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77-528: Inspired by the monarchist ideologies of Gaspar da Silveira Martins , who had been one of the most prominent politicians by the end of the monarchy and acted as political head of the revolution, the federalists had Gumercindo Saraiva as the military head supported by his brother Aparicio Saraiva , of the Uruguayan National Party , and by the Navy rebels who, after being defeated at the capital following

154-596: A military coup d'état that gave rise to the First Brazilian Republic . Defunct After the 1889 coup d'état that ended the imperial rule and established a republic in Brazil, the first monarchist nucleus began to form. Under the republican rule, they were a minority and initially even illegal. In 1890, the Brazilian Monarchical Directory was founded by Afonso Celso , the last Prime Minister of

231-528: A conservative movement that occurred in the city of Ribeirãozinho (now Taquaritinga ), in São Paulo . Its fundamental objective was the restoration of the monarchy and the coronation of Prince Luiz of Orléans-Braganza , son of Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil . Unhappy with the First Brazilian Republic , the São Paulo monarchists had planned an uprising that was supposed to take place on 23 August 1902, and which

308-580: A declared monarchist, participated in meetings with other Brazilians who had the goal of restoring the parliamentary monarchy in Brazil. On that occasion he proposed to Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil to allow the soldiers linked to the Navy Revolt to take her eldest son, Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará, to be acclaimed as emperor Pedro III , whom the princess refused to fear for her son. The followers of Gaspar da Silveira Martins, gasparistas or maragatos (federalists), were frontally opposed to

385-502: A fragmented way and peripherally to larger causes. It has been important historically and remains a fast-growing active movement to this day. It advocates restoration of the constitutional monarchy under the Brazilian imperial family , a cadet branch of the House of Braganza , which ruled Brazil for 72 years as the kingdom and later Empire of Brazil until the monarchy was abolished in 1889 by

462-557: A government and military forces in Paraná, the rebels easily entered Curitiba with a little force of 150 cavalrymen and a train which disembarked the federalist high officials. According to scholar Paul Hapner, evacuation of loyalist troops ordered by general Pego caused chaos in the city. Gumercindo Saraiva and Custódio de Melo had no obstacle. The city was firstly administered by a governative junta headed by Ildefonso Pereira Correia  [ pt ] (the former Baron of Serro Azul). Correia

539-542: A hotel room in Montevideo . General Joca Tavares and admiral Custódio de Melo left politics and the military for good; the first retired to his farm in Bagé , where he died in 1906 at the advanced age of 87, while the admiral died in Rio de Janeiro in 1902 at the age of 61. Following the death of Gumercindo Saraiva, his brother Aparício Saraiva returned to Uruguay where he became the leader of

616-468: A motion to support the referendum proposal for the restoration of the monarchy to the federal senate through its legislative assembly. In 2015, some Brazilian monarchists started appearing with Brazil's imperial flag in military parades and similar events during Independence Day , an act known as the National "Bandeiraço" of Independence ( bandeiraço may be translated as "great flag demonstration"). In 2016,

693-515: A new federalist congress in Porto Alegre , Joca Tavares, the last military leader of the federalists, and Inocêncio Galvão, on behalf of president Prudente de Morais , signed a peace treaty in Pelotas on 23 August 1895 by which the republican government promised not to punish the federalists. "Peace was made and in such conditions that the republic and the authority that represents were left unharmed. It

770-525: A plan to rid the city from the Maragatos . He considered fighting in the city unnecessary as it would spill more blood; and so he made the decision to negotiate. In return for peace and the absence of looting, the Baron secretly lent, with the support of some traders, money to Gumercindo Saraiva, head of the Maragatos . The negotiations, however, were seen as betrayal by the defenders of Floriano. Thus, Maragatos left

847-406: A policy of obstruction. During the first months of his presidency, he permitted his ministers almost unrestricted control of their ministries. Arbitrary presidential decrees, such as the concession of the port of Torres to a private company and Decree 528, which opened the country to further immigration except by Africans, as well as the disastrous conduct of economic policy during the bubble of

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924-512: A species of gypsies. " -Romaguera. The Spanish maragatos were eminently nomadic, and adopted professions that allowed them to be in constant displacement. In Uruguay, the inhabitants of the city of San José de Mayo were called maragatos , perhaps because their first inhabitants were descendants of the Spanish maragatos, who were responsible for bringing to the region of the River Plate the custom of

1001-544: A text he wrote almost entirely by himself, ignoring suggestions from the commission of jurists highlighted for the task, and approved it in July 1891 at a controlled state assembly by the Riograndense Republican Party, led by him and of positivist orientation. The state constitution foresaw that the laws would not be drafted by the state parliament, but by the chief executive, who could be re-elected for new mandates. As

1078-605: Is visible, especially in anti-government protests. Currently, according to an online poll conducted on the Brazilian Senate's website, 93% of the participants expressed support for a referendum on the restoration of the monarchy as a constitutional monarchy . This legislative suggestion has been terminally rejected by the legislative committee responsible for appraising it. Deodoro da Fonseca Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca ( Portuguese pronunciation: [mɐnuˈɛw deoˈdɔɾu da fõˈsekɐ] ; 5 August 1827 – 23 August 1892)

1155-648: The Encilhamento , strengthened the resistance in Congress, which coalesced around Peixoto and soured public opinion. That also caused republicans in the South to withdraw their support from the marshal and provisional government. The situation reached a crisis stage when Fonseca dissolved the National Congress and declared a "state of emergency" on 3 November 1891. A group of deputies opposed the decision and found support among

1232-506: The Paraguayan War (1864–1870), attaining the rank of captain. In 1884 he was promoted to the rank of field marshal , and he later achieved the rank of full marshal. His personal courage, military competence, and manly personal style made him a national figure. As Governor of Rio Grande do Sul , Fonseca was courted by republican intellectuals such as Benjamin Constant and Ruy Barbosa in

1309-577: The Rio de Janeiro Affair , moved south to strengthen the federalist forces. Also known as maragatos , the federalists fought the republican forces of the Brazilian Army headed by the Rio Grande do Sul senator and army general Pinheiro Machado . The conflict was not limited to Rio Grande do Sul, affecting the entire southern region of the country, which was mostly under federalist control. The rebels' objective

1386-624: The Serra do Mar , accused of treason for negotiating with the Maragatos . Gaspar da Silveira Martins did not take the federalist defeat lightly. With the victory of Júlio de Castilhos and the consequent pacification, he organized a new federalist congress in Porto Alegre. From then on, he began to pay more attention to his life at the Rincón Pereyra ranch, which he owned in Uruguay, having died suddenly, in

1463-552: The Siege of Lapa , the federalists were unable to advance further, being defeated in the Battle of Campo Osório . The end of the war consolidated the young Brazilian republic, leaving 10,000 dead, many of which were beheaded. During the nineteenth century, the province of Rio Grande do Sul was often in a state of war. In the Ragamuffin War (1835-1845) and in the Paraguayan War (1864-1870),

1540-646: The bombacha . At the time of the revolution, legalistic republicans used this appeal as pejorative, with the meaning of "mercenaries." The reality offered some basis for this assertion - Gumercindo Saraiva, one of the leaders of the revolution, had entered Rio Grande do Sul from Uruguay by the border of Aceguá , in the Cerro Largo Department , commanding soldiers that included natives from that country. The family of Gumercindo, although of Brazilian origin, owned land in Cerro Largo. However, giving this nickname to

1617-561: The Battle of Campo Osório, the last battle of the uprising, held along the border with Uruguay near Santana do Livramento , took place. Admiral Saldanha da Gama , with the federalists, led 400 rebels, 100 of which being revolting navy sailors. They were attacked by a cavalry regiment of the Brazilian Army that counted 1,300 cavalrymen, led by General Hipólito Ribeiro. In the course of the battle, admiral Saldanha da Gama, twice wounded by spears,

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1694-553: The Blanco Party and led a civil war against the ruling Colorado Party . In Rio de Janeiro, the presidential republic was consolidated and had its first civil government with the indirect election of Prudente de Morais, replacing the dictatorial Floriano Peixoto, who withdrew from public life. Ideas of parliamentarism were abandoned, and this was the last major conflict for the restoration of the monarchy (although there were others until 1902), with monarchism being abandoned. Throughout

1771-686: The Brazilian Empire, his older brother, Severino Martins da Fonseca, was nominated the first Baron of Alagoas. Another notable relative was the Portuguese humanist Francisco de Holanda (d. 1585), his remote uncle. Fonseca pursued a military career that was notable for his suppression of the Praieira revolt in Pernambuco in 1848, Brazil's response to that year's revolutions in Europe . He also saw action during

1848-642: The Brazilian Federal Senate for debate, awaiting a rapporteur. On 10 August 2017, a state deputy from Minas Gerais sent a motion of support to the legislative suggestion to the President of the Senate through the Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais , although this motion was not subject to a vote by the full membership of the assembly. On 14 November 2017, the state of Rondônia did the same by sending

1925-459: The Brazilian economy. The government, nominally headed by his daughter, Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil , abolished slavery entirely in 1888, during her third regency while her father was away from the country. Enraged oligarchs played a role in the subsequent coup d'état. Fonseca's prestige placed him at the head of the military coup that deposed the emperor on 15 November 1889, and he was briefly

2002-515: The Empire of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro . Its main objective was to organise the country's monarchists and to report directly with the exiled Brazilian Imperial Family . The Navy revolt was a rebel movement promoted by units of the Brazilian Navy against the dictatorial government of Floriano Peixoto , supposedly supported by the monarchist opposition to the recent installation of the republic. It

2079-571: The Federalists in Lapa. During 26 days, Carneiro and his army resisted the attacks of 3,000 soldiers commanded by Gumercindo Saraiva. "The troops of the maragatos made a real siege to the city," says Hapner. At least 500 people died in the siege of Lapa, including Carneiro. With the death of the commander in February, Lapa surrendered and left the passage open for the revolutionaries to take Curitiba. Despite

2156-568: The Imperial House of Brazil, is known in the Brazilian academical environment. He is an active member of liberal movements in the country. On 28 February, he announced his pre-candidacy to federal deputy for the state of São Paulo by the New Party . Politically, the movement is still small. In 2016, journalist Paulo Eduardo Martins , known for his monarchist positions, was elected federal deputy. The movement now hopes to raise public awareness of

2233-528: The Viscount of Ouro Preto, the last President of the Council of Ministers in Brazil. Many famous personalities in Brazil have declared themselves convicted monarchists. Among the most famous names are Machado de Assis , Joaquim Nabuco , Baron of Rio Branco , André Rebouças , Viscount of Taunay , João Camilo de Oliveira Torres , Carlos de Laet and Count of Mota Maia . Some monarchists, however, were victims of

2310-534: The act was carried out nationally, in 16 cities. In 2017, 34 cities participated. The most recognised pretender to the Brazilian throne is Prince Bertrand of Orléans-Braganza . He is the head of the called Vassouras branch of the Imperial Family, since it was divided after the resignation of his great-uncle Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará in 1908. The descendants of Prince Pedro de Alcântara did not accept his resignation and maintained an active claim to

2387-521: The army, the navy rebels went south. After docking in the city of Desterro, renamed to Florianópolis after the war, they proclaimed the city as a new capital of the federalist regime. Interests meant that the two revolts came to join. "They have joined forces to overthrow Floriano. By sea, Custódio de Melo was responsible for striking Paranaguá , which happened in January 1894" says the judge and scholar Paul Hapner. By land, Gumercindo Saraiva advanced towards

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2464-436: The café society of São Paulo . In 1886, alerted that the imperial government was ordering the arrest of prominent republicans, Fonseca went to Rio de Janeiro and assumed leadership of the army faction that supported the abolition of slavery in Brazil . Emperor Pedro II had advocated the abolition of slavery for decades, freeing his own slaves in 1840, but he believed slavery should be done away with slowly to avoid damaging

2541-458: The city in May and Vicente Machado, the deposed governor of Paraná, returned to power. However, the Baron of Serro Azul and five companions were kidnapped. They were taken by train towards Paranaguá, under the pretext that they would board a ship headed towards Rio de Janeiro, where they would receive an award, but it was a trap. The Baron of Serro Azul and his allies were unloaded from the train and shot in

2618-412: The complicity of the officials there, he began to respond to telegraph calls as if he were the loyalist troops of Lapa, warning that thousands of federalist rebels were marching towards Curitiba. There was panic in the capital and general Pego, the city's military commander, fled abandoning trains loaded with war material. Following the take over of Paranaguá, Tijucas do Sul and Lapa, and with the absence of

2695-551: The conflict. Gumercindo Saraiva and his troops went to Dom Pedrito , from there they began a series of lightning attacks against several points of the state, destabilizing the positions conquered by the Republicans. They then headed north, advancing in November on Santa Catarina state and arriving in Paraná , being stopped in the city of Lapa , sixty kilometers southwest of Curitiba . At

2772-463: The defeat, the battle in Lapa was critical for the Republican victory. Hapner considers the siege to have been a strategic error of the maragatos : "If they wanted to go to Rio de Janeiro, they should not have wasted time in Lapa. This gave Floriano's army enough time to organize, ultimately defeating the Federalists", he says. For the historian Dennisson de Oliveira, "This was a mythical episode that, to

2849-529: The enemy. In the federal capital of Rio de Janeiro, the Navy Rebels, aligned with the federalists, faced a direct foreign intervention when an American fleet headed by Admiral Andrew E. K. Benham , stationed at the Guanabara Bay , engaged in a series of conflicts with the Brazilian rebel ships in what came to be known as the Rio de Janeiro Affair, resulting in a heavily damaged Brazilian ironclad and in lowering

2926-427: The followers of Júlio de Castilhos, the castilhistas , pica-paus (woodpeckers) or ximangos (republicans). The followers of Júlio de Castilhos received the nickname of pica-paus or ximangos , due to the color of the uniform used by the soldiers who defended that faction, that resembled the birds of the region. This denomination extended to all the castilhistas , including civilians. The term maragato , which

3003-499: The government to general Domingos Barreto Leite. Castilhos resumed a parallel government and was re-elected in a contest without competitors, taking possession in January 1893. At that moment, the state was the "nerve point of the Republic" and the answer of the opponents was imminent. Gaspar da Silveira Martins, an intellectual and a good orator, had been appointed minister by emperor Pedro II in one of his last acts in an attempt to save

3080-498: The head of the provisional government that called a Constituent Congress to draft a new constitution for a republic . Soon, however, he was in conflict with the civilian republican leaders. His election as president on 25 February 1891, by a narrow plurality, was backed with military pressure on Congress. The Fonseca administration, divided by political and personal animosity between Fonseca and Vice President Floriano Peixoto , encountered strong opposition within Congress, which chose

3157-456: The high-ranking officers of the Navy, including Admiral Custódio José de Melo. The marshal found himself on the brink of a civil war. On 23 November 1891, he signed a resignation to no one in particular and turned over the presidency to Peixoto. He died in Rio de Janeiro on 23 August 1892. He was stricken with perilous bouts of dyspnea , popularly referred to as "shortness of breath", and was buried in

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3234-518: The issue and discuss the possibility of a new plebiscite similar to the one of 1993 . In early 2017, a legislative idea was launched on the website of the Federal Senate to hold a referendum on the restoration of the monarchy in Brazil. Needing 20,000 votes in favour, it reached the mark of 32,000 votes and was converted into a legislative suggestion, already sent to the Commission of Human Rights of

3311-503: The late 1920s and early 1930s. Idealised by Arlindo Veiga dos Santos, it aimed to establish a new monarchy in Brazil, based on a conservative political philosophy. The movement was linked to Prince Pedro Henrique of Orléans-Braganza , then Head of the Imperial House of Brazil and heir to the throne, as well as Plínio Salgado , leader and founder of the Brazilian Integralist Action . Monarchist Institution founded in 1890 by

3388-584: The liberal monarchist Gaspar da Silveira Martins. In 1889, with the Proclamation of the Republic , these currents came into conflict, so that in only two years the now state of Rio Grande do Sul would have eighteen presidents. Júlio de Castilhos was born and raised in a gaúcho resort and studied Law in the Faculty of Law of São Paulo , where he had contact with the positivist ideas of Auguste Comte . After graduating, he returned to his homeland and began to write in

3465-482: The monarchy of the House of Braganza in Brazil. Brazil-Portugal relations were only restored in 1895 following the defeat of the federalist and navy revolts. [REDACTED] Media related to Federalist revolution in Brazil at Wikimedia Commons Monarchism in Brazil The political movements for the re-adoption of monarchy in Brazil has taken place as a series of uprisings and political acts, usually in

3542-548: The monarchy. After the proclamation of the Republic, he was imprisoned and sent into exile in Europe , returning to Rio Grande do Sul in 1892 with the state already under the government of Júlio de Castilhos; there he founded the Federalist Party of Rio Grande do Sul, that defended the parliamentary system of government and the revision of the state constitution. With the possession of Castilhos, Gumercindo Saraiva would also return to

3619-630: The morale of the rebel sailors, whose leader, admiral Saldanha da Gama, offered to surrender his fleet to the Americans, who refused. In 1894 president Floriano Peixoto broke official diplomatic relations with the Kingdom of Portugal , accusing the Portuguese government of supporting the exiled rebel sailors. Accordingly, since the navy rebels were branded as monarchists, Floriano believed the King of Portugal, Carlos I , of encouraging revolutionary enterprises to restore

3696-458: The movement, the rebellion quickly acquired nationwide attention, threatening the stability of the state's government and the republican regime throughout Brazil. Floriano Peixoto, then in the Presidency of the Republic, sent federal troops under the command of general Hipólito Ribeiro  [ pt ] to rescue Júlio de Castilhos. Three divisions were strategically organized, called legalists:

3773-563: The newspaper The Federation ( Brazilian Portuguese : A Federação ), attacking the monarchical government, slavery and his political opponent Gaspar da Silveira Martins. He was a constituent congressman in 1890-1891, and believed in a dictatorial phase to consolidate the Brazilian Republic, defending a strong centralization of power in the republished dictator. Defeated in the national constituent assembly, he implanted his ideas in Rio Grande do Sul's state constitution, months later, in

3850-581: The northern, the capital and the center. In addition to these, the state police and all its contingent were called to fight the rebels. The first victory of the maragatos was in May 1893, next to the brook Inhanduí, in Alegrete . In this fight along with the legalistic pica-paus took part senator Pinheiro Machado, who had left his seat in the Federal Senate to organize the Division of the North, which he led during all

3927-645: The population of Rio Grande do Sul was devastated. In the last years of the Brazilian Empire , three antagonistic political leaders appeared in the region: the liberal Assis Brasil , the conservative Pinheiro Machado and positivist Júlio de Castilhos. The three met to found the Riograndense Republican Party ( Partido Republicano Rio-Grandense ) (PRR), which opposed the Federalist Party of Rio Grande do Sul  [ pt ] , founded and led by

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4004-400: The potrero of Ana Correia, coming from Uruguay towards Rio Grande do Sul, was the federalist Gumercindo Saraiva. Efficiently, the maragatos dominated the border, demanding the deposition of Júlio de Castilhos, who had been elected president of the state by direct vote. There was also the desire for a plebiscite where the people should choose the system of government. Due to the seriousness of

4081-459: The power established under Floriano, 'saved' the Republic." After the battle, Gumercindo Saraiva, unable to advance, retired to Rio Grande do Sul. He died on 10 August 1894, after being shot by treason while recognizing the terrain on the eve of the Battle of Carovi. At dawn on 17 January 1894, a rebel brigade commanded by general João Meneses Dória took the Serrinha train and telegraphic station. With

4158-590: The rebel movement. As the loyalist governor had been virtually overthrowned and fled the capital, the federalist leaders appointed a governor for Paraná - colonel Teófilo Soares Gomes, who remained in power for only 20 days. "Then they gathered in a mansion that existed in the Alto da Glória and appointed another governor, João Meneses Dória, who remained until March" reports Hapner. After him, three others were appointed governors: Francisco José Cardoso Júnior, Tertuliano Teixeira de Freitas. The last maragato governor in Paraná

4235-487: The rebels, in the episode that came to be known as the siege of Lapa. The fierce resistance opposed to the federalist troops in the city of Lapa, by colonel Carneiro, frustrated the rebellious pretensions to arrive at the capital of the Republic. In the capital, the Revolt of the Navy began, under the leadership of the monarchist admiral Custódio José de Melo , who also fought against Floriano. After some exchange of gunfire with

4312-453: The region, joining the Church, formed a strong pressure group against the newly installed republic, asking that measures be taken against Antônio Conselheiro and his followers. Rumors were created that Canudos was armed to attack neighbouring towns and leave for the capital to depose the republican government and reinstall the monarchy. Another little known event was the Revolt of Ribeirãozinho ,

4389-478: The republican regime. Among them is José da Costa Azevedo, the Baron of Ladario , who was shot by an unknown marksman for resisting an arrest warrant during 15 November, surviving only because a student, Carlos Vieira Ferreira , rescued him. Another little known case is the murder of Colonel Gentil de Castro during the Canudos War . Owner of the monarchist newspapers Gazeta da Tarde and Gazeta da Liberdade , he

4466-567: The revolution, the maragatos had constant support in Corrientes Province , Argentina , and also from the National Party of Uruguay , oppositor to the then ruling Colorado Party, historically an ally of the Brazilian government. That allowed the federalists to smuggle weapons across the border, to practice tactical raids on foreign territory to escape persecution, and to take refuge in neighboring countries at times of disadvantage against

4543-446: The revolutionaries was a backfire. The denomination gained sympathy, and the rebels themselves came to be denominated maragatos . In 1896, they even created a newspaper bearing that name. The disagreements began with the concentration of troops under the command of maragato João Nunes da Silva Tavares, referred to as Joca Tavares, formerly the Baron of Itaqui, in fields of the woodworking, in Uruguay, locality near Bagé . Shortly after

4620-450: The same year under great political pressure when he dissolved the National Congress . He died less than a year later. Fonseca was born the third child of a large military family on 5 August 1827 in Alagoas da Lagoa do Sul, Alagoas , a town that now bears his name as Marechal Deodoro , in Northeast Brazil . He was the son of Manuel Mendes da Fonseca Galvão (1785–1859) and his wife, Rosa Maria Paulina de Barros Cavalcanti (1802–1873). During

4697-403: The state capital. In the same period that the coast was taken, the maragatos passed by Tijucas do Sul and came to Lapa - only 60 km away from Curitiba, capital of the state of Paraná. The state was in chaos. With the advance of the rebels, the state governor, Vicente Machado, fled from Curitiba. With only 639 men, few weapons and food shortages, colonel Carneiro had a mission to contain

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4774-458: The state, coming from his refuge in Uruguay and leading a band of five hundred men. A second group, commanded by general João Nunes da Silva Tavares  [ pt ] , occupied another region of the state with a force of three thousand men. Threatened, the governor convinced the then president of Brazil Floriano Peixoto that the uprising was an attempt by Silveira Martins to restore the monarchy. And indeed, it was. Silveira Martins, for being

4851-408: The throne until the death of his elder son, Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza in 2007, whose claim passed to his son, Prince Pedro Carlos of Orléans-Braganza, head of the Petrópolis branch . There is no official research on public opinion regarding which form of government is preferred in Brazil. However, the emergence and growth of monarchist activity and organisations throughout the country

4928-443: The time, president Floriano Peixoto called a veteran of the Paraguayan War, colonel Gomes Carneiro . His orders were to halt the revolution. In five days, he Carneiro came to the area to replace general Argolo. It was November 1893 and the revolutionary troops were now advancing towards the state of Paraná . On this occasion, colonel Carneiro died defending the besieged city of Lapa in February 1894 without surrendering his positions to

5005-452: The vote was not secret, the elections would be easily manipulated by the followers of Castilhos, which would guarantee him to remain in power indefinitely. In the same month that he approved his constitution, he was elected governor. In November, for having supported the coup led by president Deodoro da Fonseca who ordered the closing of the National Congress, he was deposed and replaced by a government junta that lasted little and soon passed

5082-405: Was José Antonio Ferreira Braga, in early May 1894. Soon after, as the federalists were unable to advance further following the military victory but strategical mistake at the siege of Lapa, they were forced to release Curitiba and hold their position back in Lapa, ultimatelly further retreating to Rio Grande do Sul, abbandoning Curitiba, which was taken back by the republican forces. On 24 June 1895

5159-438: Was a Brazilian politician and military officer who served as the first president of Brazil . He was born in Alagoas in a military family, followed a military career, and became a national figure. Fonseca took office as provisional president after heading a military coup that deposed Emperor Pedro II and established the First Brazilian Republic in 1889, disestablishing the Empire . After his election in 1891, he stepped down

5236-419: Was also done without humiliation for the rebels, in honorable and satisfactory terms for all. In fact, the terms were far more satisfying to the legalists. The Rio Grande do Sul state constitution was not modified, and Júlio de Castilhos remained in government until 1898." Historian Rafael Sêga, from the Federal Technological University of Paraná, explains: "The version that the Republic was imposed without blood

5313-464: Was called by the citizens to make an agreement with the revolutionaries to protect the population from violence, looting and rape. The Governing Junta of Curitiba became the "Commission for Launching the War Loan" for the purpose of raising funds for the rebels and thereby buying the city's protection. Although Correia and the merchants who supported the commission only sought to prevent looting and disorder, their actions committed them as collaborators with

5390-414: Was created by the ruling class, which wanted to legitimize itself. The 1889 coup caught the country off guard and it took three or four years for grievances to surface and the Empire's elites, jettisoned from power, to react. The Federalist Revolution opened the door to a series of bloody conflicts, such as Canudos and Contestado . The history of Brazil is anything but peaceful." The Federalist Revolution

5467-444: Was killed along with most of his men, many executed by sticking after surrender. The victorious legalists suffered about 200 casualties. Following the defeat at the battle of Campo Osório, the federalists were left without any forces and started negotiating a ceasefire with the loyalist forces on behalf of the republican government. With Gumercindo Saraiva and Saldanha da Gama dead, Custódio de Melo exiled and Silveira Martins organizing

5544-485: Was likely the bloodiest civil war in independent Brazil's history, leaving circa 10.000 deads and many more wounded and the southern fields and some municipalities ravaged. Many who weren't killed in action were murdered by the victorious in each battle, and specially following the loyalist victory. After the federalist takeover of Curitiba, they demanded "war loans" not to sack the city. It was during this period that Ildefonso Pereira Correia, The Baron of Serro Azul, devised

5621-561: Was part of the Federalist Revolution , led by the monarchist Gaspar da Silveira Martins , one of the last ministers of the Empire of Brazil , who was disaffected by Deodoro da Fonseca . The Canudos War was the confrontation between the Brazilian Army and the members of a popular movement of socio-religious background led by Antonio Conselheiro that lasted from 1896 to 1897, in the community of Canudos , Bahia . The great farmers of

5698-518: Was shot by unknown attackers in Rio de Janeiro. A list of some notable monarchists by date of birth: According to the Los Angeles Times , the level of support for a return of monarchy has remained fairly steady with 10.3% in the 1993 referendum and 10.7% in a 2017 survey by pollster Paraná Pesquisas. Luiz Philippe of Orléans-Braganza , nephew of the current Head of the Vasourian pretenders to

5775-404: Was to group the forces against the republican government of Floriano Peixoto and march to the capital, Rio de Janeiro , to depose him. The federalists effectively installed a parallel government by deposing the presidents of the states they controlled and holding elections and by adhering to the proclamation by the navy rebels of Prince Pedro de Alcântara as emperor Pedro III. Nonetheless, after

5852-567: Was to topple then President Campos Sales . In fact, the uprising had only been carried out in Ribeirãozinho and Espírito Santo do Pinhal , a neighbouring town. This attempt to restore the monarchy lasted one day. Founded in 1928, the Brazilian Imperial Patrianovist Action, or simply Patrianovism , was a monarchist organisation present in several Brazilian states that expressed the nationalist and authoritarian ideas of

5929-443: Was used to refer to the political current that Gaspar da Silveira Martins defended, had a more complex explanation: " In the province of Leon, Spain, there is a district called Maragateria, whose inhabitants have the name of maragatos, and that, according to some, it is a town of condemnable customs; therefore, living to wander from one point to another, with Freighters, selling and buying robberies and in turn robbing animals, they are

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