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135-1147: The association was established on 18 November 1944 under the auspices of the State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia in the period of World War II in Yugoslavia when Serb community was faced with the Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia . Its work was interrupted in 1971 when together with Matica hrvatska it was forbidden under the accusations of promotion of nationalism after which it remained closed until 1993. Contemporary association defines its guiding principles to be multiculturalism and interculturalism , as well as cultural awareness among diverse groups of citizens. In accordance with its understanding of national identity of Serbs in Croatia , Prosvjeta approaches its cultural activities while keeping in mind that Serb culture

270-606: A "free Bosnia and Herzegovina", relinquishing control of Livno . In return, it received Dvor and the coast between the Neretva River and the Bay of Kotor originally assigned to the Bosnian or Herzegovinan Partisans. Between the ZAVNOH's first and the second sessions, the national liberation movement in Croatia grew from 25,000 to 100,000 fighters and increased its control – particularly on

405-585: A Croatian federal state was greeted favourably by its general public. The ZAVNOH declared itself the "true national assembly of democratic Croatia" and its highest authority as a federal unit in Yugoslavia. Its assembly was designated as the legislature, and its 30-person executive committee as the highest executive body. The third document adopted at the session was the Declaration of the Basic Rights of Peoples and Citizens of Democratic Croatia. In addition to

540-678: A decision was made to close the library. Its stock was deposited in Museum of Serbs of Croatia , National and University Library in Zagreb and Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts . During the period of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until the beginning of the Breakup of Yugoslavia there were no initiatives for special libraries for Serbs of Croatia since general libraries had an adequate number of titles from Serbian literature . In

675-493: A government, and Tito said that international relations precluded the formation of a government at that point; he described AVNOJ as a political instrument designed to mobilise. Despite ambiguity about the number and equality of future federal units, the AVNOJ urged the convening of similar assemblies in future federal units. During the first session of the AVNOJ, Tito tasked KPH central committee member Pavle Gregorić with setting up

810-701: A lot of improvements in infrastructure; many roads were built or reconstructed. Napoleon himself blamed Marshal of the Empire Auguste de Marmont , the governor of Dalmatia, that too much money was spent. However, in 1813, the Habsburgs once again declared war on France and, by the following year, had restored control over Dalmatia. From the Middle Ages to the 19th century, Italian and Slavic communities in Dalmatia had lived peacefully side by side because they did not know

945-533: A nationalist notion. During Dalmatia's incorporation in Austrian Empire , with the Autonomist Party in Dalmatia refusing and opposed plans to incorporate Dalmatia into Croatia; instead it supported an autonomous Dalmatia based on a multicultural association of Dalmatia's ethnic communities: Croats , Serbs , and Italians , united as Dalmatians. The Autonomist Party has been accused of secretly having been

1080-709: A nominally-independent party but was a de facto KPJ branch; at the beginning of the war, it had 4,000 members. The Serb population living in the NDH was eager to join the Partisan struggle, due to their severe persecution by the Ustaše regime. The KPJ competed for Serb loyalty with the Chetniks : nationalist Serb guerrillas who fought the Partisans and the NDH, backed by Fascist Italy and organised as

1215-784: A non-Croatian member of the National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia . The Partisan forces in Croatia were represented by the 4th Corps (previously designated as the 1st Corps) commander and commissar , Generals Ivan Gošnjak and Većeslav Holjevac . General Ivan Rukavina and Colonel Bogdan Oreščanin were also present. The Allied forces in Yugoslavia were represented by Red Army Colonels Vladimir Goroshchenko and Mikhail Bodrov , British Major Owen Reed, and US Office of Strategic Services Captain George Selvig. The ZAVNOH adopted four fundamental constitutional acts. It approved

1350-561: A personal union with Hungary in 1102, its cities and lands were often conquered by, or switched allegiance to, the kingdoms of the region during the Middle Ages . At one time, most of Dalmatia came under rule of the Republic of Venice , which controlled most of Dalmatia between 1420 and 1797 as part of its State of the Sea , with the exception of the small but stable Republic of Ragusa (1358–1808) in

1485-467: A pro-Italian movement due to their defense of the rights of ethnic Italians in Dalmatia. Also support for the autonomy of Dalmatia, had deep historic roots in identifying Dalmatian culture as linking Western culture via Venetian Italian influence and Eastern culture via South Slavic influence, such a view was supported by Dalmatian autonomist Stipan Ivičević . The Autonomist Party did not claim to be an Italian movement, and indicated that it sympathized with

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1620-509: A sense of heterogeneity amongst Dalmatians in opposition to ethnic nationalism . In the 1861 elections, the Autonomists won twenty-seven seats in Dalmatia, while Dalmatia's Croatian nationalist movement, the People's Party , won only fourteen seats. The issue of autonomy of Dalmatia was debated after the creation of Yugoslavia in 1918, due to divisions within Dalmatia over proposals of merging

1755-456: A sense of regional identity. This same regional identity and heritage is displayed in the Hinterland, where the architectural and cultural legacy remains evident in many villages and towns that have a distinct Mediterranean style. The cuisine Dalmatia was influenced by Italian cuisine , given the historical presence of local ethnic Italians ( Dalmatian Italians ), influence that has eased after

1890-670: A significant majority, and towards the end of the war large segment of the entire Partisan forces, while in 1945 they also constituted 43% of membership of the Communist Party of Croatia . Primary task of the new organization in the initial period was to fight illiteracy in rural areas. Other ambitious plans included intention to establishm the future Museum of Serbs of Croatia , central library, student dormitory as well as to develop cooperation with Croatian Writers' Association , Croatian Painters' Association, Music Association and Association for Cultural Cooperation with Soviet Union . During

2025-568: A supreme political body of the national liberation movement in Croatia as soon as possible. A working group – AVNOJ Delegates from Croatia ( Vijećnici AVNOJ-a iz Hrvatske ) – was set up in Slunj in early December 1942, and the State Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia ( Zemaljsko antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Hrvatske , ZAVNOH) was expected to convene in mid-January 1943. However,

2160-664: A wide-ranging project aimed at the Germanization or Slavization of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence: His Majesty expressed the precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and, appropriately occupying the posts of public, judicial, masters employees as well as with the influence of the press, work in South Tyrol , Dalmatia and Littoral for

2295-462: Is a part of Croatian culture and a part of the Serb people's culture as a whole. Prosvjeta was established on 18 November 1944 in the period of World War II in Yugoslavia in the town of Glina . First president of the association was professor Dane Medaković from Zagreb. It was established as one among few new Serb institutions, first of which was Serb MP's club of the State Anti-fascist Council for

2430-620: Is derived from the name of an Illyrian tribe called the Dalmatae who lived in the area of the eastern Adriatic coast in the 1st millennium BC. It was part of the Illyrian Kingdom between the 4th century BC and the Illyrian Wars (220, 168 BC) when the Roman Republic established its protectorate south of the river Neretva . The name "Dalmatia" was in use probably from the second half of

2565-460: Is to obtain, process and disseminate Serbian library materials and to inform the public. Prosvjeta began its first library activities during World War II in Yugoslavia within Yugoslav Partisans . On January 4, 1948 Prosvjeta established its first central library in Zagreb as a capital of People's Republic of Croatia . At that time the library possessed 40,000 books and publications. In 1953

2700-472: The 1974 constitution . The Topusko spa restaurant building, where the ZAVNOH's third session was held, was converted into a memorial in 1984 to commemorate the session's 40th anniversary. According to news reports, the building was blown up on 14 September 1991 by the Croatian armed forces or police as they retreated before the 7th Banija Division of the armed forces of the Republic of Serbian Krajina and

2835-633: The Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia . A major contributor to Croat Partisan recruitment was the transfer of a large portion of the Adriatic coast to Italy through the Treaties of Rome as fulfilment of Pavelić's promise to Mussolini. By late 1943, Croatia's contribution to the Yugoslav Partisan resistance was disproportionately large: 38 of its 97  brigades . In November 1942,

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2970-756: The Barbarian Invasions , Slavic tribes settled. The Slavs alongside Avars by 619 brought to ruin the capital Salona (an event that allowed for the settlement of the nearby Diocletian's Palace in Spalatum ), Asseria, Varvaria, Burnum, Scardona, Epidaurum and Acruvium (resulting with the foundation of Kotor ), and Epidaurum (resulting with the foundation of Ragusa ). The arrived tribes of Croats , Serbs and other Slavs founded sclaviniae Croatia , Pagania , Zachlumia , Travunia and Konavle (also small region of Bosnia , with Duklja in near Praevalitana and Serbia in Dalmatia, Praevalitana and Moesia ). In

3105-602: The Bay of Kotor to become a safe place for doing business. In 1389, Tvrtko I , the founder of the Kingdom of Bosnia , was able to control the Adriatic littoral between Kotor and Šibenik , and even claimed control over the northern coast up to Rijeka , and his own independent ally, Republic of Ragusa . This was only temporary, as Hungary and the Venetians continued their struggle over Dalmatia after Tvrtko's death in 1391. By this time,

3240-816: The Bay of Kotor –includes the Orjen mountains with the highest peak in Montenegro , 1894 m. In present-day Dalmatia, the highest peak is Dinara (1913 m), which is not a coastal mountain, while the highest coastal Dinaric mountains are on Biokovo (Sv. Jure, 1762 m) and Velebit (Vaganski vrh, 1757 m), although the Vaganski vrh itself is located in Lika-Senj County . The largest Dalmatian islands are Brač , Korčula , Dugi Otok , Mljet , Vis , Hvar , Pag and Pašman . The major rivers are Zrmanja , Krka , Cetina , and Neretva . The Adriatic Sea's high water quality , along with

3375-618: The Black Sea , and the Republic of Ragusa was the fiercest competitor to Venice's merchants in the 15th and 16th centuries. Originally, Latin was used in official documents of the Republic. Italian came into use in the 1420s. Both languages were used in official correspondence by the Republic. The Republic was influenced by the Venetian language and the Tuscan dialect . In the early 16th century, most of

3510-525: The Communist Party of Croatia , a nominally-independent political party active in the territory largely corresponding to present-day Croatia . Despite its nominal independence, the party was a de facto branch of the Josip Broz Tito -led Communist Party of Yugoslavia . ZAVNOH also included representatives or former members of peasant organisations, trade unions, the Croatian Peasant Party , and

3645-470: The Communist Party of Yugoslavia ( Komunistička partija Jugoslavije , KPJ) instructed its 8,000 members to stockpile weapons in anticipation of armed resistance (which spread throughout the country, except for Macedonia , by the end of 1941). Building on its experience in nationwide clandestine operation, the KPJ organised the Partisans into a resistance force led by Josip Broz Tito . The KPJ concluded that

3780-625: The Croatian Peasant Party ( Hrvatska seljačka stranka , HSS), the most popular Croatian political party at the time, to set up the state. They offered party leader Vladko Maček the opportunity to govern it, but Maček declined. Its rule was then reluctantly offered to the Italian-based Ustaše and their leader, Ante Pavelić . Mussolini sought to capitalise on the promises made in a 1927 memorandum submitted by Pavelić and Ivo Frank , promising territorial concessions to Italy. The Independent State of Croatia ( Nezavisna Država Hrvatska , NDH)

3915-541: The Croatian Spring (Maspok), a political conflict that took place from 1967 to 1971 in the Socialist Republic of Croatia, SKD Prosvjeta came to the forefront of Croatian Serb nationalist discourse. A plan put forward by SKH reformists to revise elementary and middle school literature and history curricula so 75 percent of the coverage would be on Croatian topics drew complaints from SKD Prosvjeta, which argued that

4050-506: The Croats , exploiting Croatian dissatisfaction with the Yugoslav regime. Hitler offered Hungary the opportunity to absorb Croatia on 27 March 1941 (apparently referring to the territories largely corresponding to the former Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia ), but Regent Miklós Horthy declined his offer. Only days later, Germany determined to establish a Croatian puppet state . The Nazis turned to

4185-678: The German invasion of the Soviet Union had created favourable conditions for an uprising, and its politburo established the Supreme Headquarters of the National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia ( Narodonooslobodilačka vojska Jugoslavije , with Tito its commander-in-chief) on 27 June 1941. In the territory largely corresponding to present-day Croatia , the Communist Party of Croatia ( Komunistička partija Hrvatske , KPH) operated as

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4320-628: The Gheg form delmë , meaning "sheep", and to the Albanian term delmer , "shepherd", although there is lack of compelling evidence in ancient literary sources that Delmatae is derived from a word meaning "sheep". According to Vladimir Orel , the Gheg form delmë hardly has anything in common with the name of Dalmatia because it represents a variant of dele with *-mā , which is ultimately from proto-Albanian *dailā . The ancient name Dalmana , derived from

4455-565: The Great Turkish War and the Treaty of Passarowitz , more peaceful times made Dalmatia experience a period of certain economic and cultural growth in the 18th century, with the re-establishment of trade and exchange with the hinterland. This period was abruptly interrupted with the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797. Napoleon 's troops stormed the region and ended the independence of the Republic of Ragusa as well, saving it from occupation by

4590-521: The Independent Democratic Party . In addition to performing day-to-day regulatory and government tasks in the territory held by Yugoslav Partisans within Croatia under the leadership of Andrija Hebrang , ZAVNOH sought to broaden the appeal of partisan resistance to the Croatian population by presenting it as not entirely communist. It also tried to reconcile Croat and Serb equality with

4725-522: The Istrian–Dalmatian exodus . For example, the influence of Italian cuisine on Dalmatian dishes can be seen in the pršut (similar to Italian prosciutto ) and on the preparation of homemade pasta. Traditional dishes of Italian origin also include gnocchi ( njoki ), risotto ( rižot ), focaccia ( pogača ), polenta ( palenta ), and brudet . Dalmatian identity , or sometimes also Dalmatianism, Dalmatianness or Dalmatian nationalism', refers to

4860-495: The League of Communists of Croatia , culminating in the 1971 Croatian Spring . ZAVNOH's decisions were then used to justify newly introduced policies seeking to reform the Yugoslav federation and promote Croatian interests. The 1990 Constitution of Croatia , adopted shortly before the declaration of Croatian independence , cites ZAVNOH in its preamble as a foundation of Croatian statehood. Seeking retribution for their withdrawal from

4995-705: The Mediterranean aspects of their culture, from the more numerous inhabitants of the Hinterland . Referred to (sometimes derogatorily) as the Vlaji , their name originated from the Vlachs with whom they have no ethnic connection. The former two groups (inhabitants of the islands and the cities) historically included many Venetian and Italian speakers, who are identificated as Dalmatian Italians . Their presence, relative to those identifying as Croats , decreased dramatically over

5130-735: The Russian Empire and Montenegro . In 1805, Napoleon created his Kingdom of Italy around the Adriatic Sea, annexing to it the former Venetian Dalmatia from Istria to Kotor. In 1808, he annexed the just conquered Republic of Ragusa to the Kingdom. A year later, in 1809, he removed the Venetian Dalmatia from his Kingdom of Italy and created the Illyrian Provinces , which were annexed to France , and named Marshal General Jean-de-Dieu Soult

5265-560: The Tripartite Pact after the March 1941 Yugoslav coup d'état , Adolf Hitler sought to destroy the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by dismembering it for annexation by Nazi Germany and its allies. The move was supported by Italian leader Benito Mussolini , who believed that it would help Fascist Italy expand their territory by absorbing former Yugoslav territories. German plans for the breakup of Yugoslavia also envisaged some form of autonomy for

5400-419: The University of Zadar : ...the modern perception of Dalmatia is mainly based on the territorial extent of the Austrian Kingdom of Dalmatia , with the exception of Rab, which is geographically related to the Kvarner area and functionally to the Littoral – Gorski Kotar area, and with the exception of the Bay of Kotor , which was annexed to another state ( Montenegro ) after World War I . Simultaneously,

5535-418: The Yugoslav People's Army captured Topusko during the Croatian War of Independence . Although an initiative to restore the building was launched in 2007 by the municipal government (supported by Parliament ), it had produced no results by 2019. The ZAVNOH has been frequently noted as part of the foundations of Croatia as a republic in Yugoslavia and the independent Republic of Croatia. In its preamble ,

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5670-400: The 2nd century BC and certainly from the first half of the 1st century BC, defining a coastal area of the eastern Adriatic between the Krka and Neretva rivers. It was slowly incorporated into Roman possessions until the Roman province of Illyricum was formally established around 32–27 BC. In 9 AD, the Dalmatians raised the last in a series of revolts together with the Pannonians, but it

5805-420: The Austrian capital of Dalmatia, Zara, the proportion of Italians continued to grow, making it the only Dalmatian city with an Italian majority. In 1861 was the meeting of the first Dalmatian Assembly, with representatives from Dubrovnik. Representatives of Kotor came to Dubrovnik to join the struggle for unification with Croatia. The citizens of Dubrovnik gave them a festive welcome, flying Croatian flags from

5940-419: The Axis Case White offensive forced the plans to be postponed. The eight-member Initiative Committee of the ZAVNOH ( Inicijativni odbor ZAVNOH-a ) was instead convened in the village of Ponori , near Korenica . The Initiative Committee was headed by three-member secretariat consisting of Gregorić, Stanko Ćanica-Opačić, and Šime Balen  [ hr ] . Balen, a former HSS member who was persuaded to join

6075-407: The Council of Kingdom of Dalmatia was Baron Vlaho Getaldić . In the same year, the first issue of the Dubrovnik almanac appeared, Flower of the National Literature ( Dubrovnik, cvijet narodnog književstva ), in which Petar Preradović published his noted poem "Pjesma Dubrovniku" ( Poem to Dubrovnik ). This and other literary and journalistic texts, which continued to be published, contributed to

6210-459: The Croatian Parliament building in St. Mark's Square . It renamed itself the National Parliament of Croatia ( Narodni Sabor Hrvatske ), emphasising the Croatian legislative body's continuity as representative of Croatian state sovereignty. Twenty five years after the war, during the 1971 political upheaval known as the Croatian Spring , the then-leaders of the League of Communists of Croatia ( Savez komunista Hrvatske , SKH) publicly stated that

6345-428: The Croatian constitution (adopted in 1990) cites decisions adopted by the ZAVNOH as part of the historical foundations of Croatian statehood and its right to national sovereignty. In a speech commemorating the fifth anniversary of the independence of Croatia , President Franjo Tuđman said that it was the ZAVNOH's work which allowed Croatia to declare its independence. In November 1991, the Arbitration Commission of

6480-532: The Dalmatia populace, only Italian language schools existed until 1848, and due to restrictive voting laws, the Italian-speaking aristocratic minority retained political control of Dalmatia. Only after Austria liberalized elections in 1870, allowing more majority Slavs to vote, did Croatian parties gain control. Croatian finally became an official language in Dalmatia in 1883, along with Italian. Yet minority Italian-speakers continued to wield strong influence, since Austria favored Italians for government work, thus in

6615-573: The Dalmatian hinterland which was controlled by the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom was lost to the Ottoman Empire by the 1520s when was formed Croatian vilayet which became incorporated into the Sanjak of Klis after the Siege of Klis (1537), and decades later into the Bosnia Eyalet . With the fall of the Hungarian-Venetian border in Dalmatia, Venetian Dalmatia now directly bordered with the Ottoman Dalmatia. Venetians still perceived this inner hinterland as once part of Croatia, calling it as "Banadego" (lands of Ban i.e. Banate ). The Republic of Venice

6750-451: The Duke of Dalmatia. Napoleon's rule in Dalmatia was marked with war and high taxation, which caused several rebellions. On the other hand, French rule greatly contributed to Croatian national revival (the first newspaper in Croatian was published then in Zadar, Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin ), the legal system and infrastructure were finally modernized somewhat in Dalmatia, and the educational system flourished. French rule brought

6885-425: The Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances, with energy and without any regard. His Majesty calls the central offices to the strong duty to proceed in this way to what has been established. Dalmatia, especially its maritime cities, once had a substantial local ethnic Italian population ( Dalmatian Italians ), making up 33% of the total population of Dalmatia in 1803, but this

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7020-469: The KPH central committee. Due to his popularity in Croatia, however, he was called to recently captured Belgrade and appointed Yugoslav minister of industry. In early January 1945, the ZAVNOH moved its seat to Šibenik to prepare for the post-war period. Its executive committee met in Split on 14 April to proclaim the Decision on the People's Government, presided over by Bakarić. The ZAVNOH moved to Zagreb on 20 May, holding its fourth session on 25 July at

7155-465: The KPH leadership (which controlled about fifty percent of the Yugoslav Partisan forces at the time). The ZAVNOH's second session was held in Plaški from 12 to 15 October 1943. It expanded by 66 members, largely drawn from the HSS. The HSS splintered early in the war. Vladko Maček led the party's most influential faction, adopting a policy of waiting for liberation by the Allies. Another group, which included former Ban of Croatia Ivan Šubašić , fled

7290-441: The KPJ by KPH central-committee secretary Andrija Hebrang , later headed the ZAVNOH propaganda department. Another former HSS activist, Nikola Rubčić, was brought in as the editor of Vjesnik (the ZAVNOH's official newspaper). On 17 March 1943, the committee declared that it was assuming all popular authority in Croatia until the ZAVNOH was convened. A 26 May declaration emphasised that the national liberation movement in Croatia

7425-486: The KPJ was support of the Magovac-edited HSS publication, Slobodni dom . Hebrang considered the newspaper a useful tool against Maček loyalists, but the KPJ feared the re-establishment of the HSS (although the publication was issued by the ZAVNOH). Magovac wanted to pursue HSS independence from the KPH and, finding this objective unrealistic and receiving no support from other former HSS members, he resigned his editorial and political positions. The conflict between Tito and

7560-426: The KPJ, on one hand, and Hebrang, ZAVNOH and the KPH gradually deepened. In September 1944, Tito criticised the ZAVNOH regulation introducing religion as a mandatory educational subject in Croatia's Partisan-held territory. Days later, he accused Hebrang of nationalism for establishing the Croatian Telegraphic Agency as an independent news agency . By 20 October, Hebrang was replaced by Vladimir Bakarić as secretary of

7695-415: The National Liberation of Croatia The State Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia ( Zemaljsko antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Hrvatske ), commonly abbreviated ZAVNOH , was first convened on 13–14 June 1943 in Otočac and Plitvice as the chief political representative body in World War II Axis -occupied Croatia (part of Yugoslavia at the time). It was dominated by

7830-404: The National Liberation of Croatia . As the expectation of the Allied and Yugoslav Partisans victory in war grew, Communist Party of Yugoslavia wanted to satisfy requests by Prečani Serbs population in the future Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia who were the primary target of quisling Ustaše Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia . Prečani Serbs initially constituted

7965-432: The Ottomans took control of the hinterland, many Christians took refuge in the coastal cities of Dalmatia. In the Ottoman Dalmatia many people converted to Islam to get freedom and privileges. The border between the Dalmatian hinterland and the Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina greatly fluctuated until the Morean War , when the Venetian capture of Knin and Sinj set much of the borderline at its current position. After

8100-415: The Partisan struggle contributed to perceived Croatian Serb marginalisation. As a result of this (and Chetnik propaganda), four ethnic-Serb Partisan commanders and about 90 subordinates defected to Germany in the Kordun region in 1944. Hebrang's policies also increased KPJ leadership concern about his effects on Serb Partisan support. The AVNOJ's decision on the self-determination of all Yugoslav nations

8235-417: The Partisans captured the town of Bihać and secured a large part of western Bosnia , Dalmatia and Lika . On 26 and 27 November, the pan-Yugoslav Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia ( Antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Jugoslavije , AVNOJ) was established in Bihać at the urging of Tito and the KPJ. At its first session, the AVNOJ adopted a multi-ethnic federal state as

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8370-435: The Peace Conference on Yugoslavia (also known as the Badinter Commission) was established to evaluate candidates for recognition as states after the breakup of Yugoslavia by providing opinions on a set of legal questions. About the question of whether the Serbian populations in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have the right to self-determination, acting president of the Presidency of Yugoslavia Branko Kostić said that

8505-469: The People's Government was appointed in Split on 14 April 1945. In his speech to the second session, Hebrang urged the KPH to accept the popular "mass movement" instead of pursuing a leftist agenda. He urged the party to ensure that the Partisan struggle was not perceived as exclusively communist, condemning "fanatics flying only the red flag" and extremism in the KPJ. The ZAVNOH replied that it did not intend to radically change social life, and recognised

8640-440: The Plivice Resolution, detailing the history of the Croatian people and their struggle for freedom, the backward nature of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the reign of terror of the NDH and the Chetniks, and the betrayal of the royal government in exile. The resolution called for the recovery of Croatian lands seized by foreigners and "full and true democratic freedom and equality of Croats and Serbs". The first ZAVNOH session recognised

8775-399: The Romance-speaking Dalmatian city-states and remained influential as they were well fortified and maintained their connection with the Byzantine Empire. The original name of the cities was Jadera ( Zadar ; capital of the theme), Spalatum (Split), Crepsa ( Cres ), Arba ( Rab ), Tragurium ( Trogir ), Vecla ( Krk ), Ragusium ( Dubrovnik ) and Cattarum ( Kotor ). The language and

8910-525: The SKH blocked the option of declaring one's ethnic identity as regional in the 1971 census. In 1971, after Maspok, organization work was suspended together with work of Matica hrvatska. Initiative for reactivation of Prosvjeta work came in 1990, and it was implemented in 1993. In 1996 the Central Library of Serbs of Croatia was established. This library operates as a central national library of Serbs of Croatia (one of 10 central ethnic community libraries in Croatia) financed by Ministry of Culture . Its task

9045-408: The Serbs were marginalised in Croatia, Ustaše atrocities were overlooked, Serbs were underrepresented in the ZAVNOH, and their Cyrillic script was discouraged. Although Hebrang insisted on teaching the Cyrillic script in all schools, he also said that Croatia Serbs had to accept their a minority status (albeit with equal rights) in a Croatian state. Hebrang's efforts to emphasise Croat contribution to

9180-402: The Serbs, it was considered a contribution to improving Croat–Serb relations. The fourth constitutional decision determined the hierarchy of the regional national liberation committees. In his speech at the session, Hebrang declared that the struggle was not for communism, but for democracy and national liberation (displeasing the KPJ leadership). A further point of conflict between Hebrang and

9315-404: The ZAVNOH gave the Croats and the Serbs of Croatia the position of "constituent nations". According to Kostić, the Croatian Constitution reduced the Serbs of Croatia to a national minority who should have the right to secede from Croatia if Croatian independence was recognised. In January 1992, the Badinter Commission ruled that the Serbs living in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina were entitled to

9450-499: The ZAVNOH, which sought to represent as broad a segment of the population as possible. Participation of the organisations depended on their acceptance of the KPH's lead. The second session appointed a 15-member executive committee (led by a president and three vice-presidents) to discharge political functions, and a six-member secretariat selected from the executive committee members as a de facto Croatian government to perform day-to-day tasks. The secretariat retained its function until

9585-411: The area. Following the dissolution of Yugoslavia , Dalmatia became part of the Republic of Croatia. The regional name Dalmatia originates from Dalmatae , the name of the Illyrian , Balkan tribe who were the original inhabitants of the region, and from which the later toponym, Delminium , is derived. It is considered by some to be connected to the Albanian dele and its variants which include

9720-465: The awakening of the national consciousness reflected in efforts to introduce the Croatian language into schools and offices, and to promote Croatian books. The Emperor Franz Joseph brought the March Constitution which prohibited the unification of Dalmatia and Croatia and also any further political activity with this end in view. The political struggle of Dubrovnik to be united with Croatia, which

9855-533: The basis for the country's future government but did not determine the post-war system of government. The number of future federal units and their equality were ambiguous. The AVNOJ elected Ivan Ribar president; Ribar, the first president of the Constitutional Assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed Yugoslavia), symbolised continuity with the pre-war government. The 1942 AVNOJ-established bodies were not formally considered

9990-410: The chief settlement of the tribe, Delminium . The toponym Duvno is a derivation from Delminium in Croatian via an intermediate form *Delminio in late antiquity. Its Latin form Dalmatia gave rise to its current English name. In the Venetian language , once dominant in the area, it is spelled Dalmàssia , and in modern Italian Dalmazia . The modern Croatian spelling is Dalmacija , and

10125-469: The coast and near hinterland of Dalmatia by the year 1420, it was to remain under Venetian rule for 377 years (1420–1797). Dalmatia was first and finally sold to the Republic of Venice in 1409 but Venetian Dalmatia was not fully consolidated from 1420. The Republic of Venice in 1420 controlled coastal part of Dalmatia, with the southern enclave , the Bay of Kotor , being called Venetian Albania . Venetian

10260-415: The coast, after the surrender of Italy . On 20 September 1943, the ZAVNOH executive committee decided to add Istria , Rijeka , Zadar and other Croatian lands previously annexed by Italy to Croatia (and thus to Yugoslavia). The AVNOJ confirmed the decision on 30 September. Tito criticised the ZAVNOH for assuming sovereignty in place of Yugoslavia, seeing the decision as an example of latent nationalism in

10395-410: The coast, which gave rise to the geographic term Dalmatian concordant coastline . On the coasts the climate is Mediterranean , while further inland it is moderate Mediterranean. In the mountains, winters are frosty and snowy, while summers are hot and dry. To the south winters are milder. Over the centuries many forests have been cut down and replaced with bush and brush. There is evergreen vegetation on

10530-596: The coast. The soils are generally poor, except on the plains where areas with natural grass, fertile soils, and warm summers provide an opportunity for tillage. Elsewhere, land cultivation is mostly unsuccessful because of the mountains, hot summers, and poor soils, although olives and grapes flourish. Energy resources are scarce. Electricity is mainly produced by hydropower stations. The largest Dalmatian mountains are Dinara , Mosor , Svilaja , Biokovo , Moseć , Veliki Kozjak , and Mali Kozjak . The regional geographical unit of Dalmatia–the coastal region between Istria and

10665-468: The conquest of Zadar in the mid-11th century. Chronicler Thomas the Archdeacon relates that Stephen Držislav took the title "King of Dalmatia and Croatia", and that all subsequent rulers styled themselves in such manner. Petar Krešimir IV of Croatia expanded his rule to permanently incorporate Dalmatian cities and islands by 1069. Upon the death of King Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia by the end of 1080s,

10800-597: The control of the noble Šubić family which held them until they were defeated at the Battle of Bliska by a coalition of nobles, Dalmatian cities and royal troops loyal to Charles I of Hungary . In the south, due to its protected location, Kotor became a major city for the salt trade. The area was prosperous during the 14th century under the rule of Emperor of the Serbs Dušan the Mighty , who encouraged law enforcement, which helped

10935-547: The country to join the royal government in exile. A third group joined the Ustaše; a fourth group, led by Božidar Magovac (organised as the HSS executive committee ), joined the KPH-dominated national liberation movement. Magovac saw his HSS faction and the KPH as a coalition of equals. Although some Partisan fighters resented the acceptance of HSS members, the official KPH position was that

11070-460: The course of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. The Italian speakers (Dalmatian Italians and italophone Croats) constituted 33% of the total Dalmatian population in 1803. They decreased to 29% in 1809, 20% in 1816, 12.5% in 1865, 3.1% in 1890 and 2.8% in 1910. There remains, however, a strong cultural, and, in part, ancestral heritage among the natives of the cities and islands, who today almost exclusively identify as Croats, but retain

11205-716: The early 9th century, the Eastern Adriatic coast including Dalmatia was the scene of the sphere of influence struggle between the Frankish and Byzantine Empire, but although the Byzantines have retained supremacy, Dalmatia became a meeting place between the West and the East. The meaning of the administrative-geographical term "Dalmatia" by 820 shrank to the coastal cities and their immediate hinterland - Byzantine theme of Dalmatia . Its cities were

11340-525: The early morning of 15 April with 195 Ustašas. Yugoslavia surrendered shortly thereafter, on 17 April 1941, with King Peter II and the government fleeing the country. The decision to abandon armed resistance to the Axis powers so early placed the Yugoslav government-in-exile in a poor position, further weakened by quarreling ministers who appeared united only in their opposition to communism. With defeat imminent,

11475-508: The east shore of the Adriatic Sea in Croatia . Dalmatia is a narrow belt stretching from the island of Rab in the north to the Bay of Kotor in the south. The Dalmatian Hinterland ranges in width from fifty kilometres in the north, to just a few kilometres in the south; it is mostly covered by the rugged Dinaric Alps . Seventy-nine islands (and about 500 islets) run parallel to the coast,

11610-805: The eastern Adriatic. This triggered the gradual rise of Italian irredentism among many Italians in Dalmatia , who demanded the unification of the Austrian Littoral , Fiume and Dalmatia with Italy. The Italians in Dalmatia supported the Italian Risorgimento: as a consequence, the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favored the Slav communities of Dalmatia. During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria outlined

11745-529: The establishment of an autonomous province for the Croatian Serbs, and there were calls to grant autonomy for Dalmatia as well. The SKH central committee declared that no region of Croatia could make any legitimate claim to autonomy of any kind and labeled calls for regional Dalmatian autonomy as treason to the Croatian nation. Such responses were in line with the SKH's objective of national homogenisation. To that end,

11880-460: The historical nationalism or patriotism of Dalmatians and Dalmatian culture. There were significant Dalmatian nationalists in the 19th century, but Dalmatian regional nationalism faded in significance over time in favor of ethnic nationalism . 17th century Dalmatian poet Jerolim Kavanjin ( Girolamo Cavagnini ) exhibited Dalmatianism, identifying himself as "Dalmatian" and calling Dalmatia his homeland, which John Fine interprets not to have been

12015-484: The immense number of coves , islands , and channels , makes Dalmatia an attractive place for nautical races, nautical tourism , and tourism in general. Dalmatia also includes several national parks that are tourist attractions: Paklenica karst river, Kornati archipelago , Krka river rapids , and the northwest of the island of Mljet . The area of Dalmatia roughly corresponds to Croatia's four southernmost counties , listed here north to south: Dalmatia's name

12150-452: The largest (in Dalmatia) being Brač , Pag , and Hvar . The largest city is Split , followed by Zadar , Šibenik , and Dubrovnik . The name of the region stems from an Illyrian tribe called the Dalmatae , who lived in the area in classical antiquity . Later it became a Roman province (with much larger territory than modern region), and as result a Romance culture emerged, along with

12285-605: The laws were initially Latin , but after a few centuries they developed their own neo-Latin language (the " Dalmatico "), that lasted until the 19th century. The cities were maritime centres with a huge commerce mainly with the Italian peninsula and with the growing Republic of Venice. The Latin and Slavic communities were somewhat hostile at first, but as the Croats became Christianized this tension increasingly subsided. A degree of cultural mingling soon took place, in some enclaves stronger, in others weaker, as Slavic influence and culture

12420-587: The library had 6,200 books, most of those from city libraries. The initial idea of the Government Office for Minorities was to place the central library for Serbs of Croatia in the village of Gomirje where Gomirje Monastery was placed but since Prosvjeta took the initiative the library was finally placed in Zagreb. In the following years the library took about 15,000 Serbian literature titles from city libraries in Zagreb and Zagreb County . In this way, titles from that area were protected from recycling. Some of

12555-519: The modern Serbian Cyrillic spelling is Далмација ( pronounced [dǎlmaːt͡sija] ). Dalmatia is referenced in the New Testament at 2 Timothy 4:10 , therefore the name has been translated in many of the world's languages. In antiquity , the Roman province of Dalmatia was much larger than the present-day Split-Dalmatia County , stretching from Istria in the north to modern-day Albania in

12690-486: The national equality of Serbs. SKD Prosvjeta rejected the federal model advocated by the ZAVNOH and the SKH, arguing that nationalism was no longer needed in Yugoslavia. Furthermore, SKD Prosvjeta denounced the work of Matica hrvatska and asserted that the Serbs of Croatia would preserve their national identity by relying on Serbia 's help regardless of the borders of the republics. Finally, SKD Prosvjeta's Rade Bulat demanded

12825-622: The national identification, given that they generically defined themselves as " Dalmatians ", of "Romance" or "Slavic" culture. In 1848, the Croatian Parliament ( Sabor ) published the People's Requests, in which they requested among other things the abolition of serfdom and the unification of Dalmatia and Croatia . The Dubrovnik municipality was the most outspoken of all the Dalmatian communes in its support for unification with Croatia. A letter

12960-528: The national identification, given that they generically defined themselves as "Dalmatians", of "Romance" or "Slavic" culture. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Dalmatia was granted as a province to the Emperor of Austria . It was officially known as the Kingdom of Dalmatia . From the Middle Ages to the 19th century, Italian and Slavic communities in Dalmatia had lived peacefully side by side because they did not know

13095-428: The newcomers were welcome and free to maintain their political views. This position was taken in the (accurate) belief that a greater involvement of HSS members would lead to broader Croat participation in the Partisan struggle. A group of Independent Democratic Party ( Samostalna demokratska stranka , SDS) leaders also agreed to cooperate with the movement. Peasant organisations and trade unions sent representatives to

13230-587: The now-extinct Dalmatian language , later largely replaced with related Venetian and Italian , which were mainly spoken by the Dalmatian Italians . With the arrival of the Sclaveni (South Slavs) to the area in the late 6th and early 7th century, who eventually occupied most of the coast and hinterland, Slavic and Romance elements began to intermix in language and culture . After the medieval Kingdom of Croatia , in which most of Dalmatia resided, entered

13365-432: The other hand, was in the ascendant, while the Croatia became increasingly influenced by Hungary to the north, being absorbed into it via personal union in 1102. Thus, these two factions became involved in a struggle in this area, intermittently controlling it as the balance shifted. During the reign of King Emeric , the Dalmatian cities separated from Hungary by a treaty. A consistent period of Hungarian rule in Dalmatia

13500-431: The over-representation of Serbs in public institutions such as the police, the league, and some state-owned enterprises. Although the SKH leadership was forced to resign by Tito and many of their policies were reversed, their efforts to reform Yugoslavia were considered by a federal commission in 1971. The commission introduced constitutional amendments confirming the statehood of the Yugoslav republics which were retained in

13635-505: The past century, the perception can be seen to have altered somewhat with regard to certain areas, and sources conflict as to their being part of the region in modern times: The inhabitants of Dalmatia are culturally subdivided into two groups. The urban families of the coastal cities, commonly known as Fetivi , are culturally akin to the inhabitants of the Dalmatian islands (known derogatorily as Boduli ). The two are together distinct, in

13770-469: The plan was a threat to Serb cultural rights. SKD Prosvjeta also objected to the SKH's attempts to reinterpret the wartime Partisan struggle as a liberation of Croatian nationality within the Yugoslav framework. By 1971, SKD Prosvjeta demanded that the Serbian language and Cyrillic script be officially used in Croatia alongside the Croatian language and Latin script , as well as legislative safeguards guaranteeing

13905-737: The population), in Zadar 7,423 (64.6%), in Šibenik 1,018 (14.5%), in Kotor 623 (18.7%) and in Dubrovnik 331 (4.6%). In other Dalmatian localities, according to Austrian censuses, Dalmatian Italians experienced a sudden decrease: in the twenty years 1890-1910, in Rab they went from 225 to 151, in Vis from 352 to 92, in Pag from 787 to 23, completely disappearing in almost all the inland locations. While Slavic-speakers made up 80-95% of

14040-472: The process of Romanization was rather selective. While urban centers, both coastal and inland, were almost completely romanized, the situation in the countryside was completely different. Despite the Illyrians being subject to a strong process of acculturation , they continued to speak their native language , worship their own gods and traditions, and follow their own social-political tribal organization which

14175-529: The promotion of Croatia's interests, sometimes marginalising the Serbs and triggering conflict with Tito. At its third session, in Topusko , ZAVNOH upheld the decisions on federal post-war Yugoslavia adopted by the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia . In 1945, ZAVNOH was renamed the People's Sabor of Croatia . Its work, ideas and decisions contributed to the leadership programme of

14310-473: The ramparts and exhibiting the slogan Ragusa with Kotor . The Kotorans elected a delegation to go to Vienna ; Dubrovnik nominated Niko Pucić , who went to Vienna to demand not only the unification of Dalmatia with Croatia, but also the unification of all Croatian territories under one common Sabor . During this period, the Habsburgs carried out an aggressive anti-Italian policy through a forced Slavization of

14445-589: The region with the territories composing the former Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . Proposals for the autonomy of Dalmatia within Yugoslavia were made by Dalmatians within the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II ; however, these proposals were strongly opposed by Croatian Communists and the proposals were soon abandoned. Most of the land area is covered by the Dinaric Alps mountain range running from north-west to south-east. The hills and mountains lie parallel to

14580-399: The respective tribal name Dalmatae are later variants as is already noted by Appian (2nd century AD). His contemporary grammarian Velius Longus highlights in his treatise about orthography that the correct form of Dalmatia is Delmatia , and notes that Marcus Terentius Varro who lived about two centuries prior to Appian and Velius Longius, used the form Delmatia as it corresponded to

14715-473: The rights attributed to minorities and ethnic groups under international law ; however, it did not use the term "constituent nation". Dalmatia Dalmatia ( / d æ l ˈ m eɪ ʃ ə , - t i ə / ; Croatian : Dalmacija [dǎlmatsija] ; Italian : Dalmazia [dalˈmattsja] ; see names in other languages ) is one of the four historical regions of Croatia , alongside Central Croatia , Slavonia , and Istria , located on

14850-417: The rights of ownership and property, private enterprise, and the freedom of religion and conscience, speech, the press, assembly, consultation, and association (the latter four within the Partisan movement for the duration of the war), the document specified that the Croats and Serbs of Croatia were equal regardless of politics, ethnicity, race, and religion. Worded in consideration of Ustaše repression against

14985-581: The same root, testifies to the advance of the Illyrians into the middle Vardar , between the ancient towns of Bylazora and Stobi . The medieval Slavic toponym Ovče Pole ("plain of sheep" in South Slavic ) in the nearby region represents a related later development. According to István Schütz, in Albania, Delvinë represents a toponym linked to the root *dele . The form of the regional name Dalmatia and

15120-552: The south. Dalmatia signified not only a geographical unit, but was an entity based on common culture and settlement types, a common narrow eastern Adriatic coastal belt, Mediterranean climate , sclerophyllous vegetation of the Illyrian province and Adriatic carbonate platform Today, Dalmatia is a historical region only, not formally instituted in Croatian law. Its exact extent is therefore uncertain and subject to public perception. According to Lena Mirošević and Josip Faričić of

15255-548: The south. Between 1815 and 1918, it was a province of the Austrian Empire known as the Kingdom of Dalmatia . After the Austro-Hungarian defeat in World War I , Dalmatia was split between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , which controlled most of it, and the Kingdom of Italy , which held several smaller parts. After World War II , the People's Republic of Croatia as a part of Yugoslavia took complete control over

15390-542: The southern part of Lika and upper Pounje, which were not part of Austrian Dalmatia, became part of Zadar County . From the present-day administrative and territorial point of view, Dalmatia comprises the four Croatian littoral counties with seats in Zadar , Šibenik , Split , and Dubrovnik . "Dalmatia" is therefore generally perceived to extend approximately to the borders of the Austrian Kingdom of Dalmatia. However, due to territorial and administrative changes over

15525-634: The state entered a period of anarchy and would result in Hungarians under Coloman of Hungary taking control over former Dalmatian possessions along with the rest of the state by 1102. In the High Medieval period , the Byzantine Empire was no longer able to expand its power consistently in Dalmatia, and was finally rendered impotent so far west by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. The Republic of Venice, on

15660-409: The status of Croats in Yugoslavia had not been resolved in accordance with ZAVNOH decisions, and they advocated a reform of the Yugoslav federation . Mika Tripalo cited decisions made at the council's third session as confirmation of the statehood of Yugoslav republics, and the SKH leaders asked for increased powers of the Yugoslav republics to reflect their national sovereignty. They emphasised that

15795-564: The status of private property. On 12 January 1944, the Serbian Club of ZAVNOH Members was established in Otočac . It was chaired by Rade Pribičević, a member of the pre-war SDS' Main Committee. Despite Pribičević's assertion that Croatian Serbs would pursue Croatia's interests in Yugoslavia, there was some resentment of their actual, perceived or expected position. The principal complaints were that

15930-682: The territory of the Byzantine province of Dalmatia reached in the North up to the river Sava , and was part of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum . In the middle of the 6th and the beginning of the 7th century began the Slavic migration , which caused the Romance-speaking population, descendants of Romans and Illyrians (speaking Dalmatian ), to flee to the coast and islands. The hinterland, semi-depopulated by

16065-541: The titles were also sent to local committees and institutions like Gymnasium Vukovar . Drama Studio "EHO" was founded in 2002 and today operates under the supervision of actress Svetlana Patafta . Prosvjeta Publishing House has two bookstores in Zagreb , one of them at Petar Preradović Square . Prosvjeta has sub-committees in the following settlements in Croatia State Anti-fascist Council for

16200-474: The wartime national liberation struggle was not only intended to be a social liberation, but also a reform of relations among the Yugoslav nations. The SKH leadership borrowed from the nation-related themes employed by the KPH leadership nearly three decades earlier: promoting Croatian unity and its culture , language and history , and acknowledging the role of the Catholic Church . They sought to address

16335-534: The whole Hungarian and Croatian Kingdom was facing increasing internal difficulties, as a 20-year civil war ensued between the Capetian House of Anjou from the Kingdom of Naples , and King Sigismund of the House of Luxembourg . During the war, the losing contender, Ladislaus of Naples , sold his "rights" on Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice for a mere 100,000 ducats . The much more centralized Republic came to control

16470-577: The work of the Croatian delegates at the second session of the AVNOJ and, as the representative of the Federal State of Croatia , approved the establishment of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia . It praised the latter as an expression of the wish of Croatian Croats and Serbs to live in a truly democratic South Slavic state offering full equality, the unification of Croatian lands, and the realisation of Croatian statehood. The declaration of

16605-518: The years before, during and after the Croatian War of Independence inter-ethnic relations in Croatia were significantly disrupted. This, among other things, resulted in the mass removal and destruction of literature that conflicting sides considered inappropriate or subversive. In 1995 Prosvjeta as its main annual priority declared the establishment of the library, which was opened the day before Saint Sava day, on 26. January 1996. In its initial stock

16740-689: Was adapted to Roman administration and political structure only in some necessities. The fall of the Western Roman Empire , with the beginning of the Migration Period , left the region subject to Gothic rulers Odoacer and Theodoric the Great . They ruled Dalmatia from 480 to 535 AD, when it was restored to the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire by Justinian I . In the Early Middle Ages ,

16875-600: Was also one of the powers most hostile to the Ottoman Empire's expansion , and participated in many wars against it , but also promoted peace negotiations and cultural and religious coexistence and tolerance. Since the 16th century Slavicized Vlachs , Serbs and other South Slavs arrived both as martolos in Ottoman service and refugees fleeing from Ottoman territory to the Military Frontier and Venetian Dalmatia. As

17010-550: Was declared on 10 April, as the Wehrmacht was approaching Zagreb . The declaration was made by Slavko Kvaternik at the urging of, and with support from, SS Colonel Edmund Veesenmayer of the Dienststelle Ribbentrop . Pavelić and the Ustaše were only permitted to leave Italy and Italian-occupied territory in Yugoslavia after Mussolini extracted a written confirmation of the 1927 pledge, allowing him to reach Zagreb in

17145-522: Was ended with the Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1241. The Mongols severely impaired the feudal state, so much so that that same year, King Béla IV had to take refuge in Dalmatia, as far south as the Fortress of Klis . The Mongols attacked the Dalmatian cities for the next few years but eventually withdrew without major success. At the beginning of the 14th century and until 1322, the Dalmatian cities were under

17280-497: Was finally crushed and, in 10 AD, Illyricum was split into two provinces, Pannonia and Dalmatia , which spread into larger area inland to cover all of the Dinaric Alps and most of the eastern Adriatic coast. The historian Theodor Mommsen wrote in his book, The Provinces of the Roman Empire , that all Dalmatia was fully romanized by the 4th century AD. However, analysis of archaeological material from that period has shown that

17415-638: Was intense throughout 1848–49, did not succeed at that time. Many Dalmatian Italians looked with sympathy towards the Risorgimento movement that fought for the unification of Italy . However, after 1866, when the Veneto and Friuli regions were ceded by the Austrians to the newly formed Kingdom Italy , Dalmatia remained part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , together with other Italian-speaking areas on

17550-453: Was meant to be confirmed by representative bodies of all future federal units. The ZAVNOH met for this purpose on 8–9 May 1944 in Topusko . The session convened in a spa restaurant in the evening, and concluded the next morning to minimise exposure to potential air assault. One hundred five of 166 delegates attended, along with AVNOJ president Ivan Ribar and vice-presidents Moša Pijade , Marko Vujačić and Josip Rus , and Ivan Milutinović as

17685-580: Was more accentuated in Ragusa, Spalatum, and Tragurium. In the first half of the 10th century, Croatia was elevated to a kingdom by Duke Tomislav who also extended his influence further southwards to Zachlumia . As an ally of the Byzantine Empire, the King was given the status of Protector of Dalmatia, and became its de facto ruler. In the subsequent period, the rulers of Croatia exerted influence over Dalmatian cities and islands, occasionally taking control such as

17820-588: Was part of the Yugoslav national liberation movement; Croats and Serbs would independently decide on internal matters and relations with other peoples after the country's liberation. After the successful spring 1943 offensive and recapture of most of the Banija , Kordun , and Lika regions by the 1st Corps , the ZAVNOH first convened in Otočac and Plitvice as Croatia's supreme representative political body on 13–14 June. The session consisted of 112 members, with an eleven-member executive committee led by president Vladimir Nazor and three vice-presidents. It adopted

17955-459: Was reduced to 20% in 1816. According to Austrian censuses, the Dalmatian Italians formed 12.5% of the population in 1865, but this was reduced to 2.8% in 1910. In Dalmatia there was a constant decline in the Italian population, in a context of repression that also took on violent connotations. The Italian population in Dalmatia was concentrated in the major coastal cities. In the city of Split in 1890 there were 1,969 Dalmatian Italians (12.5% of

18090-427: Was sent from Dubrovnik to Zagreb with pledges to work for this idea. In 1849, Dubrovnik continued to lead the Dalmatian cities in the struggle for unification. A large-scale campaign was launched in the Dubrovnik paper L'Avvenire ( The Future ) based on a clearly formulated programme: the federal system for the Habsburg territories , the inclusion of Dalmatia into Croatia and the Slavic brotherhood . The President of

18225-462: Was the commercial lingua franca in the Mediterranean at that time, and it heavily influenced Dalmatian and to a lesser degree coastal Croatian and Albanian . The southern city of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) became de facto independent in 1358 through the Treaty of Zadar when Venice relinquished its suzerainty over it to Louis I of Hungary . In 1481, Ragusa switched allegiance to the Ottoman Empire . This gave its tradesmen advantages such as access to

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