68-617: Pump Court is a courtyard in Temple, London , in the City of London , England, now primarily housing barristers' chambers . It is the first on the left in Middle Temple Lane from 6 Fleet Street , leading to Inner Temple Lane and Lamb's Buildings . Its name referred to the pump in the middle. In the year following 1 Car 1 (1625), brick buildings were erected in the Pump Court. In 1637 (13 Car 1),
136-783: A Temple Pier on the Victoria Embankment, near the Tube station immediately west of the Westminster-City of London boundary; HQS Wellington is permanently moored there. The Wilfred barge was moored here until its sinking during Storm Henk in January 2024. General: [REDACTED] Media related to Temple, London at Wikimedia Commons English law English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales , comprising mainly criminal law and civil law , each branch having its own courts and procedures . Although
204-712: A common law crime rather than a statutory offence. Although Scotland and Northern Ireland form part of the United Kingdom and share Westminster as a primary legislature, they have separate legal systems outside English law. International treaties such as the European Union 's Treaty of Rome or the Hague-Visby Rules have effect in English law only when adopted and ratified by Act of Parliament. Adopted treaties may be subsequently denounced by executive action, unless
272-499: A common law, not a civil law system. In other words, no comprehensive codification of the law has taken place and judicial precedents are binding as opposed to persuasive. This may be a legacy of the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, when a number of legal concepts and institutions from Norman law were introduced to England. In the early centuries of English common law, the justices and judges were responsible for adapting
340-644: A devolved parliament (the Senedd) , any legislation it passes must adhere to circumscribed subjects under the Government of Wales Act 2006 , to other legislation of the British Parliament , or to any Order in Council given under the authority of the 2006 Act. Any reference to England in legislation between 1746 and 1967 is deemed to include Wales. As to later legislation, any application to Wales must be expressed under
408-573: A limited number of rooms reserved for new barristers undertaking the Bar Professional Training Course .) This, coupled with a general move of population out of the City of London , has made the Temple much quieter outside working hours than it appears, for example, in the novels of Charles Dickens , which frequently allude to the Temple. Today, approximately a quarter of the chambers buildings in
476-742: A principle of distinct English and Welsh, Scottish or Northern Irish law, as in Donoghue v Stevenson , a Scots case that forms the basis of the UK's law of negligence . Unlike Scotland and Northern Ireland , Wales is not a separate jurisdiction within the United Kingdom . The customary laws of Wales within the Kingdom of England were abolished by King Henry VIII 's Laws in Wales Acts , which brought Wales into legal conformity with England. While Wales now has
544-604: A reduced rent. In 1346, Langford's lease having by then expired, the Knights Hospitaller leased both Middle and Inner Temples to lawyers from St George's Inn and Thavie's Inn respectively. However lawyers had already occupied the Temple since 1320, when it belonged to the Earl of Lancaster . After Henry VIII dissolved the Knights Hospitaller in the course of the English Reformation , the barristers remained as tenants of
612-534: A summons. In England there is a hierarchy of sources, as follows: The rule of European Union law in England, previously of prime importance, has been ended as a result of Brexit . Primary legislation in the UK may take the following forms: Orders in Council are a sui generis category of legislation. Secondary (or "delegated") legislation in England includes: Statutes are cited in this fashion: " Short Title Year", e.g. Theft Act 1968 . This became
680-637: Is a term with historical origins in the legal system of England. It denotes, in the first place, the Anglo-Norman legal system that superseded and replaced Anglo-Saxon law in England following the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Throughout the Late Medieval Period , English law was codified through judge-made laws and precedents that were created in the proceedings of Royal justices in the Circuit courts dictated by
748-589: Is among those which ended malapportionment and one voter voting in multiple parliamentary constituencies in England and Wales. The southern boundary of the Temple liberties was the natural bank of the Thames until the Victoria Embankment was constructed (1865–1870). The boundary is virtually unchanged – despite this notable engineering work, which meant that the Inner and Middle Temple lost their frontage to
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#1732852210194816-629: Is an area of the City of London surrounding Temple Church . It is one of the main legal districts in London and a notable centre for English law , from the Middle Ages to the present day. It consists of the Inner Temple and the Middle Temple , which are two of the four Inns of Court and act as local authorities in place of the City of London Corporation as to almost all structures and functions. Before
884-545: Is concerned with tort , contract, families, companies and so on. Civil law courts operate to provide a party who has an enforceable claim against another party with a remedy such as damages or a declaration . In this context, civil law is the system of codified law that is prevalent in Europe. Civil law is founded on the ideas of Roman law . By contrast, English law is the archetypal common law jurisdiction, built upon case law . In this context, common law means
952-442: Is ranked as a Band 1 set in the leading UK directories. Its barristers have included Judge William Aldous , Judge Douglas Falconer , Natasha Hausdorff , Judge Michael Hyam , and Justice Christina Lambert . Members of Chambers appear before all levels of courts. References Sources 51°30′46″N 0°06′40″W / 51.5129°N 0.1110°W / 51.5129; -0.1110 Temple, London The Temple
1020-569: Is the centre of the Thames. The Temple Church is a royal peculiar . It was built by the Knights Templar and consecrated in 1185. It is jointly owned by the Middle Temple and Inner Temple inns. Temple gives its name to Temple tube station , served by the District (green) and Circle (yellow) lines, which is immediately southwest, between Temple Place and the Victoria Embankment. There is also
1088-505: Is unified throughout England and Wales . This is different from Northern Ireland , for example, which did not cease to be a distinct jurisdiction when its legislature was suspended (see Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972 ). A major difference is use of the Welsh language , as laws concerning it apply in Wales and not in the rest of the United Kingdom . The Welsh Language Act 1993
1156-516: The North Carolina Law Review theorised that English common law was influenced by medieval Islamic law . Makdisi drew comparisons between the "royal English contract protected by the action of debt " and the "Islamic Aqd ", the "English assize of novel disseisin " (a petty assize adopted in the 1166 at the Assizes of Clarendon) and the "Islamic Istihqaq ", and the "English jury " and
1224-767: The res ipsa loquitur doctrine. Jurisdictions that have kept to the common law may incorporate modern legal developments from England, and English decisions are usually persuasive in such jurisdictions. In the United States, each state has its own supreme court with final appellate jurisdiction, resulting in the development of state common law. The US Supreme Court has the final say over federal matters. By contrast, in Australia, one national common law exists. After Britain's colonial period, jurisdictions that had inherited and adopted England's common law developed their courts of final appeal in differing ways: jurisdictions still under
1292-621: The British Empire . Many aspects of that system have survived after Independence from British rule, and the influences are often reciprocal. "English law" prior to the American Revolutionary Wars (American War of Independence) is still an influence on American law , and provides the basis for many American legal traditions and principles. After independence, English common law still exerted influence over American common law – for example, Byrne v Boadle (1863), which first applied
1360-586: The City of Westminster . The associated area is roughly bounded by the River Thames (the Victoria Embankment ) to the south, Surrey Street to the west, the Strand and Fleet Street to the north and Carmelite Street and Whitefriars Street to the east. The intervening Essex Street, two streets east of Surrey Street, is the traditional western boundary, beyond which are affluent office/hotel and residential blocks, spread over large three street blocks which are closest to
1428-515: The Common Council of the City of London , as provided in the Temples Order 1971 . They geographically fall within the boundaries and liberties of the City of London, but can be thought of as independent enclaves . They are both part of the City ward of Farringdon Without . The Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832 included The Temple within City of London parliamentary constituency . This change
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#17328522101941496-520: The Commonwealth continued to use the Privy Council, as it offered a readily available high-grade service. In particular, several Caribbean Island nations found the Privy Council advantageous. Britain is a dualist in its relationship with international law, so international treaties must be formally ratified by Parliament and incorporated into statute before such supranational laws become binding in
1564-569: The Eyres throughout the country (these themselves evolving from the early medieval Itinerant courts ). This body of legal scholarship was first published at the end of the 19th century, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I , in which Pollock and Maitland expanded the work of Coke (17th century) and Blackstone (18th century). Specifically, the law developed in England's Court of Common Pleas and other common law courts, which became also
1632-607: The High Court were commenced by obtaining a writ issued in the Queen's name. After 1979, writs have merely required the parties to appear, and writs are no longer issued in the name of the Crown. After the Woolf Reforms of 1999, almost all civil actions other than those connected with insolvency are commenced by the completion of a Claim Form as opposed to a writ, originating application, or
1700-547: The Welsh Language Act 1967 and the jurisdiction is, since, correctly and widely referred to as England and Wales . Devolution has granted some political autonomy to Wales via the National Assembly for Wales , which gained its power to pass primary legislation under the Government of Wales Act 2006 , in force since the 2007 Welsh general election . The legal system administered through civil and criminal courts
1768-582: The ecclesiastical courts , and the Admiralty court . In the Oxford English Dictionary (1933) "common law" is described as "The unwritten law of England, administered by the King's courts, which purports to be derived from ancient usage, and is embodied in the older commentaries and the reports of abridged cases", as opposed, in that sense, to statute law, and as distinguished from the equity administered by
1836-416: The reasoning from earlier decisions . Equity is the other historic source of judge-made law. Common law can be amended or repealed by Parliament . Not being a civil law system, it has no comprehensive codification . However, most of its criminal law has been codified from its common law origins, in the interests both of certainty and of ease of prosecution. For the time being, murder remains
1904-657: The "Islamic Lafif " in the classical Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence . He argued that these institutions were transmitted to England by the Normans , "through the close connection between the Norman kingdoms of Roger II in Sicily — ruling over a conquered Islamic administration — and Henry II in England ." Makdisi argued that the " law schools known as Inns of Court " in England, which he asserts are parallel to Madrasahs , may have also originated from Islamic law. He states that
1972-606: The British crown are subject to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. For a long period, the British Dominions used London's Privy Council as their final appeal court, although one by one they eventually established their local supreme court . New Zealand was the last Dominion to abandon the Privy Council, setting up its own Supreme Court in 2004. Even after independence, many former British colonies in
2040-511: The Chancery and similar courts, and from other systems such as ecclesiastical law, and admiralty law. For usage in the United States the description is "the body of legal doctrine which is the foundation of the law administered in all states settled from England, and those formed by later settlement or division from them". Professor John Makdisi's article "The Islamic Origins of the Common Law" in
2108-418: The Crown, for an annual rent of £10 for each society (of Inner and Middle Temple). Their current tenure dates from a charter granted to them by James I in 1608. Originally a grant of fee farm , the reversion was purchased from Charles II , finally giving the lawyers absolute title. (In 2008 the 400th anniversary of the charter of James I was celebrated by Elizabeth II issuing new letters patent confirming
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2176-517: The Inner Temple and Middle Temple include residential accommodation, and current planning policy is to retain this where possible, to retain the special "collegiate" character of the Temple Inns of Court. There is also a 19th-century building called "The Outer Temple ", situated between Essex Court and Strand, just outside the Middle Temple boundary in the City of Westminster, but this is not part of
2244-465: The King's clerk, for a ten-year lease. In 1337 the Knights petitioned Edward III to rectify the grant of consecrated land to a layman. As a result, the Inner Temple was divided between the consecrated land to the east and the unconsecrated land in the west, the eastern part continuing to be called Inner Temple and the western part becoming known as Middle Temple. Langford continued to hold Middle Temple at
2312-612: The Middle East. Paul Brand notes parallels between the Waqf and the trusts used to establish Merton College by Walter de Merton , who had connections with the Knights Templar . In 1276, the concept of " time immemorial " often applied in common law, was defined as being any time before 6 July 1189 (i.e. before Richard I 's accession to the English throne ). Since 1189, English law has been
2380-417: The Temple is rich with Grade I listed buildings . The core of the district lies in the City of London and consists of two Inns of Court : Inner Temple (eastern part) and Middle Temple (western part). The Temple Church is roughly central to these two inns and is governed by both of them. The Inns each have their own gardens, dining halls, libraries and administrative offices, all located in their part of
2448-503: The Temple. Most of the land is, however, taken up by buildings in which barristers practise from sets of rooms known as chambers. There are some enclaves and exclaves in the boundary between the two Inns. There was a long-running dispute between the two inns concerning which one was the older and which ought to have precedence over the other accordingly. This was resolved in 1620 when a tribunal of four judges declared that all four inns should be equal, "no one having right to precedence before
2516-399: The Thames, albeit replaced widely with gardens. Both now own associated, law-related properties, just beyond the boundary. The Embankment – a major thoroughfare with an Underground line running beneath – is on paper never part of Temple – the cusp is where the gardens meet the road, where the spring tide (rarely flooded) part of the bank stood. The City of London's comparable limit
2584-628: The UK. Britain has long been a major trading nation, exerting a strong influence on the law of shipping and maritime trade . The English law of salvage , collisions , ship arrest, and carriage of goods by sea are subject to international conventions which Britain played a leading role in drafting. Many of these conventions incorporate principles derived from English common law and documentary procedures. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland comprises three legal jurisdictions: England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Although Scotland and Northern Ireland form part of
2652-618: The United Kingdom and share the Parliament at Westminster as the primary legislature, they have separate legal systems. Scotland became part of the UK over 300 years ago, but Scots law has remained remarkably distinct from English law. The UK's highest civil appeal court is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom , whose decisions, and those of its predecessor the House of Lords, are binding on all three UK jurisdictions. Unless obviously limited to
2720-462: The boundaries of the City of London respectively. Not until 1324, after the prior, Thomas L'Archer , paid a substantial bribe, was the claim of the Knights Hospitaller to the Inner Temple officially recognised in England; but even then Edward II still bestowed it on his favourite, Hugh le Despencer , in spite of the Knights' rights. On Hugh's death in 1326 the Inner Temple passed first to the mayor of London and then in 1333 to one William de Langford,
2788-594: The centre read "T. Sir R. B. F. 1903" the Treasurer of the Middle Temple for that year being the Attorney General, Sir Robert Finlay . The insignia of the Middle Temple , the Lamb and Flag, "stood out very boldly" in gold at the top, and the motto was at the bottom. The inscription in the centre was subsequently replaced with "T O M 1686". Joseph Chitty the elder trained in succession in his pupil room here "a great number of
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2856-507: The common law has, historically, been the foundation and prime source of English law, the most authoritative law is statutory legislation , which comprises Acts of Parliament , regulations and by-laws . In the absence of any statutory law, the common law with its principle of stare decisis forms the residual source of law, based on judicial decisions, custom, and usage. Common law is made by sitting judges who apply both statutory law and established principles which are derived from
2924-504: The denouncement or withdraw would affect rights enacted by Parliament. In this case, executive action cannot be used owing to the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty . This principle was established in the case of R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union in 2017. Criminal law is the law of crime and punishment whereby the Crown prosecutes the accused. Civil law
2992-400: The establishment of these Inns of Court, the Temple area was the precinct given to the Knights Templar (who built the church) until they were suppressed in 1312, but the area has retained the name from that time. It became a centre of the legal profession soon afterwards. The Royal Courts of Justice and Temple Bar are just to the north and Temple tube station borders to the southwest in
3060-453: The government and private entities). A remedy is "the means given by law for the recovery of a right , or of compensation for its infringement". Most remedies are available only from the court, but some are " self-help " remedies; for instance, a party who lawfully wishes to cancel a contract may do so without leave; and a person may take his own steps to " abate a private nuisance ". Formerly, most civil actions claiming damages in
3128-445: The judge-made law of the King's Bench ; whereas equity is the judge-made law of the (now-defunct) Court of Chancery . Equity is concerned mainly with trusts and equitable remedies . Equity generally operates in accordance with the principles known as the " maxims of equity ". The reforming Judicature Acts of the 1880s amalgamated the courts into one Supreme Court of Judicature which
3196-463: The law of the colonies settled initially under the Crown of England or, later, of the United Kingdom , in United States , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , Singapore , Indian Subcontient , Israel and elsewhere. This law further developed after those courts in England were reorganised by the Supreme Court of Judicature Acts passed in the 1870s. It developed independently, in
3264-504: The legal systems of the United States and other jurisdictions, after their independence from the United Kingdom, before and after the 1870s. The term is used, in the second place, to denote the law developed by those courts, in the same periods, pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial, as distinct from within the jurisdiction, or former jurisdiction, of other courts in England: the Court of Chancery ,
3332-516: The medieval hall on the site (specifically, the medieval buttery). Upon the dissolution of the Knights Templar in 1312, Pope Clement V granted their possessions to the Knights Hospitaller . King Edward II ( r. 1307–1327 ) ignored the claims of the Knights Hospitaller and divided the Temple into the Inner Temple and the Outer Temple, being the parts of the Temple within and without
3400-516: The methodology of legal precedent and reasoning by analogy ( Qiyas ) are similar in both the Islamic and common law systems. Other legal scholars such as Monica Gaudiosi, Gamal Moursi Badr and A. Hudson have argued that the English trust and agency institutions, which were introduced by Crusaders , may have been adapted from the Islamic Waqf and Hawala institutions they came across in
3468-420: The mid-rise Arundel House that hosts the International Institute for Strategic Studies and a large multi-use site, in construction, otherwise facing the Strand, Arundel and Surrey Streets. The name is recorded in the 12th century as Novum Templum , meaning 'New Temple'. It is named after the then 'new' church ( Temple Church ) and surrounding holdings then belonging to the Knights Templar . (The 'Old Temple'
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#17328522101943536-454: The modern Inns of Court, has commercial landowners and is not directly related to the historic and long-defunct Outer Temple inn. An area known as Serjeant's Inn was formerly outside the Temple, although at one time also occupied by lawyers (the Serjeants-at-Law ). In 2001 it was acquired by the Inner Temple (it is adjacent and connected to King's Bench Walk in the Inner Temple) with a view to converting it into barristers' chambers. However it
3604-400: The most eminent lawyers". The Filazers', Exigenters' and Clerk of the Outlawries' Office for the Court of King's Bench was here. These officers were so called from the French word Fil , or thread, because they filed or threaded the writs. Thomas Kenyon was Filazer, Exigenter and Clerk of the Outlawries, and Andrew Edge was Filazer for Essex and Monmouthshire. The Warrant of Attorney Office
3672-447: The new crime of "conspiracy to corrupt public morals", Viscount Simonds claimed the court had a "residual power to protect the moral welfare of the state". As Parliament became ever more established and influential, Parliamentary legislation gradually overtook judicial law-making, such that today's judges are able to innovate only in certain, very narrowly defined areas. England exported its common law and statute law to most parts of
3740-402: The original grant. ) The Outer Temple area was granted to the Bishop of Exeter, and eventually purchased by the Earl of Essex , Robert Devereux, who gave his name to Essex Street and Devereux Court, as well as Essex Court in Middle Temple. The area of the Temple was increased when the River Thames was embanked by the Victoria Embankment, releasing land to the south which previously lay within
3808-410: The other." Until the 20th century, many of the chambers in the Temple were also residential accommodation for barristers; however, shortage of space for professional purposes gradually limited the number of residential sets to the very top floors, which are largely occupied by senior barristers and judges, many of whom use them as pieds-à-terre , having their family home outside London. (There are also
3876-404: The power to legislate. If a statute is ambiguous, then the courts have exclusive power to decide its true meaning, using the principles of statutory interpretation . Since the courts have no authority to legislate, the " legal fiction " is that they "declare" (rather than "create") the common law. The House of Lords took this "declaratory power" a stage further in DPP v Shaw , where, in creating
3944-447: The rest of the brick buildings in the Pump Court were set up. Many famous figures have lived in Pump Court including William Blackstone , William Cowper , Henry Fielding , Lord Russell of Killowen and Viscount Alverstone , his successor as Lord Chief Justice of England. There is a sundial with a motto that reads "shadows we are and like shadows depart" to remind the residents of the ephemeral character of their occupancy. This sundial
4012-400: The station. Temple, formally defined, contains many barristers' chambers and solicitors' offices, as well as some notable legal institutions such as the Employment Appeal Tribunal . Outside the jurisdiction but facing Temple tube station – in more dated use considered the Savoy and alternatively Strand or Saint Clement Danes districts – are several buildings. These include
4080-411: The system of writs to meet everyday needs, applying a mixture of precedent and common sense to build up a body of internally consistent law. An example is the Law Merchant derived from the "Pie-Powder" Courts , named from a corruption of the French pieds-poudrés ("dusty feet") implying ad hoc marketplace courts. Following Montesquieu 's theory of the "separation of powers", only Parliament has
4148-438: The tidal range of the river. The original bank of the river can clearly be seen in a drop in ground level, for example in the Inner Temple Gardens or the stairs at the bottom of Essex Street. The area suffered much damage due to enemy air raids in World War II ; many of the buildings, especially in the Inner Temple and Middle Temple inns, had to be rebuilt. Temple Church itself was badly damaged and had to be rebuilt. Nonetheless,
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#17328522101944216-530: The usual way to refer to Acts from 1840 onwards; previously Acts were cited by their long title with the regnal year of the parliamentary session when they received royal assent , and the chapter number. For example, the Pleading in English Act 1362 (which required pleadings to be in English and not Law French ) was referred to as 36 Edw. 3 . c. 15, meaning "36th year of the reign of Edward III , chapter 15". (By contrast, American convention inserts "of", as in " Civil Rights Act of 1964 "). Common law
4284-405: Was directed to administer both law and equity. The neo-Gothic Royal Courts of Justice in The Strand, London, were built shortly afterwards to celebrate these reforms. Public law is the law governing relationships between individuals and the state . Private law encompasses relationships between private individuals and other private entities (but may also cover "private" relationships between
4352-792: Was here. This was an address of William Draper Best MP. This is now home to the Chambers of Oba Nsugbe QC SAN and has been a western circuit set of barristers chambers since approximately 1943. It now comprises 99 barristers and 12 clerks. Henry Fielding lived here. 5 Pump Court Chambers is one of the oldest established barristers' chambers in London . It has been in continuous existence since 1870. It now comprises 57 barristers and 8 clerks. Morris Simeon Oppenheim had chambers here, where he committed suicide on 3 January 1883. 6 Pump Court Chambers specializes in environmental law, international arbitration, planning, health and safety law and all other types of regulatory law, as well as all forms of criminal law, civil law, employment and family law. It
4420-455: Was instead converted into a hotel. Inner Temple and Middle Temple are two of the few remaining liberties , an old name for a geographical administrative division. They are independent extra-parochial areas , historically not governed by the City of London Corporation and are equally outside the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Bishop of London . They are today regarded as local authorities for most purposes, but can delegate functions to
4488-420: Was located in Holborn , roughly where Lincoln's Inn now stands.) In addition to the church, Temple now appears in the names of Inner Temple , Middle Temple , the Temple Bar , and the nearby Temple tube station . After the Knights were suppressed in 1312, their estate, the precinct of The Temple, was first divided into Inner Temple and Outer Temple (denoting what was within the City of London and what
4556-410: Was put up in 1686, and there is an entry in the accounts in respect of it which reads "25th Nov. 1686 Sun Dial in Pump Court £6. 5. 0." It is renovated periodically, and on each of these occasions it was customary for the year and the initials of the Treasurer for the time being to be placed in the centre of the dial. It was restored in 1861. After it was renovated and repainted in 1903, the inscription in
4624-424: Was without); while Inner Temple was later divided into Inner and Middle, Outer Temple generally fell into disuse. The Temple was originally the precinct of the Knights Templar who erected the Temple Church in honour of Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem . The Knights had two halls, whose modern successors are the Middle Temple Hall and the Inner Temple Hall. However, only the Inner Temple Hall preserves elements of
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