( r.  632–651 ), claiming his daughter married a Turkic chief. Sabuktigin recounts that his tribe was raided and he, along with all the women and the children, was captured. His captors, a rival Karluk tribe, sold him at a slave market at Nakhshab (modern-day Qarshi ). Later, he

2695-476: Was constituted and in 1937, Peshawar district was bifurcated into Peshawar and Mardan districts. Britain tried its best to include FATA, Dir, Swat and other region into Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa but they suffered heavy setback and finally came to an agreement in the 1920s that Britain will no longer bother the tribes and Swat region. Mardan district may broadly be divided into two parts, north eastern mountenious area and south western plain area. The entire northern side of

2750-548: Was imprisoned in 996 and was killed in 997 on Sabuktigin's order. Sabuktigin put forth a set of reforms regarding the iqta system in his realm. During Alp-Tegin's tenure, soldiers earned their pay through plunder and raids, but from his death to Sabuktigin's ascension, payment from raids ceased and soldiers turned to iqta as a source of income. Gradually, the soldiers turned their iqta lands into independent ownerships and grew disinclined to fight for their ruler. Moreover, their dominance upon farming lands burdened

2805-475: Was killed and the revolt was crushed. Ranjit Singh occupied the Attock region in 1814 and Peshawar city in 1822. He left Hari Singh Nalwa in command and withdrew himself to Lahore. Peshawar city, Nowshera and Hazara were under Sikh rule for a while. Hazara was set free by Tanoli clan from Sikhs but fell to Britain in 1838. Peshawar city also fell to Pashtuns in 1834 and Nalwa died in the Battle of Jamrud . Soon

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2860-476: Was still a child at the time of his death. He also had a daughter called Hurra-yi Khuttali who later married two rulers of Khwarazm from the Ma'munid dynasty : Abu al-Hasan Ali and Ma'mun II . Though there are no given birth dates, Ismail seems to have been his youngest adult son, born from a daughter of Alp-Tegin. His maternal lineage may have influenced Sabuktigin to pass Ghazna onto Ismail upon his death, since it

2915-566: Was the first ruler to bring Islam into the northwest India . He believed in the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam and converted into a Hanafite sect called the Karramiyya . According to Bosworth, the reason for his conversion was his entrancement with the Karramiyya leader, the ascetic Abu Ya'qub Ishaq ibn Mahmudshadh (d. 993). In 996, Nuh II again requested Sabuktigin's support against Nasr ibn Ali,

2970-609: Was the founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty , and amir of Ghazna from 977 to 997. Sabuktigin was a Turkic slave who was bought by Alp-Tegin , the commander of the royal guard of the Samanid dynasty . Alp-Tegin established himself as the governor of Ghazna in 962, and died a year later in 963. Afterwards, Sabuktigin built his prestige among other slave soldiers in Ghazna until he was elected by them as their ruler in 977. Sabuktigin expanded his rule down to south of present-day Afghanistan and north of Balochistan . Through conflicts with

3025-422: Was the predominant language, spoken by 99.07% of the population. The most common diet of the people is bread which is mainly made of wheat flour but maize bread is also eaten. Generally the foods are spicy. The people of the area are fond of meat, especially various forms of beef cooked in shape of chapli kebab, seekh kebab and tikkas etc. Mostly black tea with milk is taken as hot drink but Qahwa (green tea)

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