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82-520: The Purus River rises in Peru. It defines the boundary between Peru and Brazil in the centre of the state of Acre , then runs for a short distance along the boundary of the 231,555 hectares (572,180 acres) Santa Rosa do Purus National Forest , a sustainable use conservation unit created in 2001 after it is joined by the Santa Rosa River . The Purus then flows north east through Manoel Urbano It runs through

164-542: A Cearense lawyer, José Carvalho, led an armed movement, which culminated in the expulsion of the Bolivian authorities. Shortly thereafter, Bolivia began negotiations with an Anglo-American trust, the Bolivian Syndicate , in order to promote, with exceptional force (exacting of taxes, armed force), the political and economic incorporation of Acre into its territory. The governor of Amazonas , Ramalho Júnior , informed of

246-608: A continuous forest at the bottom of the great depression, lying between the Madeira River, which skirts the edge of the Brazilian sandstone plateau, and the Ucayali River , which hugs the base of the Andes . In the state of Amazonas the river runs through the 133,637 hectares (330,220 acres) Arapixi Extractive Reserve , created in 2006 and past the town of Boca do Acre at the end of

328-604: A plan for colonial settlement. At that time, João Rodrigues Cametá initiated the conquest of the Purús River ; Manuel Urbano da Encarnação, an Indian with extensive knowledge of the region, reached the Acre River , traveling up it as far as the vicinity of the Xapuri ; and João da Cunha Correia reached the drainage basin of the upper Tarauacá . For the most part, these expeditions took place on Bolivian land. Exploitative activities,

410-723: A state located in the west of the North Region of Brazil and the Amazonia Legal . Located in the westernmost part of the country, at a two-hour time difference from Brasília , Acre is bordered clockwise by the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Rondônia to the north and east, along with an international border with the Bolivian department of Pando to the southeast, and the Peruvian regions of Madre de Dios , Ucayali and Loreto to

492-401: A strictly protected area. In 2008, a previously unknown pre-Columbian civilization was discovered in the upper region of the river close to the Bolivian border. After much of the forest in the region was cleared for agricultural use, satellite pictures revealed the remains of large geometric earthworks . Acre (state) Acre ( Portuguese: [ˈakɾi] ) is

574-401: A treaty was signed that completed the political integration of Acre into Brazilian territory. Exercising a prominent role in national exports until 1913, when rubber was introduced to European and North American markets, Acre enjoyed a period of great prosperity . At the start of the 20th century, in a period of less than ten years, it grew to have more than 50,000 inhabitants. From 1946 on,

656-638: A value of R$ 125 million), niobium (in the form of columbita-tantalita) (3.5 thousand tons at R$ 24 million), and zinc in gross form (26 thousand tons at R$ 27 million) In addition, in gemstones, the state has some production of garnet . In industry , Rondônia had an industrial GDP of R$ 8.2 billion in 2017, equivalent to 0.7% of the national industry. It employs 49,944 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Industrial Services of Public Utility, such as Electricity and Water (54.4%), Construction (19.2%), Food (17.6%), Wood (1.8%) and Non-metallic minerals (1.2%). These 5 sectors concentrate 94.2% of

738-549: Is hot and very humid , of the Am type in the Köppen climate classification system, and the monthly average temperatures vary between 24 and 27 °C (75 and 81 °F), being the lowest average of the North Region. The rainfall reaches an annual total of 2,100 mm (83 in), with a clear dry season in the months of June, July, and August. The Amazon Rainforest covers all of

820-511: Is a species of howler monkey native to Brazil, Peru and north of Bolivia. Peckoltia brevis , a kind of catfish, is found in the middle and upper Amazon within the Purus river basin. Most of the central and lower sections of the river flow through the Purus várzea ecoregion. In the municipality of Tapauá , Amazonas, the river flows through the 233,864 hectares (577,890 acres) Abufari Biological Reserve ,

902-554: Is located at 70º west longitude and at 9º south latitude . In Brazil, the state is part of the North Region , forming borders with the states of Amazonas and Rondônia , and with two countries: Peru and Bolivia . Practically all of the terrain of the state of Acre is part of the low sandstone plateau , or terra firme , morphological unit which dominates most of the Brazilian Amazon . These terranes rise, in Acre, from

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984-428: Is one of the most crooked streams in the world, and its length in a straight line is less than half of its length following its curves. It is practically only a drainage ditch for the half-submerged, lake-flooded district it crosses. Its width is very uniform for 1,000 miles (1,600 km) up, and for 800 miles (1,300 km) its depth is never less than 45 feet (14 m). The Purús red howler ( Alouatta puruensis )

1066-572: Is one of the most diverse in Brazil , composed of migrants from all regions of the country, among whom stand out the Paraná , São Paulo , Minas Gerais , and Rio Grande do Sul , who settled in the capital, still preserving the strong Amazonian traits of the native population in cities bathed by large rivers, especially in Porto Velho and Guajará-Mirim, the two oldest cities in the state. 47.6% Roman Catholic in

1148-399: Is thought to have been inhabited by Pre-Columbian civilizations since at least 2,100 years ago. Evidence includes complex geoglyphs of this age found in the area. The natives who crafted them are believed to have had a relatively advanced knowledge of this technology. Since at least the early 15th century, the region has been inhabited by peoples who spoke Panoan languages ; their territory

1230-479: The Amazon rainforest , rather than being a pristine " wilderness ", has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years. Traditional ancient practices included forest gardening . Ondemar Dias is credited as the first to discover the geoglyphs in 1977. Alceu Ranzi expanded their findings by flying over Acre. During the 17th century, Portuguese expeditions reached many of the far ends of present-day Brazil. The expansion of

1312-784: The Archdiocese of Porto Velho (1925 as a Territorial Prelature) with 30 parishes under Archbishop Roque Paloschi (2015), and the two suffragan dioceses of Guajará-Mirim (1929 as a Territorial Prelature) with 13 parishes under Bishop Benedito Araújo (2011), and Ji-Paraná (1978 as the Territorial Prelature of Vila Rondônia) with 24 parishes under Bishop Norbert Hans Christoph Foerster (2020); 33.8% Protestant, 0.6% Spiritism, 3.7% other religion, 14.3% non-religious. As of 2011 there were 21 Indigenous Territories in Rondônia, with two more in process of being demarcated. The largest of these,

1394-463: The BR-317 highway. Further down, it forms the west boundary of the 256,000 hectares (630,000 acres) Purus National Forest , created in 1988. From the town of Pauini down to the town of Lábrea the river is bordered by the 604,209 hectares (1,493,030 acres) Médio Purus Extractive Reserve , created in 2008. Below this it runs through the 197,986 hectares (489,230 acres) Canutama Extractive Reserve along

1476-605: The Beni and Mamoré rivers, running eastward to the headwaters of the Javari River , even though the source of this river was not yet known. As the price of rubber rose in the market, the demand for it grew. The race to the Amazon increased. Plantations multiplied in the valleys of the Acre, Purús and, farther west, the Tarauacá . In the year 1873–1874, in the drainage basin of the Purús,

1558-669: The Mamoré and Guaporé to their maximum western limits on the left bank of the Javari as the border between the Spanish and Portuguese territories. The Portuguese created the new royal captaincy of Mato Grosso (1751), stimulating settlement toward the frontier. New centers developed: Vila Bela (1752) on the banks of the Guaporé, Vila Maria (1778) on the Paraguay River , and Casalvasco (1783). Until

1640-531: The Purús River to merchant Viscount of Santo Elias (from Pará), asking him for goods to be sent to the "mouth of the Aquiri River". In Belém , the local merchant or his employees either misinterpreted Gabriel's handwriting, or he spelled the name wrong: the goods and invoice which Gabriel received were marked as having been sent to the Acre River . Acre possesses some nicknames: the End of Brazil, The Rubber Tree State,

1722-603: The Treaty of Ayacucho , the border between Bolivia and Brazil was mapped by cartographic teams and agreed in 1879. The Treaty of Petrópolis in 1903 led to the construction of the Madeira-Mamoré Railroad , leading to increased settlement. Decree-Law No. 5812 (13 of September 1943) established the Federal Territory of Guaporé  [ pt ] was created from parts of the states of Amazonas and Mato Grosso . By

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1804-621: The Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau Indigenous Territory , covers over 1.8 million hectares. Another, the Rio Omerê Indigenous Territory , is home to the Kanoê and Akuntsu people. Both tribes were the victims of massacres by cattle ranchers in the 1970s and 1980s and currently number just four and five individuals respectively. Over 20 indigenous languages are spoken in Rondônia. Below is a list of indigenous languages spoken in

1886-514: The southeast to the northeast , with very tabular topography in general. In the extreme west is found the Serra da Contamana or Serra do Divisor, along the western border , with the highest altitudes in the state (609 m; 1,998 ft). About 63% of the state 's surface lies between 200 and 300 m (660 and 980 ft) in height; 16% between 300 and 609 (984 and 1,998 ft); and 21% between 200 and 135 (656 and 443 ft). The climate

1968-454: The 2019 Brazilian harvest, Rondônia harvested 1.2 million tons, 3rd in the North Region. In 2019, the state produced 805 thousand tons of maize , second largest production in the northern region, losing only to Tocantins. In cassava production, Brazil produced a total of 17.6 million tons in 2018. Rondônia was the 11th largest producer in the country, with 583 thousand tons. In 2018, Rondônia produced 124 thousand tons of rice . In

2050-501: The 26 states of Brazil , located in the northern subdivision of the country (central-western part). It is bordered by Acre in the west, Amazonas in the north, Mato Grosso in the east, and Bolivia in the south. Rondônia has a population of 1,815,000 as of 2021. It is the fifth least populated state. Its capital and largest city is Porto Velho , bathed by the Madeira River . The state was named after Cândido Rondon , who explored

2132-539: The Academy of Letters of Acre (Academia Acreana de Letras) and the Brazilian Academy of Letters ( Academia Brasileira de Letras ). The latter said that the change would mean the denial of the state's historical and cultural roots, by changing the last letter of the toponym from " E " to " I ". The state of Acre occupies an area of 152,581 km (58,912 sq mi) (58,911 mi ) in the extreme west of Brazil. It

2214-688: The Amazon in production. But during the Second World War , Japanese forces took over the rubber tree groves of Malaya . Acre was called on to produce rubber for the Allied war effort. The Rubber Soldiers , natives mostly of the Ceará plantation, increased production and provided critical supplies to the Allies. Acre's decisive contribution to the Allied victory may have helped Brazil attract North American investment to form

2296-1019: The Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity . More than 1/3 of all species in the world live in the Amazon Rainforest. Acre is divided into twenty-two municipalities, five immediate regions and two intermediate regions: [REDACTED] Viceroyalty of Peru 1542–1824 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Peru and Bolivia 1825–1836 [REDACTED] Peru-Bolivian Confederation 1836–1839 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Peru and Bolivia 1839–1899 [REDACTED] First Republic of Acre 1899–1900 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Peru and Bolivia 1900 [REDACTED] Second Republic of Acre 1900 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Peru and Bolivia 1900–1903 [REDACTED] Third Republic of Acre 1903 [REDACTED]   Brazil 1903–present The region of present-day Acre

2378-604: The Empire of Brazil (1868), was considered a model of its time, geographers knew nothing of the Acre River and its principal tributaries, which did not appear at all in the atlas. Some few armed bands of Brazilian explorers exploited the rural and unpopulated region, not knowing and little interested in whether they were "controlled" by Brazil, Peru , or Bolivia . But the rubber boom of the mid-19th century, stimulated exploration by various expeditions to survey this resource and develop

2460-593: The Latex State (from when it was a center of rubber production) and the Western End. The native inhabitants of Acre are called acr i ano s , in the singular acr i an o . Until the entry according to the Orthographic Agreement of 1990 , the correct spelling was acr e an o in the singular and in the plural acr e ano s . In 2009, with the new orthographic agreement, the change generated controversy between

2542-668: The National Steel Company (Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional) in the postwar era. This company aided in the industrialization of the Central-south, which did not yet possess basic heavy industries. On April 4, 2008, Acre won a judicial debate with the state of Amazonas in relation to the dispute surrounding the Cunha Gomes Line. It annexed part of the municipalities of Envira , Guajará , Boca do Acre , Pauini , Eirunepé and Ipixuna . The territorial redefinition consolidated

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2624-555: The North and 5th largest in Brazil), cocoa (2nd largest producer in the North and 3rd largest in Brazil), beans (2nd largest producer in the North), maize (2nd largest producer in the North region), soybean (3rd largest producer in the North region), rice (3rd largest producer in the North region) and cassava (4th largest producer in the North region). Despite the large volume of production and

2706-420: The North, second only to Pará, being the 6th largest in the country, 5th in meat exports and 8th in milk production. The state's milk production in 2018 was around 800 million liters, the largest producer in the North. In 2017, Rondônia had 0.62% of the national mineral participation (8th place in the country). Rondônia had production of tin (10,9 thousand tons at a value of R$ 333 million), gold (1 ton at

2788-569: The Rondônia section, crosses the state from the border with Mato Grosso to the border with Acre. It is the main route for the outflow of grain production (especially soy ) from the south of Rondônia and the west of Mato Grosso to the city of Porto Velho, where the grain port is located. A bridge is being built over the Madeira River (the first over this river), which aims to consolidate road transport between Brazil and Peru. One road to Bolivia: One road to Acre: One road to Amazonas: Six roads to Mato Grosso: The quality of Education in Rondônia

2870-482: The agreement by a functionary of the Bolivian consulate in Belém , Luis Gálvez Rodríguez de Arias , sent military contingents forward to occupy Puerto Alonso . Gálvez proclaimed the independence of Acre, in the form of a republic. He became its president with the acquiescence of the rubber gatherers. Under protests from Bolivia, President Campos Sales abolished the ephemeral republic (March 1900). Bolivians, reinstated in

2952-622: The annexation of Acre until 1909, with the Velarde-Río Branco Treaty, where the borders between Peru and Brazil were defined. It was signed in Rio de Janeiro , on September 8, 1909, by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brazil, Baron of Rio Branco , and the plenipotentiary minister of Peru in Brazil, Hernán Velarde, by President Augusto B. Leguía (first government) then ruled in Peru, and in Brazil by

3034-492: The arbitrariness of the act, took measures, canceling commercial accords and navigation between the two countries, and suspending the right of travel to Bolivia. At the same time, Brazilians organized a large armed assault on the disputed area. The operations were led by a former student of the Military School of Rio Grande do Sul ( Escola Militar do Rio Grande do Sul ), José Plácido de Castro . The rubber gatherers occupied

3116-468: The banks of the Juruá and accelerated the occupation of land which Bolivia would later reclaim. The great fluvial rivers and their tributary systems were full of small ship fleets transporting colonists, goods, and supply material to the most isolated centers. The governments of Amazonas and Pará quickly established supply houses , which financed various types of operations, guaranteed credit, and promoted

3198-432: The capital, Porto Velho . These are: Guajará-Mirim , Ji-Paraná , Vilhena , Ariquemes , Jaru , Pimenta Bueno , Colorado do Oeste , Cacoal , Ouro Preto do Oeste , Presidente Médici , Espigão d'Oeste and Costa Marques . It is the third most populous state in the North Region with 1,815,278 inhabitants, according to an estimate by IBGE for 2021, being surpassed only by Pará and Amazonas . The population density

3280-437: The commercial incentive of the rubber tree groves. The rubber race had the frantic urgency of gold rushes of the 18th century. The situation drew the attention of the government to the economic use and development of an almost completely unknown area. The activities of private businesses would enable the government to incorporate the new region. In 1890, José Manuel Pando , a Bolivian official, alerted his government to

3362-614: The confluence of the Beni and Mamoré rivers. In 1895 a new commission to define the borders was created. The Brazilian representative, Gregório Taumaturgo de Azevedo, resigned after verifying that the ratification of the Treaty of 1867 would harm the Brazilian rubber gatherers already settled in Bolivian territory. In 1899, the Bolivians established an administrative post in Puerto Alonso , exacting taxes and customs duties upon Brazilian activities. The following year, Brazil accepted

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3444-514: The exploration to the west followed, and they reached lands under control by the Spanish colonies. The two nations negotiated to establish their territories, under the Treaties of Madrid (1750) and San Ildefonso (1777). Both of the treaties were based on the explorations of Portuguese bandeirante Manoel Félix de Lima of the Guaporé and Madeira river basins. The treaties established the riverbeds of

3526-451: The fact that more than three hundred rubber plantations had been developed in the Jura basin, and most were occupied by Brazilians on what was nominally Bolivian territory. The Brazilian penetration had advanced west from the 64th meridian to beyond the 72nd, in an extension of one thousand kilometers, despite the borders having been established. The Treaty of 1867 limited Brazil to land above

3608-589: The federal government undertook actions to revive the economy of the Amazon Basin , and to include it in regional development projects. Attending to the judicial arrangements of the Treaty of Petrópolis , President Rodrigues Alves sanctioned the law which created the Territory of Acre (1904), further dividing it into three departments: Alto Acre , Alto Purús , and Alto Juruá , the latter being separated to form Alto Tarauacá (1912). The departmental administration

3690-476: The following: Arawan speaking peoples Chapachuran speaking peoples Macro-Je speaking peoples Nambikwaran speaking peoples Panoan speaking peoples Tupian speaking peoples Isolated peoples The Spaniard Ñuflo de Chávez was the first European explorer to reach the valley of the Guaporé River between 1541 and 1542, although he only passed through. Bandeirantes arrived in the region around 1650, with

3772-523: The form a'kir , of the Tupi word ker , "to sleep, to rest". It is believed more likely to be derived from Aquiri , a transliteration by European explorers of the term Umákürü , or Uakiry , from the Ipurinã dialect. Another hypothesis is that Acquiri derives from Yasi'ri , or Ysi'ri , meaning "flowing or swift water". According to one account, agriculturist João Gabriel de Carvalho Melo wrote during an 1878 trip on

3854-415: The future territory, now state of Acre. Peru had also claimed sovereignty over the entire territory of Acre and part of the state of Amazonas , based on historic colonial titles. After armed conflicts between Brazilians and Peruvians on the upper Purús and Juruá, a joint administration was established in those regions (1904). The studies to determine the borders proceeded until the end of 1909, when

3936-566: The goal of exploiting the gold and other minerals of the territory. In the same period, Jesuit priests came to the region and founded the first village. As a consequence of the discovery of gold on the right bank of the Guaporé River, the Portuguese Crown founded the Captaincy of Mato Grosso in 1748 with Antonio Rolim de Moura Tavares  [ pt ] as governor. On March 19, 1752,

4018-400: The governor designated Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade as the capital, from where he commanded the border demarcation following the Treaty of Madrid (1750) . In 1753, he installed a surveillance post in the village of Santa Rosa Velha, built by the Spanish on the right bank of the Guaporé, and thus in Brazilian lands. In 1759, the Spanish governor of Santa Cruz de la Sierra requested that

4100-541: The incorporation of 1.2 million hectares of the Liberdade, Gregório, and Mogno forest complex to the territory of Acre, which corresponds to 11,583.87 km (4,472.56 sq mi). Since the 1970s, numerous geoglyphs , major geometric earthworks, have been discovered on deforested land in Acre, and dated to between 1–1250 AD. These are cited as evidence of complex Pre-Columbian societies. The BBC 's Unnatural Histories explored studies of this area, concluding that

4182-408: The industrial importance of the rubber reserves, and the penetration of Brazilian colonists in the region raised the attention of Bolivia , which solicited a better fixation of boundaries. After much failed negotiation, in 1867 the Treaty of Ayacucho was signed, which recognized the colonial uti possidetis , or use of that territory by Brazil. A border was established parallel to the confluence of

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4264-501: The law of February 17 1956, the region became known as the Federal Territory of Rondônia, in honor of Marshal Cândido Rondon . The exploitation of brazil nuts and rubber was the main economic activity until the discovery of cassiterite deposits, which accelerated the development and settlement of the region. This development led to the territory achieving the status of a state in 1982, with 13 constituent municipalities, including

4346-427: The mid-19th century, there was little effort to settle the area systematically. At that time, the great virgin source of rubber attracted commercial interest, and development followed. The empire was directed towards agricultural exports, based on coffee as the most important commodity. The territories of the extreme west were unknown and usually overlooked. For example, although Cândido Mendes de Almeida 's Atlas of

4428-541: The most deforested places in the Amazon. By 2003 around 70,000 km of rainforest had been cleared. The area around the Guaporé River is part of the Beni savanna ecoregion. The Samuel Dam is located in the state, on the Jamari River . Before the Portuguese discovery of Brazil , the region where the present state of Rondônia is situated was populated by indigenous peoples , who are known to have included

4510-615: The north of the country during the 1910s. The state, which is home to c. 0.7% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for c. 0.3% of the Brazilian GDP . The state has 52 municipalities and occupies an area of 237,590.547 km , equivalent to the territory of Romania and almost five times larger than Croatia . In addition to this, there are other important cities such as Ariquemes , Cacoal , Guajará-Mirim , Ji-Paraná , Rolim de Moura and Vilhena . Rondonia used to be home to over 200,000 km of rainforest , but has become one of

4592-413: The northeast. The growing impoverishment of that region stimulated migratory waves to the states of Rio de Janeiro , Minas Gerais , and São Paulo . The movement of population became particularly active during the prolonged drought of the northeastern interior , from 1877 to 1880. Hundreds of Ceará indigenous people headed for the rubber plantations in search of work. The Cearense migration reached

4674-510: The northwest, is the principal form of transportation, especially between November and June. Heavy seasonal rains frequently make the BR-364 impassable in those months; it usually connects Rio Branco to Cruzeiro do Sul. The name, which was given to the territory in 1904, and to the state in 1962, is derived from one of the local rivers, perhaps originates from the Tupi word a'kir ü "green river", or from

4756-444: The population rose from around one thousand to four thousand inhabitants. The Brazilian imperial government, already sensitive to the resulting offerings of rubber , considered the entire valley of the Purús to be Brazilian. In the second half of the 19th century, disturbances were registered in the demographic and geo-economic balance of the empire. The coffee boom in the south attracted financial resources and workers, to detriment of

4838-559: The post be evacuated. Instead, Rolim de Moura built a fort to replace it, which became known as the Presídio de Nossa Senhora da Conceição  [ pt ] . Due to the climate and the incursions of the Spanish, the Presidio was soon in ruins. It was rebuilt in 1769 by Governor Luís Pinto de Sousa Coutinho , and renamed as Forte de Bragança. Ruined again, in 1776 the Forte Príncipe da Beira

4920-414: The president Nilo Pecanha , in order to solve the border problems between Peru and Brazil. Acre was united in 1920. On June 15, 1962, it was elevated to the category of state, and was the first to be governed by a woman, Iolanda Fleming , a teacher. During the early twentieth century, rubber seedlings were taken to Southeast Asia, where competitive plantations were established, reducing the importance of

5002-437: The production of cocoa , Pará has been competing with Bahia for the leadership of Brazilian production. In 2019, Pará harvested 135 thousand tons of cocoa, and Bahians harvested 130 thousand tons. Rondônia is the 3rd largest cocoa producer in the country, with 18 thousand tons harvested in 2017. In 2017, the state had a cattle herd of 14,098,031 head of cattle (73,37% for beef and the rest for dairy), second largest herd in

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5084-429: The region belonged to Bolivia. By 1877, Acre's population was composed almost entirely of Brazilians coming from the Northeast . In 1899, Brazilian settlers from Acre created an independent state in the region called the Republic of Acre . Bolivians tried to gain control of the area, but Brazilians revolted and there were border confrontations. This resulted in what was known as the Acre War . On November 17, 1903, with

5166-416: The region, suffered in 1900 from the assault of the so-called Floriano Peixoto expedition, or "expedition of the poets". It was made up of intellectual bohemians from Manaus. Following brief fighting in the area surrounding Puerto Alonso, the expedition was completely scattered. Ultimately, the Bolivian government signed a contract with the Bolivian Syndicate (July 1901). The Brazilian congress, shocked by

5248-458: The role of Brazil's Minister of External Relations , immediately opened channels which were meant to have put an end to the question. The simplest problem, with the Bolivian Syndicate , was resolved by Brazil paying one hundred and ten thousand pounds to renounce the contract (February 1903). Next, commercial relations were reestablished with Bolivia, while a part of the territory on the upper Purús and Juruá, militarily occupied in March 1903,

5330-421: The signing over and sale in the Treaty of Petrópolis , Brazil received final possession of the region. Acre was integrated into Brazil as a territory divided into three departments. The territory was acquired by Brazil for two million pounds sterling. The land was taken from Mato Grosso in accordance with terms for the construction of the Madeira-Mamoré railway. Once the Acre War was over, Peru did not recognize

5412-426: The small territory by the region's standards (7 times smaller than Amazonas and 6 times smaller than Pará), Rondônia still has more than 60% of its territory fully preserved. In coffee production, Rondônia was, in 2019, the 5th largest producer in the country, being the 2nd largest producer of Coffea canephora , getting a total of 2.3 million bags of 60 kg of coffee (near 138 thousand tons) this year. In soy , in

5494-401: The south and west. Its capital and largest city is Rio Branco . Other important places include Cruzeiro do Sul , Sena Madureira , Tarauacá and Feijó . The state, which has 0.42% of the Brazilian population, generates 0.2% of the Brazilian GDP . Intense extractive activity in the rubber industry, which reached its height in the early 20th century, attracted Brazilians from many regions to

5576-420: The south-central part of the country, stimulated by the federal government's colonization projects and the availability of cheap and fertile land. The development of agricultural activities has transformed the area into one of the main agricultural frontiers in the country and one of the most prosperous and productive regions in northern Brazil. The state stands out in the production of coffee (largest producer in

5658-521: The sovereignty of Bolivia in the zone, when it officially recognized the old boundaries at the confluence of the Beni and Mamoré rivers. Distant from the diplomatic process, the rubber workers judged their interests to have been cheated, and initiated insurrection movements. Some of this was in response to brutal treatment and abuse by forces managed by the major rubber companies. In the same year that Bolivia established administration in Puerto Alonso (1899), two serious uprisings occurred. In April,

5740-574: The state territory. Very rich in rubber trees of the most valuable species ( Hevea brasiliensis ) and Brazil nut trees ( Bertholletia excelsa ), the forest guarantees that Acre is the greatest national producer of rubber and nuts . Acre's principal rivers, mostly navigable during the wet season (the Juruá , Tarauacá , Envira , Purús , Iaco , and Acre ), cross the state with almost parallel courses which converge only outside of its territory. The largest recorded Black Caiman , measured at 7.7 meters (25 feet) and weighing 1,310 kg (2,890 lb),

5822-420: The state's industry. Governador Jorge Teixeira de Oliveira International Airport is located in the state capital of Porto Velho. Domestic airports at Ji-Paraná , Ariquemes , Pimenta Bueno , Guajará-Mirim , Vilhena and Principe da Beira. Waterways: Pôrto Velho is an Amazon River port. The state of Rondônia has 24,000 kilometers of highways, of which only 7% are paved. The BR-364 , fully paved in

5904-435: The state. From the mixture of sulista , southeastern Brazil , nordestino , and indigenous traditions arose a diverse cuisine. It combines sun-dried meat ( carne-de-sol ) with pirarucu , a typical fish of the region. Such dishes are seasoned with tucupi , a sauce made from manioc . Fluvial transport , concentrated on the Juruá and Moa rivers, in the western part of the state, and the Tarauacá and Envira rivers in

5986-401: The state: The economy of the state of Rondônia has, as main activities, agriculture, livestock, food industry and vegetal and mineral extraction. In 2016, the state's GDP reached R$ 39.451 billion. Its export basket is mainly composed of frozen beef (43.43%), soy (32.77%), raw tin (7.08%), sawn wood (2.36%) and edible giblets (2.02%). Beginning in the 1970s, the state attracted farmers from

6068-567: The stretch between the towns of Lábrea and Canutama . In the lowest reaches the river flows through the 1,008,167 hectares (2,491,230 acres) Piagaçu-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve , established in 2003, which holds a large part of its floodplain. It enters the Amazon River west of the Madeira River , which it parallels as far south as the falls of the latter stream. William Chandless found its elevation above sea level to be only 107 feet (33 m) 590 miles (950 km) from its mouth. It

6150-582: The village of Xapuri in Alto Acre (August 1902), and took Bolivian officials into custody. Finally, Plácido de Castro's forces besieged Puerto Alonso, proclaiming the Independent State of Acre, after the capitulation of Bolivian troops (February 1903). José Plácido de Castro was proclaimed governor of the new Independent State of Acre , and he had to discuss the question of borders in the diplomatic sphere. The Baron of Rio Branco , who had just assumed

6232-510: Was 6.6 inhabitants/km . Urbanization : 66.8% (2004); Population growth : 2.2% (1991-2000); Houses : 430,747 (2005). Four of its municipalities have a population above 100,000 inhabitants, these being Porto Velho, Ji-Paraná, Ariquemes and Vilhena. The 2022 census revealed the following numbers: 936,708 Brown ( Multiracial ) people (59.2%), 486,123 White people (30.7%), 136,793 Black people (8.7%), 17,278 Amerindian people (1.1%), 4,257 Asian people (0.3%). The population of Rondônia

6314-438: Was a territory of the short-lived Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839), until the two countries separated and most of the region returned to Bolivian control. The discovery of rubber tree groves in the region in the mid-19th century attracted numerous immigrants, especially from Brazil and Europe, seeking to build on the rubber boom. Despite the increased numbers of Brazilians, the Treaty of Ayacucho (1867) determined that

6396-593: Was built in its place. In 1772, Francisco de Melo Palheta  [ pt ] led an expedition from Belém which reached the Madeira River , the Mamoré River and the Guaporé River, reaching Santa Cruz de la Sierra. The decline of mining and the proclamation of the First Brazilian Republic caused the region to lose its economic importance until the end of the nineteenth century, when the exploitation of rubber entered its peak. In April 1878, following to

6478-465: Was declared litigious. Bolivia finally agreed to cede to Brazil an area of 142,800 km (55,100 sq mi), in exchange for two million pounds sterling , paid in two installments. Brazil committed to the construction of a Madeira-Mamoré Railway , connecting Porto Velho to Guajará-Mirim, at the confluence of the Beni and Madeira rivers. These actions were ratified in the Treaty of Petrópolis (November 17, 1903), through which Brazil acquired

6560-510: Was exercised until 1921 by mayors appointed by the President of Brazil . At that time the arrangements were altered, passing the administration to a governor. The second Constitution of Brazil (1934) conceded to Acre the right to elect representatives to the National Congress of Brazil . Rond%C3%B4nia Rondônia ( pronounced [ʁõˈdoni.ɐ, ʁõˈdonjɐ] ) is one of

6642-503: Was geographically close to that of the Inca . In the mid-18th century, the region was colonized by the Spanish and became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian and Bolivian wars of independence, which ended in 1826, the region and large portions around it became part of both Peru and Bolivia respectively, but independent of Spain and both states disputed the territory. It

6724-458: Was shot in Acre in 1965. The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome , and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species-rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia. As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in

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