Prudente José de Morais Barros (4 October 1841 – 3 December 1902), often referred to as Prudente de Morais , was a Brazilian lawyer and politician who served as the third president of Brazil from 1894 to 1898. Morais was elected in 1894 , being the first civilian president of the country, the first to be elected by direct popular ballot under the permanent provisions of Brazil's 1891 Constitution , and the first to serve his term in its entirety. Before his presidency he served as president ( governor ) of the state of São Paulo and president of the Senate from 1891 to 1894. He was also president of the Constituent Congress that drafted and enacted Brazil's 1891 Constitution.
41-545: Prudente may refer to: Prudente de Morais (1841–1902), the third president of Brazil (the first civilian) Nemesio Prudente (died 2008), Filipino political activist and university president French ship Prudent , including ships named Prudente HMS Prudente (1779) , one of the ships mentioned above; captured by the British in 1779 See also [ edit ] Philip II of Spain , known as Felipe el Prudente ("Philip
82-492: A Burschenschaft . However, he resigned two years after he joined because of the fraternity's antisemitism. While in communist East Germany Burschenschaften were prohibited as representatives of a bourgeois attitude to be extinguished, in West Germany most Burschenschaften were refounded in the 1950s. Some of them had to be transferred into other cities, since Germany had lost great parts of its territories after
123-556: A German nation based on language, thought and culture, the NeueDB favors defining Germany as the political Germany established by the German Basic Law (constitution) in 1949 and altered by the 1990 unification . Many Burschenschaften are not organized at all since they do not see an organization that represents their values sufficiently. Because of the German emigration into Chile in
164-522: A diplomatic issue involving the British, who took possession of the islands of Trindade and Martim Vaz in 1895, and the revolt of the Military School. He asserted his authority by closing the school and military club. The diplomatic issue was resolved favorably in favor of Brazil. Prudente de Morais re-established relations with Portugal and signed a Treaty of Friendship with Japan in November 1895 with
205-548: A supporter of the republican form of government, abolition of slavery and federalism. As provincial deputy, he worked with the complex issue of the borders of São Paulo with Minas Gerais , a subject on which he was an expert. After the proclamation of the Republic in 1889, his Party began to dominate national politics, and Morais was elected to the Constituent Congress as Senator for São Paulo. Due to his leading position in
246-783: A third of the Burschenschaften . Others are organized in the Schwarzburgbund Schwarzburgbund (Schwarzburg League), the Neue Deutsche Burschenschaft Neue Deutsche Burschenschaft ( NeueDB , New Germany Fraternity) or the Allgemeine Deutsche Burschenschaft Allgemeine Deutsche Burschenschaft (General German Student Union). While the DB still insists upon Fichte 's idea of
287-572: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Prudente de Morais His presidency was marked by the end of the Federalist Revolution in southern Brazil and the War of Canudos , a peasant revolt in the northeast of the country that was crushed by the Brazilian Army . He also had to face a break in diplomatic relations with Portugal that
328-572: Is prohibited in Chile). Most Burschenschaften are pflichtschlagend , i.e. their members must sustain a number of Mensuren . Academic fencing is still an important part of their self-understanding as well as political education. Many Burschenschaften , often found in certain "umbrella" organisations (such as the Burschenschaftliche Gemeinschaft ), are associated with right-wing or far-right ideas, in particular with
369-569: The Catete Palace . With the early rebel victories of Antônio Conselheiro in the War of Canudos, the political situation further deteriorated. Morais interrupted his convalescence and then appointed Minister of War general Carlos Machado de Bittencourt [ pt ] to lead a new expedition to defeat the rebels. Internal disputes within the PRF and the War of Canudos wore down the government. Even with
410-519: The Encilhamento economic bubble took its toll on the administration, mainly because of military spending and increased debt to foreign creditors. With the advice of his ministers of finance, Rodrigues Alves and Bernardino de Campos, Morais negotiated with British bankers to consolidate debt in a financial transaction known as the funding loan, based on the policy implemented by Joaquim Murtinho within four years. In foreign policy, in 1896 Morais faced
451-548: The Nazi regime in 1935/6. In West Germany , the Burschenschaften were re-established in the 1950s, but they faced a renewed crisis in the 1960s and 1970s, as the mainstream political outlook of the German student movement of that period started leaning more towards the left. Roughly 160 Burschenschaften exist today in Germany, Austria and Chile. The very first one, called Urburschenschaft (" original Burschenschaft "),
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#1732854873518492-529: The 1990s many Burschenschaften that had left Eastern Germany in the 1940s and 1950s returned to their traditional home universities in the East. Roughly 160 Burschenschaften still exist today and many are organized in different organizations ranging from progressive to nationalistic. Among the latter is the Deutsche Burschenschaft organization ( DB , German Burschenschaft), which represents about
533-524: The 19th century as associations of university students inspired by liberal and nationalistic ideas. They were significantly involved in the March Revolution and the unification of Germany . After the formation of the German Empire in 1871, they faced a crisis, as their main political objective had been realized. So-called Reformburschenschaften were established, but these were dissolved by
574-684: The 3rd district to the 1868–1869 legislature in São Paulo, being appointed a member of the Provincial Assembly's Justice and Legislation Commission. In 1873, he joined the Republican Party of São Paulo (PRP) and declared himself a republican as a representative in the Provincial Assembly. He was a provincial deputy in the city of São Paulo and deputy to the General Assembly of the Empire as
615-513: The Austrian Alps were dissolved by the Nazi government or transformed and fused with other Studentenverbindungen into so-called Kameradschaften (comradeships). Some Nazis (e.g. Ernst Kaltenbrunner ) and Nazi opponents ( Karl Sack , Hermann Kaiser) were members of Burschenschaften . Theodor Herzl , an Austrian Jewish journalist who founded modern political Zionism , was also a member of
656-760: The Brazilian Republic, in the faculty Morais joined the Bucha, a secret student society of a liberal, abolitionist , and republican nature founded by German professor Julius Frank and inspired by the Burschenschaft associations. Morais graduated with a Legal and Social Sciences degree in 1863 and moved to Piracicaba the following year, where he opened a law firm and began to work as an attorney. Prudente de Morais married Adelaide Benvinda da Silva Gordo on 18 May 1866 in Santos . Together they had seven children. Adelaide
697-565: The Constitution in the vice-president of the Republic. In November 1891 however, President Deodoro da Fonseca attempted to dissolve Congress and rule as a dictator, but after a few weeks he was forced to resign the presidency due to the First Revolt of the Navy ; Vice-President Floriano Peixoto then succeeded to the presidency of the Republic, and the vice-presidency became vacant and remained so until
738-535: The Florianists. Shortly after the rebel movement in Rio Grande do Sul, Prudente faced an even greater challenge: the War of Canudos in the interior of Bahia . Forced to undergo surgery, Prudente de Morais retired from power between 10 November 1896 and 4 March 1897, turning over his responsibilities to vice president Vitorino. During this interim, Vitorino transferred the seat of government from Itamaraty Palace to
779-616: The Party, he was chosen by his peers as President of the Constituent Congress, that promulgated the Brazil's first republican Constitution in 1891. Morais ran in the first Brazilian presidential election (conducted by the Constituent Congress after the promulgation of the Constitution and in accordance with its transitional provisions), but lost to incumbent head of the Provisional Government Deodoro da Fonseca . After that election and
820-501: The Prudent") Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Prudente . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prudente&oldid=1042038732 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
861-478: The Second World War, and many Burschenschaften from East Germany also tried to find a new home. The allied victors had forbidden refounding Burschenschaften originally, but this could not be upheld in a liberal surrounding. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Burschenschaften , as many other student fraternities, underwent a crisis: a lack of new members and strong attacks by the leftist student community. In
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#1732854873518902-613: The aim of encouraging the arrival of Japanese immigrants. A boundary dispute with Argentina arbitrated by U.S. President Grover Cleveland was resolved in favor of Brazil. Historians ascribe that diplomatic success to the efforts and diligence of the Brazilian Government's representative, the Baron of Rio Branco , appointed by Morais to lead the Brazilian delegation in the arbitration process. The city of Presidente Prudente , located in
943-556: The exclusion of Jews, who were considered to be un-German. Nevertheless, all Burschenschaften were banned as revolutionary by Klemens Wenzel von Metternich of Austria when he issued the reactionary Carlsbad Decrees in 1819. Many Burschenschafter took part in the Hambacher Fest in 1832 and the democratic Revolution in 1848/49. After this revolution had been suppressed, plenty of leading Burschenschafter , such as Friedrich Hecker and Carl Schurz , went abroad. After
984-535: The family moved to Piracicaba . After receiving his first schooling from his own mother, Morais joined the Delgado School in 1855 at the age of 14, but the school was closed in the following year. Morais wanted to move to São Paulo, where he could take preparatory courses for the Faculty of Law , but his stepfather was against his decision, despite the expenses being covered by the inheritance left by his father. With
1025-412: The first president of Brazil to be elected by direct vote and the first civilian president of Brazil. Prudente gleaned 276,583 votes against 38,291 for his main competitor, Afonso Pena . The election had more than 29 politicians polled. His vice-president was Dr. Manuel Vitorino Pereira . His election marked the coming to power of the coffee oligarchy of São Paulo (the "paulista oligarchy") in place of
1066-541: The foundation of the German Empire in 1871, the Burschenschaften movement faced a severe crisis, as one major goal had been achieved to some extent: German unification . In the 1880s, a renaissance movement, the Reformburschenschaften , led by the ideas of Küster, arose and many new B!B! were founded. It was also during this time until the 1890s when many members turned increasingly towards anti-Semitic outlook believing it provided an approach to achieving
1107-464: The fraternity's fundamental goal. Such members viewed the Jews as a problem that hampered the unification of Germany and the achievement of new values the organization advanced. There were members who resigned to protest a resolution adopted at an Eisenach meeting declaring that Burschenschaft "have no Jewish members and do not plan to have any in the future." In 1935/36, most Burschenschaften north of
1148-515: The help of his mother, Morais was able to move to São Paulo in April 1857, where he enrolled at João Carlos da Fonseca's school. In November 1858 he took his last preparatory exams and in 1859 he enrolled in the Faculty of Law. During his studies at the Faculty of Law, Morais was a colleague of Campos Sales , Bernardino de Campos , Rangel Pestana, and Francisco Quirino dos Santos. Like many other leaders of
1189-556: The inauguration of the first president and vice-president, the Congress's function as a Constituent Assembly ceased, and it became an ordinary bicameral National Congress, whereupon Morais' role as president of the Constituent Congress ended. Senator Prudente de Morais was then elected vice-president of the Federal Senate, the legislature's upper house. The presidency of the Senate was vested by
1230-710: The late 19th century, there are also some Burschenschaften in Chile, organized in the Bund Chilenischer Burschenschaften in contact with the German and Austrian organizations. These are B! Araucania (Santiago), B! Andinia (Santiago), B! Montania (Concepción), B! Ripuaria (Viña Del Mar) and B! Vulkania (Valdivia). Contrary to popular belief, there is no precise political view point held by these Burschenschaften, in fact, they don't really mix with politics, mostly focusing on maintaining B! culture (still, fencing
1271-516: The military. The four-year government of Prudente de Morais was shaken both by partisan political issues and continued fighting in Rio Grande do Sul , the center of the Federalist Revolt (1893–1895) . Early in his government, he was able to resolve the latter difficulty by signing a peace treaty with the rebels, who received amnesty. Later, Prudente de Morais devoted all of his efforts to pacify
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1312-510: The next presidential election, in 1894. As a consequence, Morais, who until then was vice-president of the Senate, succeeded Peixoto as president of the Senate on 23 November 1891. In the contest for the succession of Floriano Peixoto , Morais was nominated by the Federal Republican Party (PRF), founded by Francisco Glicério in 1893. He won the presidential election on 1 March 1894 and took office on 15 November that year , becoming
1353-655: The original colors were red-black-red with a golden oak leaves cluster, which might be based on the uniform of the Lützow Free Corps , being a corps of volunteer soldiers during the wars of liberation. The Burschenschaften were student associations that engaged in numerous social activities. However, their most important goal was to foster loyalty to the concept of a united German national state as well as strong engagement for freedom, rights, and democracy. Quite often Burschenschaften decided to stress extreme nationalist or sometimes also liberal ideas, leading in time to
1394-399: The policial factions within his country, which included extreme advocates of the centralist policies of Floriano Peixoto and supporters of the monarchy. During his rule, he abandoned the innovative measures of Floriano Peixoto one by one. A gradual approach was necessary since the Florianists still had some influence, particularly in the army, and the vice-president was connected to the ideas of
1435-478: The victory of the government troops in the war, tensions did not abate. On 5 November 1897, during a military ceremony, Morais withstood an assassination attempt . He escaped unharmed, but war minister Bittencourt died defending him. The president decreed a state of emergency in the Federal District in order to get rid of his most troublesome opponents. The difficult economic and financial crisis inherited from
1476-501: The western part of the state of São Paulo, is named after him. Burschenschaft A Burschenschaft ( German: [ˈbʊʁʃn̩ʃaft] ; sometimes abbreviated B! in the German Burschenschaft jargon; plural: B!B! ) is one of the traditional Studentenverbindungen (student associations) of Germany , Austria , and Chile (the latter due to German cultural influence ). Burschenschaften were founded in
1517-439: The wish for a German state encompassing Austria . In 2013 one Bonn fraternity proposed that only students of German origin should be eligible to join a Burschenschaft . Reportedly half of member clubs threatened to leave in a row over proposed ID cards and a decision to label an opponent of Adolf Hitler a "traitor". Many of the Burschenschaften that left the Deutsche Burschenschaft following this were later involved in
1558-615: Was founded on 12 June 1815 at Jena as an association drawn from all German university students inspired by liberal and patriotic ideas. Like the Landsmannschaften or the Corps , a student association based on particular German region, the Burschenschaft members also engaged in duelling. However, its main purpose was to break down society lines and to destroy rivalry in the student body, to improve student life and increase patriotism. It
1599-545: Was intended to draw its members from a broader population base than the Corps . Indeed, the group was known for its middle-class membership while the Corps' was mainly aristocratic. At first, a significant component of its membership were students who had taken part in the German wars of liberation against the Napoleonic occupation of Germany . Its motto was “honor, freedom, fatherland” ( German : Ehre, Freiheit, Vaterland ), and
1640-582: Was successfully mediated by Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom . Born on 4 October 1841 in Itu , São Paulo Province , Prudente José de Morais Barros was the son of José Marcelino de Barros and Catarina Maria de Morais. At the age of three he lost his father, who was murdered by a slave. The murderer was later sentenced to death by jury, the last person to be sentenced to the death penalty in that district. His mother then married major Caetano José Gomes Carneiro and
1681-519: Was the daughter of Antônio José da Silva Gordo. Morais' older brother was already married to Adelaide's sister, Maria Inês. Prudente de Morais joined the Liberal Party and was elected president of the Municipal Chamber of Piracicaba on 7 September 1864 for the 1865–1868 period. In this office he enacted the municipality's first Manners Code. In October 1867 Morais was elected provincial deputy in