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62-711: Psychic TV (also referred to as PTV , Psychick TV , as well as several other aliases) were an English experimental video art and music group, formed by performance artist Genesis P-Orridge and Scottish musician Alex Fergusson in 1981 after the break-up of Throbbing Gristle . Contributors to Psychic TV have included artists such as Coil , Current 93 , Monte Cazazza , Larry Thrasher , Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson , Soft Cell , Fred Giannelli , Hafler Trio , The Cult , Master Musicians of Jajouka , William Breeze , Derek Jarman , John Gosling , Timothy Leary , Rose McDowall , Andrew Weatherall , and Z'EV . Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth (a.k.a. T.O.P.Y.) formed as an organisation at

124-448: A "new definition that makes it possible to restrict to a laboratory, which is tolerated but subject to inspection, all attempts to corrupt musical morals. Once they have set limits to the danger, the good ostriches go to sleep again and wake only to stamp their feet with rage when they are obliged to accept the bitter fact of the periodical ravages caused by experiment." He concludes, "There is no such thing as experimental music ... but there

186-409: A 7" and 12" single on the 10-year anniversary of the death of Joy Division vocalist Ian Curtis . The sleeve was a hand drawn image of Ian Curtis derived from a famous photograph. In the early 1990s, Vice-President of Elektra Records, Howard Thompson took an interest in signing Psychic TV. He explained that he was going to take a one-year sabbatical from the music industry and he had been asked to run

248-600: A DJ set and were interviewed on New York's station WNYU on 5 September 2006. PTV3 performed several songs on WFMU in Jersey City on 7 September. The band were interviewed as well. This was the first time ever Psychic TV had played live on air. To inaugurate the release of Hell Is Invisible... Heaven Is Her/e , PTV3 hosted a five night residency in September 2006 at Galapagos Art Space in Williamsburg, Brooklyn , USA, followed by

310-454: A certain exploratory attitude", experimental music requires a broad and inclusive definition, "a series of ands , if you will", encompassing such areas as "Cageian influences and work with low technology and improvisation and sound poetry and linguistics and new instrument building and multimedia and music theatre and work with high technology and community music, among others, when these activities are done with

372-411: A compositional resource. Free improvisation or free music is improvised music without any rules beyond the taste or inclination of the musician(s) involved; in many cases, the musicians make an active effort to avoid clichés ; i.e., overt references to recognizable musical conventions or genres. The Groupe de Recherches de Musique Concrète (GRMC), under the leadership of Pierre Schaeffer , organized

434-698: A different nation, on the 23rd of each month for 23 months; though the series was discontinued after 17 albums, it earned the band an entry in The Guinness Book of World Records . Towards the end of this period Fergusson/P-Orridge completed their third proper studio album, Allegory and Self (1988)Though recorded in 1986. It was at this point that P-Orridge became interested in the burgeoning acid house and techno movements. Alex Fergusson left early 1987, reason bad management. Was replaced by techno artist Fred Giannelli. During this period Fred Giannelli , Dave Ball from Soft Cell, Richard Norris (who later formed

496-577: A major independent record label and he wanted to sign Psychic TV to that label. The label was in fact, Herb Alpert's and Jerry Moss's new imprint Almo Sounds, after the sale of A & M Records. Studio time was booked and Genesis P-Orridge, Fred Giannelli and Matthew Best went into Brilliant Studios in San Francisco to record demos. Four tracks were recorded and rough mixes delivered and were rejected by Almo Sounds. The songs were entitled: "Snowflake", "Intoxication", "E-Lusive" and "Avatar". During this period,

558-820: A more cohesive movement. The festival closed in 1990 as founder Dimitri Hegemann ’s focus turned to founding the techno club Tresor . In 2013, Berlin Atonal was relaunched at its new permanent home, Kraftwerk , a massive former powerplant, on the cusp of the Mitte and Kreuzberg areas of Berlin, under new directorship. The festival activates the powerplant for a week each year, dedicating its 8,000 square meters to featuring high concept A/V shows, site-specific performances and installations, world premiere commissions and collaborations, screenings and workshops. Each year sees hundreds of individual musicians, choreographers, sound and visual artists performing and presenting their work. The festival

620-531: A new period with Psychic TV returning to its psychedelic pop roots with Thrasher co-producing and co-writing the critically acclaimed Trip/Reset as well as the album "Cold Blue Torch" and new experimental explorations which centred around the spoken word poetry of P-orridge in releases like "Thee Fractured Garden" and "Breathe". "Thee Fractured Garden" was a seminal example of this period where Psychic TV blended ambient music , samples and sound collages with spoken word . This eventually led P-Orridge and Thrasher to

682-624: A place in the Guinness Book of World Records . On 4 November 2009, Genesis P-Orridge announced via their website, "Genesis Breyer P-Orridge is retiring from touring in any and all bands including TG to concentrate on art, writing and music." However, with PTV3 they eventually went on a short European tour in 2013 and were performing occasionally in the US and elsewhere. In 2016 Psychic TV toured internationally to support their Alienist release. Experimental music The practice became prominent in

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744-445: A quite distinct sense of the term was used in the late 1950s to describe computer-controlled composition associated with composers such as Lejaren Hiller . Harry Partch and Ivor Darreg worked with other tuning scales based on the physical laws for harmonic music. For this music they both developed a group of experimental musical instruments . Musique concrète is a form of electroacoustic music that utilises acousmatic sound as

806-413: A years-long pursuit of "pandrogyny", undergoing painful plastic surgery procedures to become gender-neutral human beings that looked like each other. We started out, because we were so crazy in love, just wanting to eat each other up, to become each other and become one. And as we did that, we started to see that it was affecting us in ways that we didn't expect. Really, we were just two parts of one whole;

868-496: Is improvised music without any rules beyond the taste or inclination of the musician(s) involved; in many cases the musicians make an active effort to avoid overt references to recognizable musical genres. Sources Berlin Atonal Berlin Atonal is an annual festival for sonic and visual art in two distinct stages. It first took place between 1982 and 1990, relaunching in 2013 under new direction and continuing to

930-400: Is a collaboration between Berlin Atonal and Berliner Festspiele , closing the ten-day MaerzMusik festival, taking place every March since 2015. The project assembles concerts, performances, electronic live-acts, sound and video installations to form a composition in time and space over 30+ continuous hours, inducing the crowd to immersive experiences of longevity and unconsciousness. Laterne

992-465: Is a very real distinction between sterility and invention". Starting in the 1960s, "experimental music" began to be used in America for almost the opposite purpose, in an attempt to establish an historical category to help legitimize a loosely identified group of radically innovative, " outsider " composers. Whatever success this might have had in academe, this attempt to construct a genre was as abortive as

1054-695: Is mostly taken from the CDs PTV released with Thrasher along with contributors such as Skinny Puppy and other notable musical allies of this time. The original motivation for the Electric Newspaper series was to ensure that the PTV sample files were archived after the loss of the entire PTV sampling library in the dramatic five alarm fire at the Houdini Mansion on Laurel Canyon in Hollywood. This fire, which burned down

1116-420: Is not restricted to the inclusion of sonorities derived from musical instruments or voices , nor to elements traditionally thought of as "musical" ( melody , harmony , rhythm , metre and so on). The theoretical underpinnings of the aesthetic were developed by Pierre Schaeffer , beginning in the late 1940s. Fluxus was an artistic movement started in the 1960s, characterized by an increased theatricality and

1178-472: Is now regarded as one of the most influential sonic arts events in the world. “Berlin Atonal is arguably the city’s most impressive music and arts festival,” wrote critic Megan King in 2017, “spanning a fascinating thirty-year story that is entwined with the history of the city itself.” Berlin Atonal, she argued in Culture Trip, coined Berlin as “a city that originated serious, existentialist music.” Each year

1240-596: Is thought to have been connected with her long-term battle with stomach cancer. Lady Jaye collapsed and died in Genesis' arms, as described in the 2011 movie "The Ballad Of Genesis And Lady Jaye" by Marie Losier. PTV3 released the CD-DVD set Mr. Alien Brain vs. The Skinwalkers in December 2008, the first full-length release since the death of Genesis' "other half" Jaye Breyer (best known as Lady Jaye). The two had previously embarked on

1302-469: Is unknown". David Cope also distinguishes between experimental and avant-garde, describing experimental music as that "which represents a refusal to accept the status quo ". David Nicholls, too, makes this distinction, saying that "...very generally, avant-garde music can be viewed as occupying an extreme position within the tradition, while experimental music lies outside it". Warren Burt cautions that, as "a combination of leading-edge techniques and

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1364-561: The "American Experimental School". These include Charles Ives, Charles and Ruth Crawford Seeger , Henry Cowell , Carl Ruggles , and John Becker . The New York School was an informal group of American poets, painters, dancers, and musicians active in the 1950s and 1960s in New York City. They often drew inspiration from Marcel Duchamp and Dada and contemporary avant-garde art movements, in particular conceptual art , pop art , jazz , improvisational theater, experimental music, and

1426-479: The 'TV' component of the name was intended to focus on the visual elements of the outfit. P-Orridge once claimed that "Psychic TV is a video group who does music unlike a music group which makes music videos". Psychic TV made their live debut in Autumn 1982 as a part of the "Final Academy", a multi-performance event dedicated to and featuring William S. Burroughs . In November 1982, Psychic TV's debut studio album, Force

1488-439: The 18,000 sq ft (1,700 m) mansion, left P-Orridge in the intensive care unit at Cedar Sinai hospital with life-threatening injuries after they (along with members of the band Love and Rockets ) jumped from their bedroom windows to escape the flames. Results of this event sent P-Orridge on a two-year health sabbatical to recover, during which they were involved in a million dollar lawsuit against Rick Rubin , who owned

1550-507: The 1950s, the term "experimental" was often applied by conservative music critics—along with a number of other words, such as "engineers art", "musical splitting of the atom", "alchemist's kitchen", "atonal", and "serial"—as a deprecating jargon term, which must be regarded as "abortive concepts", since they did not "grasp a subject". This was an attempt to marginalize, and thereby dismiss various kinds of music that did not conform to established conventions. In 1955, Pierre Boulez identified it as

1612-578: The 23rd day of 23 consecutive months. Psychic TV was influential in pioneering the acid house genre, releasing several fake compilations in an effort to popularize the sound, such as Jack the Tab and Tekno Acid Beat . According to some, acid house was actually given its name by Genesis Breyer P-Orridge . After breaking up in 1999, they reformed as PTV3 with a completely new line-up in 2003, but disbanded in 2020 when their core member Genesis Breyer P-Orridge died. Since Genesis P-Orridge primarily wrote

1674-450: The European avant-garde of the time ( Boulez , Kagel , Xenakis , Birtwistle , Berio , Stockhausen , and Bussotti ), for whom "The identity of a composition is of paramount importance". The word "experimental" in the former cases "is apt, providing it is understood not as descriptive of an act to be later judged in terms of success or failure, but simply as of an act the outcome of which

1736-565: The First International Decade of Experimental Music between 8 and 18 June 1953. This appears to have been an attempt by Schaeffer to reverse the assimilation of musique concrète into the German elektronische Musik , and instead tried to subsume musique concrète, elektronische Musik , tape music, and world music under the rubric "musique experimentale". Publication of Schaeffer's manifesto was delayed by four years, by which time Schaeffer

1798-738: The Grid with Dave Ball), John Gosling, engineer Richard Evans and other techno artists released music not only as Psychic TV but also under a variety of fake names. The idea behind this was to release fake "compilations" by imaginary artists, creating a sense that a healthy acid house scene existed in the UK. The key studio albums of this period were Jack the Tab – Acid Tablets Volume One (1988), Tekno Acid Beat (1988), Towards Thee Infinite Beat (1990; credited to Psychic TV) and Beyond Thee Infinite Beat (1992; credited to Psychic TV; 12" remixes of Towards tracks which could be played at 33 or 45 rpm). Almost all of

1860-487: The Hand of Chance , was released by Some Bizzare Records and distributed by WEA International ; its accompanying single, "Just Drifting", came out in the same year's December. Dreams Less Sweet , a follow-up to Force... , was released in 1983. Lyrics were handled by P-Orridge while the music was written by Fergusson and sound experiments primarily created by Christopherson and Geff Rushton, a.k.a. John Balance – foreshadowing

1922-659: The Houdini Mansion. P-Orridge won the case, but was left with a metal plate and eight screws in their permanently disabled and reconstructed arm. In 1998 P-Orridge announced that they primarily wanted to move into spoken word, which is when Campagna left the band to pursue his own projects, and turned to focus on Thee Majesty with musical line-up of Larry Thrasher and Bryin Dall. In 2005, the Voiceprint record label in England re-released several older Psychic TV and Genesis P-Orridge albums under

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1984-626: The Moon for the 21st century". Concerts in 2006 included Sheffield, Birmingham and London, UK, as well as Brussels, Amsterdam and Moscow. The 2006 line up consisted of Genesis Breyer P-Orridge (vocals, "noise bass"), Lady Jaye Breyer P-Orridge (samples), Edley ODowd (drums), Alice Genese (bass), David Max (guitar), Markus Aurelius Cirkus Maximus Dangerous Fabulous Persson (keyboards) and Zef Noi$ e (electric violin). The 2006 shows included an 'all new video light show' by Sterile Cowboys & Co. (a.k.a. Nicolas Jenkins) – three screens of heavily overlaid video with

2046-468: The US, P-Orridge underwent a divorce which traumatised them immensely. Most of the output during this period was made up of re-releases of earlier albums, especially by industrial music record labels who released the albums as a "paying of respects" to the founder of industrial music . In 1992 Kim Cascone , founder of Silent Records, introduced P-Orridge to Larry Thrasher , co-founder of the mid 80's American experimental noise band Thessalonians. This began

2108-612: The above-mentioned tour. Hell Is Invisible... Heaven Is Her/e was released in 2007. In February 2007 the website Side-Line announced the news that the Fee Lee record label released a Psychic TV live album, Live in Russia . In the same year Psychic TV played at the ZXZW festival. Lady Jaye died suddenly on 9 October 2007 at home in Brooklyn, New York, from a previously undiagnosed heart condition which

2170-465: The aim of finding those musics 'we don't like, yet', [citing Herbert Brün ] in a 'problem-seeking environment' [citing Chris Mann ]". Benjamin Piekut argues that this "consensus view of experimentalism" is based on an a priori "grouping", rather than asking the question "How have these composers been collected together in the first place, that they can now be the subject of a description?" That is, "for

2232-640: The band famously performed at Mr Floppy's Flophouse events in Oakland. In 1992, a video apparently created by Psychic TV was falsely presented as evidence of Satanic ritual abuse in an edition of Channel 4 TV's Dispatches . As a result, P-Orridge claimed initially that they were deported, although later admitted that they decided not to return to England from Kathmandu, where they and their family had been on holiday after selling an Austin Osman Spare painting to Chris Stein from Blondie for US$ 10,000 which financed

2294-416: The category it purports to explain is an exercise in metaphysics , not ontology". Leonard B. Meyer , on the other hand, includes under "experimental music" composers rejected by Nyman, such as Berio, Boulez and Stockhausen, as well as the techniques of "total serialism ", holding that "there is no single, or even pre-eminent, experimental music, but rather a plethora of different methods and kinds". In

2356-544: The create several offshoot groups Splinter Test and later Thee Majesty , which focused on the spoken word and sonic experiments. Other notable releases upon which P-Orridge collaborated with Thrasher were the Electric Newspapers, a series of open source sample releases that blurred the sampling CD concept with a stream of consciousness listening experience. Material from the Electric Newspaper series of releases (there are six in total, but only four have been released)

2418-499: The early musique concrète work of Schaeffer and Henry in France. There is a considerable overlap between Downtown music and what is more generally called experimental music, especially as that term was defined at length by Nyman in his book Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond (1974, second edition 1999). A number of early 20th-century American composers, seen as precedents to and influences on John Cage, are sometimes referred to as

2480-451: The early years of Atonal fostered revolutionary and innovative musical acts such as Malaria! , Einstürzende Neubauten , Test Dept , Laibach , Psychic TV , 808 State , Die Haut among many others. Throughout the 1980s Berlin Atonal was at the vanguard of the progressive electronic and experimental music and art scenes, and worked to coalesce these emerging sounds in Berlin and worldwide into

2542-815: The festival plays host to several commissioned works. Among the artists and new collaborations who have produced new work for the festival or one of its side projects, or contributed with a specially devised project are: Actress , Alessandro Cortini , Alvin Lucier , Anika Schwarzlose, Autechre , Bruce Conner , Cabaret Voltaire , Caterina Barbieri , Clock DVA , Cyprien Gaillard , Glenn Branca , Iancu Dumitrescu , John Gerrard , Jon Hassell , Le Syndicat Electronique, Leslie Winer , Lillian Schwartz , Mark Lanegan , Mick Harris , Mika Vainio , Paul Jebanasam, Peter Burr , Peter Zinovieff , Shackleton , Surgeon , Strawalde , Susanne Winterling, Tino Sehgal , Tony Conrad , Wang Bing , Wolfgang Tillmans , Zhao Liang . The Long Now

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2604-415: The inception of the band, who conceived it as a magical order and the philosophical wing of Psychic TV. T.O.P.Y. also functions as a cult-like fan-club for the group. Psychic TV have released over one hundred full-length albums to date, and earned an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records for most records released in one year (1986). This occurred after the band attempted to release 23 live albums on

2666-420: The interaction of friends in the New York City art world's vanguard circle . Composers/Musicians included John Cage , Earle Brown , Christian Wolff , Morton Feldman , David Tudor among others. Dance related: Merce Cunningham Musique concrète ( French ; literally, "concrete music"), is a form of electroacoustic music that utilises acousmatic sound as a compositional resource. The compositional material

2728-477: The live shows in this period were based around the songs on these albums. From '88–'90 PTV was very stable as a live unit and did more gigs and touring than any other version of PTV before or after. They embarked on a long tour of the US and UK in 1988, Europe in 1989 and another long tour of the United States in 1990. In 1990, Psychic TV released the song "I.C. Water" from the album Towards Thee Infinite Beat as

2790-404: The lyrics instead of the music for Psychic TV, they would assemble different groups of musicians together to create the music. The history of Psychic TV can be broken up into the periods of the main songwriter that was working with them at the time. Psychic TV was formed with the core membership of Genesis P-Orridge (ex- Throbbing Gristle ) and Alex Fergusson in 1981. Alex Fergusson was a member of

2852-428: The meaningless namecalling noted by Metzger, since by the "genre's" own definition the work it includes is "radically different and highly individualistic". It is therefore not a genre, but an open category, "because any attempt to classify a phenomenon as unclassifiable and (often) elusive as experimental music must be partial". Furthermore, the characteristic indeterminacy in performance "guarantees that two versions of

2914-522: The mid-20th century, particularly in Europe and North America. John Cage was one of the earliest composers to use the term and one of experimental music's primary innovators, utilizing indeterminacy techniques and seeking unknown outcomes. In France, as early as 1953, Pierre Schaeffer had begun using the term musique expérimentale to describe compositional activities that incorporated tape music , musique concrète , and elektronische Musik . In America,

2976-453: The middle screen overlaid by yet another layer of "analog" projections, including moiréd overlays and liquid/oil effects performed by "something human" a.k.a. Caleigh Fisher, a friend from the TOPY years. Videos from the upcoming album and DVDs were previewed as works in process. Much of the video work revolves around Breyer P-Orridges exploration of the 'pandrogyne'. P-Orridge and Mo Edley performed

3038-446: The most part, experimental music studies describes [ sic ] a category without really explaining it". He finds laudable exceptions in the work of David Nicholls and, especially, Amy Beal, and concludes from their work that "The fundamental ontological shift that marks experimentalism as an achievement is that from representationalism to performativity ", so that "an explanation of experimentalism that already assumes

3100-580: The name Thee Majesty, and also a new album recorded with the band Cotton Ferox. Also, a 2005 release, Mary Never Wanted Jesus , credited to Genesis P-Orridge & Thee Majesty featured archive PTV material alongside new Thee Majesty recordings. PTV, as a rock entity, had a "final show" in 1999 at The Royal Festival Hall in London. This show also marked the end of P-Orridge's exile from the UK. With encouragement from drummer Edley ODowd of Toilet Böys , Genesis reformed Psychic TV with an all new line-up, returning to

3162-404: The pair's later work as Coil . Marc Almond of Soft Cell also contributed vocals. The live shows, such as those given at the famous Berlin Atonal festival, continued to bear improvised noise elements until Peter Christopherson left the group and Fergusson implemented new musicians. In 1986, Psychic TV began an intended series of 23 live show performances being recorded and released, each from

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3224-567: The pandrogyne was the whole and we were each other's other half. Band leader Genesis P-Orridge was diagnosed with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia in October 2017, and died in New York City on 14 March 2020, aged 70. Psychic TV have performed live many times in their career with an ever-changing and eclectic selection of musicians. Live releases account for about half of Psychic TV's discography and with one series of live releases they released seventeen live albums in eighteen months, enough to earn them

3286-587: The present day. The festival presents contemporary, interdisciplinary projects at the intersection of sound art, visual and media art, installation and performance, with an emphasis on commissioned work and world premieres. Apart from the annual event, Berlin Atonal has presented other satellite events such as The Long Now, New Assembly in Tokyo, and has collaborated with Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester, Dark Mofo and Berliner Festspiele. Originally staged at SO36 in Kreuzberg ,

3348-443: The punk/experimental outfit Alternative TV , with whom P-Orridge performed at one point throughout Throbbing Gristle's run. The "TV" of the band's title contributed the latter half of the name Psychic TV. Similarities can be seen in the artwork for Alternative TV and early Psychic TV releases, with a recurring pastiche on the 'as seen on TV' marketing style. Fellow ex-TG member Peter Christopherson got involved in 1982 and claimed that

3410-444: The same piece will have virtually no perceptible musical 'facts' in common". In the late 1950s, Lejaren Hiller and L. M. Isaacson used the term in connection with computer-controlled composition, in the scientific sense of "experiment": making predictions for new compositions based on established musical technique ( Mauceri 1997 , 194–195). The term "experimental music" was used contemporaneously for electronic music , particularly in

3472-460: The stage in 2003 with a concert in New York under the guise of PTV3, with a lineup including Edley ODowd, Alice Genese (bass), Douglas Rushkoff (keyboards) and Lady Jaye Breyer P-Orridge (sampler). The concert featured video projections by Sam Zimmerman ( Crash Worship ). In September 2004, an extensive tour of Europe (covering sixteen countries) and North America was launched. 2005 saw the band return to

3534-566: The studio, recording their first album in over ten years (P-Orridge also spent 2005 working with Throbbing Gristle on their first album in over twenty-five years). Additionally, a few more dates were performed in Europe throughout the year. In January 2006, a new PTV album was announced by P-Orridge on their website entitled Hell Is Invisible... Heaven Is Her/e . The album was recorded in New York and features Nick Zinner ( Yeah Yeah Yeahs ) and Gibby Haynes ( Butthole Surfers ) guesting on some tracks. P-Orridge described it as " The Dark Side of

3596-477: The term "experimental" also to describe the work of other American composers ( Christian Wolff , Earle Brown , Meredith Monk , Malcolm Goldstein , Morton Feldman , Terry Riley , La Monte Young , Philip Glass , Steve Reich , etc.), as well as composers such as Gavin Bryars , John Cale , Toshi Ichiyanagi , Cornelius Cardew , John Tilbury , Frederic Rzewski , and Keith Rowe . Nyman opposes experimental music to

3658-433: The trip. They also spent some time with Tibetan refugees, and instead of returning to the UK chose to go into "self-imposed exile". The programme was later discredited, though not before their house was raided by the police and the allegations had been repeated in the tabloid press. They said that they felt they would not get a fair hearing if they returned to England, so the family moved to California. Shortly after moving to

3720-724: The use of mixed media . Another known musical aspect appearing in the Fluxus movement was the use of Primal Scream at performances, derived from the primal therapy . Yoko Ono used this technique of expression. The term "experimental" has sometimes been applied to the mixture of recognizable music genres, especially those identified with specific ethnic groups, as found for example in the music of Laurie Anderson , Chou Wen-chung , Steve Reich , Kevin Volans , Martin Scherzinger, Michael Blake, and Rüdiger Meyer. Free improvisation or free music

3782-527: Was anticipated by several months in a lecture delivered by Wolfgang Edward Rebner at the Darmstädter Ferienkurse on 13 August 1954, titled "Amerikanische Experimentalmusik". Rebner's lecture extended the concept back in time to include Charles Ives , Edgard Varèse , and Henry Cowell , as well as Cage, due to their focus on sound as such rather than compositional method. Composer and critic Michael Nyman starts from Cage's definition, and develops

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3844-420: Was favoring the term "recherche musicale" (music research), though he never wholly abandoned "musique expérimentale". John Cage was also using the term as early as 1955. According to Cage's definition, "an experimental action is one the outcome of which is not foreseen", and he was specifically interested in completed works that performed an unpredictable action . In Germany, the publication of Cage's article

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