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36-506: [REDACTED] Look up voiceprint in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Voiceprint can refer to the spectrogram of a voice. More specific uses include: VoicePrint, as of March 2012 now AMI-audio , Canada's broadcast reading service Voiceprint Records , an English record label The stored template used to identify a person via their voice in speaker recognition Topics referred to by

72-411: A filter is usually a two-port circuit or device which removes frequency components of a signal (an alternating voltage or current). A band-pass filter allows through components in a specified band of frequencies, called its passband but blocks components with frequencies above or below this band. This contrasts with a high-pass filter , which allows through components with frequencies above

108-417: A bank of band-pass filters , by Fourier transform or by a wavelet transform (in which case it is also known as a scaleogram or scalogram ). A spectrogram is usually depicted as a heat map , i.e., as an image with the intensity shown by varying the colour or brightness . A common format is a graph with two geometric dimensions: one axis represents time , and the other axis represents frequency ;

144-530: A false cycle. The use of the nomenclature "ideal" implicitly involves a greatly fallacious assumption except on scarce occasions. Nevertheless, the use of the "ideal" filter remains common despite its limitations. Fortunately, band-pass filters are available that steer clear of such errors, adapt to the data series at hand, and yield more accurate assessments of the business cycle fluctuations in major economic series like Real GDP, Investment, and Consumption - as well as their sub-components. An early work, published in

180-451: A filterbank that results from a series of band-pass filters (this was the only way before the advent of modern digital signal processing), or calculated from the time signal using the Fourier transform . These two methods actually form two different time–frequency representations , but are equivalent under some conditions. The bandpass filters method usually uses analog processing to divide

216-460: A selected range of frequencies to be heard or decoded, while preventing signals at unwanted frequencies from getting through. Signals at frequencies outside the band which the receiver is tuned at, can either saturate or damage the receiver. Additionally they can create unwanted mixing products that fall in band and interfere with the signal of interest. Wideband receivers are particularly susceptible to such interference. A bandpass filter also optimizes

252-425: A specific band of light frequencies, commonly used in photography and theatre lighting, and acoustic filters which allow through sound waves of a specific band of frequencies. An example of an analogue electronic band-pass filter is an RLC circuit (a resistor – inductor – capacitor circuit ). These filters can also be created by combining a low-pass filter with a high-pass filter . A bandpass signal

288-428: A specific frequency, and a low-pass filter , which allows through components with frequencies below a specific frequency. In digital signal processing , in which signals represented by digital numbers are processed by computer programs, a band-pass filter is a computer algorithm that performs the same function. The term band-pass filter is also used for optical filters , sheets of colored material which allow through

324-500: A third dimension indicating the amplitude of a particular frequency at a particular time is represented by the intensity or color of each point in the image. There are many variations of format: sometimes the vertical and horizontal axes are switched, so time runs up and down; sometimes as a waterfall plot where the amplitude is represented by height of a 3D surface instead of color or intensity. The frequency and amplitude axes can be either linear or logarithmic , depending on what

360-422: A vertical line in the image; a measurement of magnitude versus frequency for a specific moment in time (the midpoint of the chunk). These spectrums or time plots are then "laid side by side" to form the image or a three-dimensional surface, or slightly overlapped in various ways, i.e. windowing . This process essentially corresponds to computing the squared magnitude of the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) of

396-434: A wide passband. These are respectively referred to as narrow-band and wide-band filters. Bandpass filters are widely used in wireless transmitters and receivers. The main function of such a filter in a transmitter is to limit the bandwidth of the output signal to the band allocated for the transmission. This prevents the transmitter from interfering with other stations. In a receiver, a bandpass filter allows signals within

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432-405: Is a signal containing a band of frequencies not adjacent to zero frequency, such as a signal that comes out of a bandpass filter. An ideal bandpass filter would have a completely flat passband: all frequencies within the passband would be passed to the output without amplification or attenuation, and would completely attenuate all frequencies outside the passband. In practice, no bandpass filter

468-399: Is an example of a computer program that attempts to do this. The pattern playback was an early speech synthesizer, designed at Haskins Laboratories in the late 1940s, that converted pictures of the acoustic patterns of speech (spectrograms) back into sound. In fact, there is some phase information in the spectrogram, but it appears in another form, as time delay (or group delay ) which is

504-715: Is called the beam-mass system. Ensemble of beam-mass systems can be transformed into a band pass filter when appropriate dimensions of beams and masses are chosen. Although the process of designing a mechanical band pass filter is advanced, further study and work are still required to design more flexible band pass filters to suit large frequency intervals. This mechanical band pass filter could be used on vibration sources with distinct peak-power frequencies. In neuroscience , visual cortical simple cells were first shown by David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel to have response properties that resemble Gabor filters , which are band-pass. In astronomy , band-pass filters are used to allow only

540-463: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Spectrogram Spectrograms are used extensively in the fields of music , linguistics , sonar , radar , speech processing , seismology , ornithology , and others. Spectrograms of audio can be used to identify spoken words phonetically , and to analyse the various calls of animals . A spectrogram can be generated by an optical spectrometer ,

576-401: Is ideal. The filter does not attenuate all frequencies outside the desired frequency range completely; in particular, there is a region just outside the intended passband where frequencies are attenuated, but not rejected. This is known as the filter roll-off , and it is usually expressed in dB of attenuation per octave or decade of frequency. Generally, the design of a filter seeks to make

612-457: Is the use of bandpass filters to extract the business cycle component in economic time series. This reveals more clearly the expansions and contractions in economic activity that dominate the lives of the public and the performance of diverse firms, and therefore is of interest to a wide audience of economists and policy-makers, among others. Economic data usually has quite different statistical properties than data in say, electrical engineering. It

648-439: Is very common for a researcher to directly carry over traditional methods such as the "ideal" filter, which has a perfectly sharp gain function in the frequency domain. However, in doing so, substantial problems can arise that can cause distortions and make the filter output extremely misleading. As a poignant and simple case, the use of an "ideal" filter on white noise (which could represent for example stock price changes) creates

684-412: Is very low when covering the 4G and 5G spectrum , while providing good return loss and group delay . Energy scavengers are devices that search for energy from the environment efficiently. Band pass filters can be implemented to energy scavengers by converting energy generated from vibration into electric energy. The band pass filter designed by Shahruz (2005), is an ensemble of cantilever beams, which

720-503: The 4G and 5G wireless communication applications respectively. It is developed and extended from 3-pole single-band band pass filter, where an additional resonator is applied to a 3-pole single-band band pass filter. The advanced band pass filter has a compact size with a simple structure, which is convenient for implementation. Moreover, the stop band rejection and selectivity present a good performance in RF noise suppression. Insertion loss

756-487: The dual of the instantaneous frequency . The size and shape of the analysis window can be varied. A smaller (shorter) window will produce more accurate results in timing, at the expense of precision of frequency representation. A larger (longer) window will provide a more precise frequency representation, at the expense of precision in timing representation. This is an instance of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle , that

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792-574: The Review of Economics and Statistics in 2003, more effectively handles the kind of data (stochastic rather than deterministic) arising in macroeconomics. In this paper entitled "General Model-Based Filters for Extracting Trends and Cycles in Economic Time Series", Andrew Harvey and Thomas Trimbur develop a class of adaptive band pass filters. These have been successfully applied in various situations involving business cycle movements in myriad nations in

828-415: The cutoff frequency, e.g., a shape factor of 2:1 at 30/3 dB means the bandwidth measured between frequencies at 30 dB attenuation is twice that measured between frequencies at 3 dB attenuation. A band-pass filter can be characterized by its Q factor . The Q -factor is the reciprocal of the fractional bandwidth . A high- Q filter will have a narrow passband and a low- Q filter will have

864-450: The designs of experimenting the band pass filter to achieve low insertion loss with a compact size. The necessity of adopting asymmetric frequency response is in behalf of reducing the number of resonators , insertion loss , size and cost of circuit production. 4-pole cross-coupled band pass filter is designed by Hussaini et al.(2015). This band pass filter is designed to cover the 2.5-2.6  GHz and 3.4-3.7  GHz spectrum for

900-468: The formula above, it appears that a spectrogram contains no information about the exact, or even approximate, phase of the signal that it represents. For this reason, it is not possible to reverse the process and generate a copy of the original signal from a spectrogram, though in situations where the exact initial phase is unimportant it may be possible to generate a useful approximation of the original signal. The Analysis & Resynthesis Sound Spectrograph

936-440: The graph is being used for. Audio would usually be represented with a logarithmic amplitude axis (probably in decibels , or dB), and frequency would be linear to emphasize harmonic relationships, or logarithmic to emphasize musical, tonal relationships. Spectrograms of light may be created directly using an optical spectrometer over time. Spectrograms may be created from a time-domain signal in one of two ways: approximated as

972-480: The input signal into frequency bands; the magnitude of each filter's output controls a transducer that records the spectrogram as an image on paper. Creating a spectrogram using the FFT is a digital process . Digitally sampled data, in the time domain , is broken up into chunks, which usually overlap, and Fourier transformed to calculate the magnitude of the frequency spectrum for each chunk. Each chunk then corresponds to

1008-463: The international economy. Band pass filters can be implemented in 4G and 5G wireless communication systems . Hussaini et al.(2015) stated that, in the application of wireless communication , radio frequency noise is a major concern. In the current development of 5G technology, planer band pass filters are used to suppress RF noises and removing unwanted signals . Combine, hairpin, parallel-coupled line, step impedance and stub impedance are

1044-513: The ports may generally be replaced by passive radiators if desired. An eighth order bandpass box is another variation which also has a narrow frequency range. They are often used in sound pressure level competitions, in which case a bass tone of a specific frequency would be used versus anything musical. They are complicated to build and must be done quite precisely in order to perform nearly as intended. Bandpass filters can also be used outside of engineering-related disciplines. A leading example

1080-424: The product of the precision in two conjugate variables is greater than or equal to a constant (B*T>=1 in the usual notation). Band-pass filter A band-pass filter or bandpass filter ( BPF ) is a device that passes frequencies within a certain range and rejects ( attenuates ) frequencies outside that range. It is the inverse of a band-stop filter . In electronics and signal processing ,

1116-521: The radiation from the front surface of the cone is into a ported chamber. This modifies the resonance of the driver. In its simplest form a compound enclosure has two chambers. The dividing wall between the chambers holds the driver; typically only one chamber is ported. If the enclosure on each side of the woofer has a port in it then the enclosure yields a 6th order band-pass response. These are considerably harder to design and tend to be very sensitive to driver characteristics. As in other reflex enclosures,

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1152-404: The roll-off as narrow as possible, thus allowing the filter to perform as close as possible to its intended design. Often, this is achieved at the expense of pass-band or stop-band ripple . The bandwidth of the filter is simply the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies . The shape factor is the ratio of bandwidths measured using two different attenuation values to determine

1188-416: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Voiceprint . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voiceprint&oldid=580956548 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1224-476: The signal s ( t ) {\displaystyle s(t)} — that is, for a window width ω {\displaystyle \omega } , s p e c t r o g r a m ( t , ω ) = | S T F T ( t , ω ) | 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {spectrogram} (t,\omega )=\left|\mathrm {STFT} (t,\omega )\right|^{2}} . From

1260-418: The signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity of a receiver. In both transmitting and receiving applications, well-designed bandpass filters, having the optimum bandwidth for the mode and speed of communication being used, maximize the number of signal transmitters that can exist in a system, while minimizing the interference or competition among signals. Outside of electronics and signal processing, one example of

1296-412: The use of band-pass filters is in the atmospheric sciences . It is common to band-pass filter recent meteorological data with a period range of, for example, 3 to 10 days, so that only cyclones remain as fluctuations in the data fields. A 4th order electrical bandpass filter can be simulated by a vented box in which the contribution from the rear face of the driver cone is trapped in a sealed box, and

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