126-514: Prospect Lefferts Gardens is a residential neighborhood in the Flatbush area of the New York City borough of Brooklyn . The community is bounded by Empire Boulevard (formerly Malbone Street) to the north, Clarkson Avenue to the south, New York Avenue to the east, and Ocean Avenue / Prospect Park to the west. Prospect Lefferts Gardens was designated a New York City Landmark area in 1979 and called
252-602: A station at the intersection of Sutter Avenue, Rutland Road, and East 98th Street. MTA Regional Bus Operations ' B44 , B44 SBS , B46 and B46 SBS routes run north–south through East Flatbush, while the B6 , B8 and B35 run east–west. The B12 bus takes a serpentine route at the north end of the neighborhood, and the B7 runs on Kings Highway at the southeast edge of East Flatbush. The B6 runs via Bay Pkwy, Avenue J, and Flatlands Av and although passing through several neighborhoods, makes
378-417: A suburb . Towards the end of the century, the land was worth more if used for real estate than farming, and large landowners began selling off plots. John Lefferts divided his family's Flatbush homestead into 516 parcels, restricted by covenant to only be developed into single-family housing. These formed Lefferts Manor, containing possibly the neighborhood's earliest row houses . Another early development
504-490: A "subsection of the larger East Flatbush neighborhood," with an estimated 60,000 residents. but is also sometimes considered its own neighborhood and also as "Rugby-Remsen Village". The origin of using the name Remsen Village seems to be in the mid-1990s, and it was referred as such through the 21st century. Remsen Village's population is over one third of that of Brooklyn Community Board 17 , which consists entirely of East Flatbush and its subsections. The name "Rugby"
630-526: A century. A church was built in 1654, replaced by another structure in 1698. The early settlement was enclosed by a palisade wall for protection. By 1658, it was the location of the courts and seat of Justice for the County. There were records of schoolmasters in the town from 1659. The north end of Midwout was called Steenraap, the main business center the Dorp, and the south end Rustenburgh or resting-place. Among
756-399: A college education or higher, 16% have less than a high school education and 48% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 40% of Brooklynites and 38% of city residents have a college education or higher. In Prospect Lefferts Gardens, reading achievement rose from 31 percent in 2000 to 37 percent in 2011, and math achievement rose from 21 percent to 47 percent within
882-463: A college education or higher. The percentage of Flatbush and Midwood students excelling in math rose from 43 percent in 2000 to 68 percent in 2011, though reading achievement remained steady at 48% during the same time period. Flatbush and Midwood's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is about equal to the rest of New York City. In Flatbush and Midwood, 18% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year , compared to
1008-448: A coming merger with Brooklyn, and lamented that the Dutch character of the town was gone. The only remaining signs of its presence to her were "the reminiscences and traditions, while the old family names mark the localities still, as the projecting peaks mark the submerged rock." In 1894, Flatbush was successfully annexed into Brooklyn. A reception hosting Brooklyn mayor Charles A. Schieren
1134-448: A dire shortage. The response from the government was a slew of housing and tenant bills, with one allowing the city to exempt new residential construction from property taxes until 1932. The ordinance spurred a housing boom across the borough, with significant development in the much cheaper land of southern Brooklyn and Flatbush, which was increasingly connected to the rest of the city via new infrastructure projects. Extant homes—including
1260-670: A few stops in East Flatbush. East Flatbush generally has a lower ratio of college-educated residents than the rest of the city as of 2018 . While 30% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 15% have less than a high school education and 55% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 40% of Brooklynites and 38% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of East Flatbush students excelling in math has been increasing, with math achievement rising from 32 percent in 2000 to 51 percent in 2011, though reading achievement within
1386-474: A few years after Flatbush and the other towns of Kings County avoided annexation by Brooklyn. The Brooklyn, Flatbush and Coney Island Railway , established 1878, connected Flatbush to the pleasure spots at Coney Island and the Atlantic Coast to the south, and downtown Brooklyn and Manhattan to the north. The railways and the opening of bridges connecting Brooklyn to Manhattan began transforming Flatbush into
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#17328549951631512-406: A high population of residents who are uninsured , or who receive healthcare through Medicaid . In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 15%, which is higher than the citywide rate of 12%. The concentration of fine particulate matter , the deadliest type of air pollutant , in East Flatbush is 0.0078 milligrams per cubic metre (7.8 × 10 oz/cu ft), lower than
1638-424: A higher percentage of White and Asian residents than East Flatbush. The area was populated after World War II predominantly by immigrant Jews and Italians , then in the 1960s by African Americans , but most recently has seen many West Indian immigrants such as Guyanese , Haitians , Jamaicans , Saint Lucians , Trinidadians , Grenadians , Vincentians , Bajans , Panamanians and Dominicans groups coming to
1764-535: A long tradition of community participation and involvement. In 2009, PLG Arts transformed multiple drab-looking construction facades into murals that reflected the area and its artists. LinRoFORMA, founded 2010, organizes Lincoln Road residents and businesses to revitalize the street and neighborhood. PLG Community Supported Agriculture links the community and a Connecticut farm, bringing organic produce and vegetables to residents and providing sustainability for future growth. Strong interest in improved food options led to
1890-506: A lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 79.9% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 6 murders, 43 rapes, 246 robberies, 601 felony assaults, 225 burglaries, 586 grand larcenies, and 98 grand larcenies auto in 2018. A drug epidemic ravaged East Flatbush during the late 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s, mostly in Vanderveer Estates. The intersection of Foster Avenue and Nostrand Avenues
2016-427: A lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 79.9% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 6 murders, 43 rapes, 246 robberies, 601 felony assaults, 225 burglaries, 586 grand larcenies, and 98 grand larcenies auto in 2018. In 1997, officers from the 70th Precinct restrained and sexually assaulted innocent suspect Abner Louima in the precinct's restroom. Louima received
2142-531: A non-profit rescue organization, has a large social media following. Flatbush is covered by two precincts of the NYPD . The 70th Precinct is located at 154 Lawrence Avenue in Parkville and serves Ditmas Park, Prospect Park South, and Midwood, while the 67th Precinct is located at 2820 Snyder Avenue and serves East Flatbush. The 70th Precinct ranked 30th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010, while
2268-475: A relatively high population of residents who are uninsured , or who receive healthcare through Medicaid . In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 16%, which is higher than the citywide rate of 12%. The concentration of fine particulate matter , the deadliest type of air pollutant , in Flatbush and Midwood is 0.0077 milligrams per cubic metre (7.7 × 10 oz/cu ft), lower than
2394-545: A relatively high population of residents who are uninsured , or who receive healthcare through Medicaid . In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 16% in Prospect Lefferts Gardens, compared to the citywide rate of 12%. Air pollution is 0.0078 milligrams per cubic meter (7.8 × 10 oz/cu ft) in Prospect Lefferts Gardens, slightly higher than the citywide and boroughwide averages. Eight percent of residents are smokers , compared to
2520-729: A settlement from the city of $ 8.7 million, at that time the largest individual payment for an NYPD brutality case. Approximately $ 1.6 million of the settlement money came from the police union, which allegedly tried to help cover up the crime. Flatbush is served by three New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations: As of 2018 , preterm births are more common in Flatbush and Midwood than in other places citywide, though births to teenage mothers are less common. In Flatbush and Midwood, there were 99 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 17.1 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Flatbush and Midwood has
2646-641: Is 11225. It is patrolled by the 71st Precinct of the New York City Police Department . Politically it is represented by the New York City Council 's 40th District. The name Prospect Lefferts Gardens was created in 1968 by the Prospect Lefferts Gardens Neighborhood Association (PLGNA). Prospect Lefferts Gardens is a combination of the names of three nearby locations: Prospect Park , Lefferts Manor , and
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#17328549951632772-403: Is 54% in East Flatbush, higher than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018 , East Flatbush is considered to be high-income and not gentrifying , relative to the rest of the city. East Flatbush generally is very similar in nature to neighboring Flatbush , as both are predominantly West Indian and working class; however, Flatbush has
2898-448: Is 57% in Flatbush and Midwood, higher than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. As according to the 2020 census data from New York City Department of City Planning showed a diverse racial population, though the concentrations of each racial groups varied between different sections of Flatbush. Western portions of the community had between 10,000 to 19,999 White residents, 5,000 to 9,999 Black residents, and each
3024-428: Is covered by ZIP Codes 11203, 11210, 11225, and 11226. Flatbush and Midwood generally has a similar ratio of college-educated residents to the rest of the city as of 2018 . Though 43% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 18% have less than a high school education and 39% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 40% of Brooklynites and 38% of city residents have
3150-630: Is equal to the median life expectancy of all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 22% are between the ages of 0–17, 30% between 25–44, and 25% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 14% respectively. As of 2016, the median household income in Community Board 9 was $ 51,072. In 2018, an estimated 22% of Crown Heights South residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in nine residents (11%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in
3276-464: Is generally bounded by Prospect Park to the north, East Flatbush to the east, Midwood to the south, and Kensington and Parkville to the west. The modern neighborhood includes or borders several institutions of note, including Brooklyn College . The area was home to the Canarsee people before contact with Europeans; many of the tribe's paths would become important roads through the region. Flatbush
3402-550: Is located at 1210 Cortelyou Road, while Engine Co. 249/Ladder Co. 113 is located at 491 Rogers Avenue. As of 2018, preterm births in Prospect Lefferts Gardens and Crown Heights South are more common than in other places citywide, though births to teenage mothers are less common than in other places citywide. There were 91 preterm births per 1,000 live births in Prospect Lefferts Gardens (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide) and 14.8 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Both neighborhoods have
3528-424: Is located at 22 Linden Boulevard east of Flatbush Avenue. It was built in 1905 as a Carnegie library branch . The Clarendon branch is located at 2035 Nostrand Avenue south of Farragut Road. It was founded as a deposit station with a small circulating collection in 1913. The branch moved into its current building in 1954, and it was renovated in 1990. The Crown Heights branch, located on the border with Crown Heights,
3654-403: Is located at 2820 Snyder Avenue. The 67th Precinct ranked 40th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. As of 2018 , with a non-fatal assault rate of 80 per 100,000 people, East Flatbush's rate of violent crimes per capita is greater than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 597 per 100,000 people is higher than that of the city as a whole. The Precinct has
3780-469: Is located at 560 New York Avenue near Maple Street. East Flatbush, Brooklyn East Flatbush is a residential neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn . East Flatbush is bounded by Crown Heights and Empire Boulevard to the north; Brownsville and East 98th Street to the east; Flatlands , Canarsie and the Long Island Rail Road 's Bay Ridge Branch to the south; and
3906-589: Is located at 9612 Church Avenue, between East 96th Street and Rockaway Parkway , and was opened in 1945. In September 2018, this library was also closed for renovations; it reopened in June 2023. In summer 2006, the New York City Department of Transportation co-named a portion of Church Avenue from Remsen Avenue to East 98th Street in East Flatbush as " Bob Marley Boulevard". The former Congregation Beth Israel , now known as Mt. Zion Church of God 7th Day,
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4032-660: Is located in New York's 35th and 40th City Council districts, represented respectively by Democrats Crystal Hudson and Rita Joseph . Prospect Lefferts Gardens is served by Brooklyn Community Board 9 . Prospect Lefferts Gardens is serviced by the New York City Subway 's B , Q , and S trains at the Prospect Park station and the Q train at the Parkside Avenue station (both on
4158-433: Is lower than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 83% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", higher than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in East Flatbush, there are 21 bodegas . East Flatbush is home to three major hospitals, Kings County Hospital , SUNY Downstate Medical Center , and Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center . East Flatbush does not have as much access to
4284-470: Is notable for its relatively unique architecture. Since 1994, the building has been divided internally into five smaller high schools, each concentrating on a different academic area. Brooklyn College (one of the four-year colleges in the City University of New York system) occupies a 35-acre (14 ha) campus shared between the neighborhoods of Flatbush and Midwood . Several Jewish yeshivas are in
4410-485: Is part of Brooklyn Community District 14 . It is patrolled by the 67th and 70th Precincts of the New York City Police Department . Politically, Flatbush is represented by the New York City Council 's 40th and 45th Districts. In the 16th century, western Long Island was inhabited by the Canarsee people, who called it Sewanhacka. The Canarsee and related Lenape tribes lived semi-nomadic lives, moving seasonally to follow food sources. Their crisscrossing trails through
4536-427: Is patrolled by the 71st Precinct of the NYPD , located at 421 Empire Boulevard. The 71st Precinct ranked 46th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. As of 2018, with a non-fatal assault rate of 73 per 1,000 people in Prospect Lefferts Gardens, rates of violent crimes per capita are greater than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 598 per 100,000 people is also greater than that of
4662-467: Is roughly at Nostrand/New York Avenues. East Flatbush is split up into three subsections. From west to east they are Erasmus, Farragut, and Remsen Village/Rugby. The central section of East Flatbush is called Farragut. Farragut is roughly bounded by Cortelyou Road and Holy Cross Cemetery to the north, Kings Highway to the east, Brooklyn Avenue on the west and the LIRR Bay Ridge Branch to
4788-619: Is still somewhat of a problem in the neighborhood today as well. The firehouse for the New York City Fire Department (FDNY)'s Engine Co. 310/Ladder Co. 174 is located at 5105 Snyder Avenue. As of 2018 , preterm births and births to teenage mothers are more common in East Flatbush than in other places citywide. In East Flatbush, there were 126 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 20.6 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). East Flatbush has
4914-726: The BMT Brighton Line ), as well as the Sterling Street and Winthrop Street stations on the IRT Nostrand Avenue Line ( 2 and 5 trains). Additionally, the B12 , B16 , B41 , B43 , B44 , B44 SBS , B48 , B49 New York City Bus routes serve the area. Notes Further reading Flatbush, Brooklyn Flatbush is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn . The neighborhood consists of several subsections in central Brooklyn and
5040-481: The Beverley Squares (Beverley Square East and Beverley Square West), Prospect Lefferts Gardens , Ditmas Park , Fiske Terrace , Victorian Flatbush , and Albemarle-Kenmore Terrace . Bordering Flatbush on the north is Crown Heights, to the east is East Flatbush , to the west is Kensington and Parkville, and to the south is Midwood. Well-known institutions within Flatbush include Erasmus Hall High School ,
5166-661: The Brooklyn Botanic Garden . Lefferts Manor is named for the Dutch colonial family who built it; they were also one of the largest owners of slaves in Brooklyn. The area was originally settled by a Dutch family in 1665, at which time it was within the Town of Flatbush . In 1893 the Lefferts estate was divided by James Lefferts into 600 building lots, now known as Lefferts Manor, and sold to developers. Lefferts observed construction from
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5292-688: The Lefferts homestead , then located on Flatbush Avenue between Maple and Midwood Streets (now a historic museum located in Prospect Park). In order to ensure that the neighborhood would contain homes of a substantial nature, Lefferts attached land-use deed restrictions, dictating that each lot contain a single family residence built of brick or stone at least two stories in height, among other restrictions. The land-use covenant still exists in Lefferts Manor. Houses in Lefferts Manor were mostly constructed during
5418-509: The New York City Council 's 40th, 41st, and 45th Districts. As with many neighborhoods in Brooklyn , the borders of East Flatbush are subjective/porous, but its northern border is roughly at Empire Boulevard and East New York Avenue east of East 91st Street, its southern border is in the vicinity of the Long Island Rail Road Bay Ridge Branch , its eastern border is roughly at East 98th Street and its western border
5544-506: The New York City Subway as Flatbush. However, the IRT Nostrand Avenue Line ( 2 and 5 trains) has some stops located near the western border of East Flatbush, particularly Newkirk Avenue–Little Haiti , Beverly Road , and Church Avenue . Additionally, along the neighborhood's eastern border with Brownsville, the IRT New Lots Line ( 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 trains) has
5670-713: The Parade Ground , the Flatbush Dutch Reformed Church , and Brooklyn College . The Kings Theatre , listed on the National Register of Historic Places , operated from 1929 to 1977; it reopened as a live show venue in February 2015 after extensive renovations. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census , the population of Flatbush was 105,804, a decrease of 5,071 (4.6%) from the 110,875 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 1,038.56 acres (420.29 ha),
5796-593: The Prospect Park South neighborhood hired private security to patrol the neighbhorhood. Residents lobbied commercial business to return to the area. Local merchants, the city, and the Flatbush Development Corporation worked to revitalize the neighborhood's commercial core. The Flatbush Avenue Business Improvement District was founded in 1990, and by 1996 included 195 merchants on the stretch of road between Parkside Avenue and Cortelyou Road. In
5922-476: The "soldier from Flatbush" became a symbol of the All-American soldier. After the war, Flatbush saw demographic shifts along with the rest of the city. Owners and renters from the interwar years aged, and their children moved out of the neighborhood; from 1950 to 1960 children under six in Flatbush dropped 14 percent, while the number of seniors over 65 rose 42 percent. The Dodgers left Brooklyn, and Ebbets Field
6048-532: The 18th century. In 1738, 29% of Flatbush's recorded population of 539 were slaves, jumping to 41% by 1790. The enslaved labor pool was also supplemented by indentured servants from the British Isles or Germany. During the American Revolution (1775–1783), Flatbush demonstrated conflicting loyalties to either the loyalist or patriot causes. Patriot troops burned houses and farmland early in war to deny
6174-551: The 1940s. Farragut also contains Flatbush Gardens (formerly named Vanderveer Estates), a 59-building complex erected in 1949. Vanderveer Estates was built on the site of the old Flatbush Water Works. The complex is one of the largest privately held working-class housing complexes in New York City, and owned in part by David Bistricer . Notable people who once lived in Vanderveer Estates include Barbra Streisand and Michael K. Williams . Remsen Village has been described as
6300-418: The 1980s, families and young couples priced out of areas like Park Slope and looking for cheaper real estate moved into the homes in the historic areas. Residents started buying their houses and forming block associations; the high percentage of buyers who were middle-class black residents made it atypical from other gentrification waves on the time in the city that displaced the current residents. Owners in
6426-420: The 2000s, Flatbush began to shed its poor reputation, and residents came to the area for its cheaper prices, attractive housing stock, and retail. The Junction was redeveloped with the addition of Target Corporation 's largest-ever store. The demographics of the neighborhood continued to shift; new Jewish residents from Syria arrived alongside Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Russians, and Chinese. The Muslim community
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#17328549951636552-629: The 67th Precinct ranked 40th safest. As of 2018 , with a non-fatal assault rate of 42 per 100,000 people, Flatbush and Midwood's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 372 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole. The 70th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 89.1% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 6 murders, 27 rapes, 162 robberies, 273 felony assaults, 173 burglaries, 527 grand larcenies, and 75 grand larcenies auto in 2018. The 67th Precinct also has
6678-551: The British the resources. Landowners in Brooklyn were concerned that a full conflict between the Colonies and the British would result in loss of their critical source of slave labor. Parts of the Battle of Long Island took place in Flatbush; the patriots checked the British advance north at what is now known as Battle Pass , until they were surprised by a flanking attack. The town of Flatbush
6804-526: The Brooklyn, Flatbush & Coney Island Railroad (now called the Brooklyn & Brighton Beach Railroad) was electrified in 1901 and run over the Brooklyn Bridge , connecting Flatbush more directly with lower Manhattan. This was followed by further improvements to the line in the subsequent years, including the addition of more tracks and removal of at-grade crossings. The railways lived alongside five trolley lines that ran to Williamsburg in north Brooklyn and
6930-487: The Canarsee (who did not share the Dutch's view of property rights, viewing the sales not as final but essentially leases.) One of the Dutch settlements was Midwout (alternatively Midwoud or Medwoud ,) Dutch for "middle wood". Midwout was established inland, in a forested area bounded by hills to the north and flat open spaces to the south, which had been managed by the natives for cultivation and game purposes. The geography
7056-460: The English captured nearby New Amsterdam , and New Netherland was ceded to the English, remaining permanently in their hands after 1674 as New York. The towns of Long Island were united as Kings County in 1683. The borders of Widwout were fixed in 1685 in a new charter granted by Thomas Dongan , the English governor of New York province. The English "Flatbush" gradually supplanted the Dutch names for
7182-614: The Flatbush BID organizes the Flatbush Avenue Street Fair, an event that celebrates the cultures of the community. The Flatbush Development Corporation hosts events and programs that are aimed to support the "vitality, diversity and quality of life" in the Flatbush community. CAMBA, Inc . is a Flatbush-based nonprofit that since 1977 has provided housing, youth education and development, legal services and healthcare services to residents of Flatbush and beyond. Flatbush Cats ,
7308-582: The Hispanic and Asian populations were between 5,000 to 9,999 residents. Eastern portions of the community had between 30,000 to 39,999 Black residents, 10,000 to 19,999 Hispanic residents, and 5,000 to 9,999 White residents. The bustling business district and neighborhoods of Flatbush are supported by several community organizations. The Flatbush Avenue Business Improvement District provides services to keep Flatbush Avenue from Parkside Avenue to Cortelyou Road clean, safe and profitable for its businesses. Every year,
7434-630: The Lower East Side in Manhattan. Development of the north end of Flatbush was helped along with the construction of Ebbets Field , home of the Brooklyn Dodgers baseball team. Construction across Brooklyn slowed as Europe and then America became embroiled in World War I ; the cost of construction spiked, and the city emerged from the war years having gone from a surplus of housing a decade earlier to
7560-528: The Prospect Lefferts Gardens Historic District. The neighborhood contains an ethnically diverse community with a largely Caribbean-American and African-American population. Since the 2000s, Prospect Lefferts Gardens has been gentrifying quickly. Real estate development has increased and new residents from other groups have increased. Prospect Lefferts Gardens is part of Brooklyn Community District 9 , and its primary ZIP Code
7686-600: The White and Asian populations were under 5000 residents. The Rugby portion had 30,000 to 39,999 Black residents while each the Hispanic, White, and Asian populations were all under 5000 residents. The Farragut portion had 20,000 to 29,999 Black residents while each the Hispanic, White, and Asian population were also all under 5000 residents. Since the 1960s and especially through the 1970s, Caribbean immigrants have largely settled into East Flatbush, as well as in other surrounding areas such as Flatbush , and Crown Heights . Since 2017,
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#17328549951637812-554: The area formed some of the early roads for the modern region. One of their primary settlements was located roughly at the current intersection of Flatbush Avenue and Kings Highway , named Keskachane or "council fire". Henry Hudson is reported to have landed on the island in 1609. Hudson was an Englishman working for the Dutch East India Company, and the Dutch established trading posts and settlements in their new colony of Nieuw Nederland thereafter, buying up land from
7938-507: The area had focused on farming, which proved lucrative as nearby New York City grew. The need for labor spurred the importation of African slaves, making New York one of the largest slaveholding regions in the northern English colonies. Dutch slavery was less rigid and repressive than that of the Southern Colonies , but as the English assumed control of the region, harsher legal codes came into effect. The slave population swelled through
8064-445: The area in 1971 recalled that his building gradually shed staff and maintenance was neglected as the decade wore on, amid a wider drop in city services following the city's financial crisis . Parts of the neighborhood in the west and to the south of Prospect Park continued to attract a sizable number of wealthier homeowners, and doctors still resided and practiced on a stretch of Parkside Avenue immediately adjacent to Prospect Park. By
8190-405: The area is one with fuzzier boundaries, compared to neighborhoods with sharp, widely-agreed-upon delineations. The borders roughly coincide with Brooklyn Community District 14 , which also includes portions of Midwood and Kensington. Over time, neighborhoods once considered part of Flatbush have gained their own distinct identities. These include the planned communities of Prospect Park South ,
8316-539: The area's borders which are part of NYC School District 17. There are two middle schools: M.S. 002 for sixth to eighth graders and M.S. 61 which serves the sixth through ninth grades. P.S. 92 is an elementary school for kindergarten through fifth grade. In 2010, the Lefferts Gardens Charter School opened an elementary program that focuses on environmental science and experiential learning. The Brooklyn Public Library (BPL)'s Crown Heights branch, on
8442-478: The area, comprising the majority of the rural labor force by 1860. Though Flatbush and Kings County did not support Abraham Lincoln 's presidency in 1860, after the American Civil War broke out, Flatbush residents raised funds and soldiers for the war effort. Blacks fleeing the violence of the New York City draft riots found refuge in Flatbush and nearby Weeksville . Flatbush built a Town Hall in 1875,
8568-580: The area. Within its confines is the Holy Cross Cemetery, Brooklyn , which is located at 3620 Tilden Avenue. While some residents are affluent, East Flatbush is mostly populated by working-class Brooklynites. Similar to other eastern Brooklyn neighborhoods, Blacks predominate East Flatbush. The area is 91.4% Black or African-American and 51% foreign born, the majority of whom are from the Caribbean. Considering this data, East Flatbush has been noted as being
8694-580: The areas surrounding Nostrand and Church Avenues have been given the nickname, Little Caribbean . In addition to Little Caribbean, the south tip of the neighborhood has been given the name Little Haiti due to the high concentration of Haitians. Additionally, the Newkirk Avenue–Little Haiti station of the New York City Subway 's 2 and 5 trains was formally renamed from Newkirk Avenue in 2021. The NYPD 's 67th Precinct (known internally by NYPD officers as Fort Jah )
8820-491: The border with Crown Heights, is located at 560 New York Avenue near Maple Street. The neighborhood is part of New York's 9th congressional district , represented by Democrat Yvette Clarke as of 2013. It is also part of the 20th and 21st State Senate districts, represented by Democrats Zellnor Myrie and Kevin S. Parker , and the 42nd and 43rd State Assembly districts, represented respectively by Democrats Rodneyse Bichotte and Brian Cunningham . Prospect Lefferts Gardens
8946-450: The city as a whole. The 71st Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 82.7% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 8 murders, 26 rapes, 166 robberies, 349 felony assaults, 143 burglaries, 464 grand larcenies, and 68 grand larcenies auto in 2018. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) operates two fire stations in Prospect Lefferts Gardens. Engine Co. 281/Ladder Co. 147
9072-417: The city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Prospect Lefferts Gardens Crown Heights South, 32% of residents are obese, 15% are diabetic, and 37% have high blood pressure. In addition, 19% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%. Eighty-one percent of Prospect Lefferts Gardens and Crown Heights South residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is slightly lower than
9198-450: The city where real estate was expected to take off, as buyers looked for more affordable options. Flatbush was disparately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic compared to higher-income parts of the city. As housing prices have increased, the neighborhood's predominantly black population has begun to shrink. The neighborhood continues to face issues as a lower-income neighborhood compared to
9324-423: The city's average of 87%. In 2018, 84% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", compared to the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket, there are 21 bodegas in Prospect Lefferts Gardens and Crown Heights South. Prospect Lefferts Gardens generally has a similar ratio of college-educated residents to the rest of the city as of 2018. While 35% of residents age 25 and older have
9450-500: The city, with a 2016 WNYC reporting finding the neighborhood was disproportionately the target of Vision Zero traffic safety enforcement compared to whiter neighborhoods like Williamsburg and Greenpoint . a 2023 Gothamist analysis of 311 data revealing the neighborhood was one of the largest problem areas in the city for illegal waste dumping. Little remains of the original Flatbush village and its surroundings. The 18th-century Lefferts family house , which resided in Flatbush,
9576-500: The citywide and boroughwide averages. Eight percent of East Flatbush residents are smokers , which is lower the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In East Flatbush, 34% of residents are obese , 15% are diabetic , and 36% have high blood pressure —compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 22% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%. Eighty percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which
9702-417: The citywide and boroughwide averages. Ten percent of Flatbush and Midwood residents are smokers , which is slightly lower than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Flatbush and Midwood, 28% of residents are obese , 13% are diabetic , and 31% have high blood pressure —compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 21% of children are obese, compared to
9828-474: The citywide average of 20% of students. Additionally, 75% of high school students in Flatbush and Midwood graduate on time, equal to the citywide average of 75% of students. Flatbush is home to a number of elementary and intermediate schools, as well as the Erasmus Hall High School campus. Founded in 1786, it has a long list of famous alumni. Its building has been expanded numerous times, and
9954-577: The citywide average of 20%. Eighty percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is lower than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 77% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", slightly less than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Flatbush and Midwood, there are 21 bodegas . Major hospitals in close proximity to Flatbush include Kings County Hospital and SUNY Downstate Medical Center . The facilities are located in neighboring East Flatbush just east of New York Avenue. Flatbush
10080-437: The citywide average of 75% of students. Schools located in East Flatbush include: The neighborhood was the home of the former General George W. Wingate and Gov. Samuel J. Tilden High Schools . The Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) has two branches in East Flatbush. The Rugby branch is located at 1000 Utica Avenue and opened in 1957. It was closed for renovations in 2017 and reopened in 2021. The East Flatbush Library
10206-614: The combined population of East Flatbush's neighborhood tabulation areas was 135,619, a change of -9,740 (-7.2%) from the 145,359 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 1,871.5 acres (757.4 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 72.5 inhabitants per acre (46,400/sq mi; 17,900/km ). The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 1.3% (1,816) White , 88.7% (120,231) African American , 0.3% (366) Native American , 1.1% (1,480) Asian , 0% (45) Pacific Islander , 0.4% (523) from other races , and 1.6% (2,140) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.6% (9,018) of
10332-460: The community of free blacks. Slavery was fully abolished in 1827, though many former slaves continued to work as under their former owners. Into the 19th century, Flatbush remained a slow-growing farming community. The opening of the Erie Canal shifted cultivation away from grains and towards market produce, with Kings County being the second-largest largest provider of produce in the country until
10458-650: The development of Lefferts Manor was the growth of the surrounding area, now known collectively as Prospect Lefferts Gardens. Many one and two family homes were constructed in the early 20th century. Presently, other areas of Prospect Lefferts Gardens contain a mixture of single-family and multi-family homes as well as larger apartment houses. Since the 1960s, Caribbean immigrants have settled in Prospect Lefferts Gardens as well as in surrounding areas such as East Flatbush , Flatbush , and Crown Heights . The overlapping sections of these neighborhoods were nicknamed Little Caribbean on Google Maps . Prospect Lefferts Gardens has
10584-516: The early colonists in Midwout who would rise to prominence was Leffert Pietersen Van Haughwout. Van Haughwout's family, later known as the Lefferts, would build a homestead in the 1680s in the north of town, now part of Prospect Lefferts Gardens . Other Dutch families would ultimately lend their names to the streets of the modern city. In its early years, Midwout came into conflict with its neighboring town of New Amersfoort over its borders, as well as with
10710-455: The east, Avenue H to the south, and Coney Island Avenue to the west. However they also noted that some residents still considered Midwood part of Flatbush, and the historic definitions had it stretch from Ocean Parkway to New York Avenue. By the 2000s, the Times had shifted the boundaries eastward, with New York Avenue the eastern border and Ocean Avenue the western one; the paper also noted that
10836-461: The end of the century after Queens County. It remained isolated from the growing Brooklyn by open country. Prospect Park was developed from land partially in Flatbush, though it was wholly claimed by Brooklyn. The rural character of the town, however, would not last. In the second quarter of the century, a street grid was laid out, and the main north-south road was established as Flatbush Avenue. A stream of Irish and some German immigrants arrived in
10962-468: The farther-flung areas remaining mostly rural and dotted with wood-framed houses. Amid the construction of houses and the infrastructure to support them, Flatbush's population tripled in the decades before 1900. In the face of increasing urbanization, some community leaders wished for Flatbush and the outlying Kings County towns to retain their rural character. Resident and amateur historian Gertrude Lefferts Vanderbilt, writing in 1881, correctly predicted
11088-554: The formation of the Lefferts Community Food Cooperative in 2009, a market that uses cooperative principles to sell socially responsible and healthy food products. The Maple Street Community Garden, founded in 2012 at 237 Maple St., is a communally managed organic vegetable garden open to the public, and runs an active composting program. Other organizations include the Lefferts Manor Association, which
11214-486: The historic center of Flatbush at Church and Flatbush Avenues. When Flatbush merged with Brooklyn, the old town became coterminous with the 29th ward . There are no official boundaries for the modern neighborhood, which is smaller than the old boundaries of the town, and have long been disputed. In 1928, the Brooklyn Standard Union gave an expansive definition of Flatbush as running from Ocean Parkway in
11340-571: The late 19th century and early 20th century, the last of which were constructed in the early 1950s. Patio Gardens, the last large development built before the wave of gentrification in the mid-2000s, was constructed in the early 1960s. Lefferts Manor and parts of Lefferts Avenue and Sterling Street, not in the single-family covenant, were granted landmark status by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on October 9, 1979. The Lefferts Manor Historic District
11466-467: The local natives; in 1670 the Rockaway Indians challenged the Dutch claims, saying the Canarsee had no authority to sell the land. Midwout's leadership bought the land again to avoid trouble. By the end of the century most of the natives in the region were either dead by war or disease, or dispossessed of their ancestral lands; a few remained in Midwout as farmhands or servants for the Dutch. In 1664,
11592-490: The long line of large and stately apartment buildings which otherwise dominate Ocean Avenue at the southeastern border of Prospect Park. In 2014 a third small historic district–Chester Court, a cull-de-sac off the west side of Flatbush Avenue, near Rutland Road, was designated. The Chester Court Historic District has 18 Tudor-revival townhouses, similar to those on Rutland Road in the main Historic District. Concurrent with
11718-480: The mid-1980s, however, the neighborhood had numerous abandoned or semi-abandoned buildings, many of which had fallen into a state of disrepair. The eastern parts of Flatbush were particularly affected. Crime worsened significantly during the 1970s and 80s, alongside a rise in drugs. A number of stores on Flatbush and Church Avenues fell victim to looting during the 1977 blackout . Tenants rights organizations and neighborhood associations formed to fight back against
11844-420: The neighborhood had a population density of 101.9 inhabitants per acre (65,200/sq mi; 25,200/km ). The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 19.9% (21,030) White , 48.6% (51,470) African American , 0.3% (281) Native American , 9.2% (9,712) Asian , 0.0% (26) Pacific Islander , 0.5% (575) from other races , and 1.9% (2,051) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 19.5% (20,659) of
11970-409: The neighborhood of Flatbush and New York Avenue to the west. East Flatbush is a predominantly African American neighborhood and has a population of 135,619 as of the 2010 United States census . East Flatbush is part of Brooklyn Community District 17 , and its primary ZIP Code is 11203. It is patrolled by the 67th Precinct of the New York City Police Department . Politically it is represented by
12096-453: The neighborhood shifted from 89% white in 1970 to 30% white in a decade. The white and Jewish residents were replaced by Hispanic, Asian, and black ones, and the commercial properties shifted to reflect the change. Afro-Caribbean immigrants joined African Americans in moving from traditional neighborhoods like Harlem to Flatbush, particularly Haitians fleeing the dictatorial rule of François and Jean-Claude Duvalier . One resident who moved to
12222-527: The neighborhood was 9.6% (6,495) White , 76.5% (51,578) African American , 0.2% (155) Native American , 1.6% (1,063) Asian , 0% (17) Pacific Islander , 0.4% (292) from other races , and 1.8% (1,231) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.8% (6,628) of the population. The entirety of Community Board 9, which covers Prospect Lefferts Gardens and Crown Heights South, had 98,650 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.2 years. This
12348-434: The neighborhood's decay. The Flatbush Development Corporation, one of a number of community development corporations that formed in poorer areas of the country starting in the late 1960s, sought to revitalize the community. The FDC investigated bad landlords and agitated for loans to developers willing to refurbish old buildings. Other groups worked to protect threatened buildings and neighborhoods as historic landmarks . In
12474-459: The neighborhood's earliest suburban development—were converted to multifamily dwellings or demolished for new homes or apartments, which came in an array of architectural styles. Alongside the residential construction came commercial developments, from movie palaces like the Loew's Kings Theatre to department stores like Sears Roebuck & Company . An entertainment and commercial district developed in
12600-507: The neighborhood, including the Mir Yeshiva , Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin , Yeshiva Torah Vodaas , Yeshiva Torah Temimah , Yeshiva Tiferes Yisroel , and the Yeshivah of Flatbush . Combined, they form a major center of Jewish learning. The area had an estimated total enrollment of 14,500 students in 2004. The Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) has three branches in Flatbush. The Flatbush branch
12726-496: The population. The entirety of Community Board 14, which comprises Flatbush and Midwood, had 165,543 inhabitants as of NYC Health 's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 82.4 years. This is slightly higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 25% are between the ages of 0–17, 29% between 25–44, and 24% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents
12852-460: The population. The entirety of Community Board 17 had 154,575 inhabitants as of NYC Health 's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 82.6 years. This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 21% are between the ages of 0 and 17, 28% between 25 and 44, and 28% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents
12978-520: The remaining Anglo-Dutch, who decamped to farther-off suburbs in Long Island or New Jersey. By the Great Depression , Flatbush had a population of 400,000, and boasted fifteen theaters, rail and trolly lines, dozens of schools, fifty-four churches, and five newspapers. New York greatly benefited from New Deal policies and funds, which helped build Brooklyn College in 1935. During World War II
13104-628: The rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 55% in Crown Heights South, higher than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018, Crown Heights South is considered to be gentrifying. According to the 2020 census data from New York City Department of City Planning , there were between 20,000 to 29,999 Black residents, 10,000 to 19,999 White residents, and 5,000 to 9,999 Hispanic residents. Prospect Lefferts Gardens
13230-402: The same time period stayed steady at 42%. East Flatbush's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is slightly higher than the rest of New York City. In East Flatbush, 23% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year , compared to the citywide average of 20% of students. Additionally, 78% of high school students in East Flatbush graduate on time, higher than
13356-470: The same time period. Prospect Lefferts Gardens' rates of elementary school student absenteeism are higher than the rest of New York City. The proportions of elementary school students who missed twenty or more days per school year were 22% in the neighborhood, compared to the citywide average of 20% of students. Additionally, 77% of high school students graduate on time, compared to the citywide average of 75% of students. There are four public schools within
13482-508: The single largest West Indian neighborhood in all of New York City and America as a whole. According to the 2020 census data from New York City Department of City Planning , East Flatbush has been given three different names for three different sections, which are East Flatbush Erasmus to the west, East Flatbush Farragut to the east, and East Flatbush Rugby to the north. The Erasmus portion had between 30,000 and 39,999 Black residents and between 5,000 and 9,999 Hispanic residents, meanwhile each
13608-524: The south. Farragut was originally part of the colonial Town of Flatbush, and was named for American Civil War Admiral David Farragut . The area was largely populated by Jews and Italians before 1950. By the 1990s, African Americans became a majority, along with many immigrants from the West Indies . Farragut is adjacent to Paerdegat Woods, a formerly wooded area near Paerdegat Basin where real-estate developer Fred Trump constructed housing in
13734-409: The town. The Dutch character of Flatbush remained despite the English takeover; Dutch landowners continued to exert political control, and Dutch remained the dominant language until the latter part of the 18th century. Marriage outside of Dutch social circles was discouraged, which helped retain Dutch culture and kept the inhabitants "clannish", in the words of one historian. Early Dutch settlement of
13860-737: The vicinity of Church and Flatbush Avenues, with another developing at the intersection of Flatbush, Avenue H, and Nostrand Avenue, known as the Junction. As six-story Art Deco and Colonial Revival elevator apartment houses alongside stylistically analogous walk-ups were developed on Ocean Avenue and throughout its periphery, Flatbush nurtured a socioeconomically diverse population of Irish Americans , Italian Americans and American Jews ; according to anthropologist Ansley Hamid, occupants ranged from "merchants [and] professionals" to "skilled [and] manual laborers." By 1930, one-third of Flatbush's residents were Jewish. The new residents ultimately displaced
13986-402: The west to Schenectady Avenue in the east, and from Prospect Park in the north as far south as Sheepshead Bay . By the 1960s, the northern region of the neighborhood was now considered part of Crown Heights instead. 1980s New York Times articles, following the definition of the Flatbush Development Corporation, outlined the narrow boundaries as Parkside Avenue to the north, Bedford Avenue to
14112-470: Was Vanderveer Park, formed from 65 acres of the Vanderveer family's holdings. Like Lefferts Manor, Vanderveer Park traded on the Dutch history of the region to attract buyers. The developers of the new housing pitched Flatbush as a country oasis offering respite from the "cliff-dwelling" vertical living of Manhattan. Much of the development focused on the areas immediately south and east of Prospect Park, with
14238-531: Was consolidated into the City of Greater New York in 1898 and was further connected to the rest of the city with the development of the New York City Subway in the early 20th century. Post-World War II, the neighborhood underwent tremendous demographic shifts, becoming home to increasing numbers of immigrants from the Caribbean, Asia, and elsewhere. In the late 20th century and 21st century it has continued to see changes due to gentrification and new immigrants. Flatbush
14364-428: Was created by the ancient glacier that once covered the area, leaving behind as it retreated the hills of the terminal moraine and a large outwash plain beyond. Midwout was settled between 1630 and 1636, and received a patent of township by 1652. In the following years it would also be known as Vlachte Bos or Flackebos ("wooded plain"), and the various names and spellings of the town were used interchangeably for nearly
14490-457: Was described in 2016 by the New York Times as "the old name for the area." It persists as the name of a road in East Flatbush, as well as a library branch in eastern East Flatbush. East Flatbush is divided into three neighborhood tabulation areas (Erasmus, Farragut, and Remsen Village), which collectively comprise the population of the area. Based on data from the 2010 United States census ,
14616-486: Was founded in 1919 to enforce the single family covenant; and PLGNA, the Prospect Lefferts Gardens Neighborhood Association, founded 1968. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census , the population of Prospect Lefferts Gardens was 67,459, a change of -2,841 (-4.2%) from the 70,300 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 726.33 acres (293.94 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 92.9 inhabitants per acre (59,500/sq mi; 23,000/km). The racial makeup of
14742-471: Was held at the Midwood Club House, where Schieren called the former town "the prettiest and most fascinating suburban village of Kings County." Brooklyn itself was merged into New York City in 1898, a move opposed by many in Brooklyn and passed by just 277 votes. In the early 20th century, Flatbush changed even more rapidly as further transit improvements spurred additional development. The course of
14868-458: Was hit hard in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks ; an estimated 20,000 residents left voluntarily or otherwise after immigration crackdowns. Recognizing the changed makeup of the eastern part of the neighborhood, the city designated two areas "Little Caribbean" and "Little Haiti" in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The Times featured the neighborhood in 2016 as one of four in
14994-639: Was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. In 2009 the neighborhood gained a second landmark district when the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Ocean on the Park Historic District. As a small, early 20th century enclave that is set-back from the street, this historic district consists of only 2 brick and 10 limestone townhouses. Yet it stands in striking architectural contrast to
15120-458: Was lower, at 9% and 13% respectively. As of 2016, the median household income in Community Board 14 was $ 56,599. In 2018, an estimated 22% of Flatbush and Midwood residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in eleven residents (9%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in the rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent,
15246-515: Was lower, at 9% and 15% respectively. As of 2016, the median household income in Community District 17 was $ 49,349. In 2018, an estimated 19% of East Flatbush residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in eleven residents (9%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in the rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent,
15372-696: Was moved in 1918 from its original location to Prospect Park along Flatbush Avenue. Near the Lefferts house is a former toll booth from the 19th century that once sat along the Flatbush Turnpike leading to Brooklyn. Other historic houses nearby include the Wyckoff-Bennett Homestead , built 1766, and the Wyckoff House , built on Twiller's Flats. A marker in Prospect Park marks the site of Battle Pass. The Flatbush Reformed Dutch Church remains at
15498-621: Was nicknamed "the Front Page" because of media attention to drug murders there. The intersection of Foster between New York Avenue and Brooklyn Avenue area to the south was called "the Back Page" because its many murders went unnoticed. The area around the Nostrand playground had various gangs: Crips , Gangster Disciples , Jamaicans ( Shower Posse ), Trinidadians and Grenadians particularly notorious for turf wars, shootouts, and pitbull fights. Crime
15624-700: Was occupied by the British for seven years, with British troops and American prisoners of war billeted in area homes. Some Flatbush residents maintained their loyalist sympathies: the King's Arms, for example, appeared in the town's inn for a half-century after the conclusion of the conflict. For several decades after the Revolution, New York merchants and farmers continued to engage in the slave trade. The Gradual Emancipation Law of 1799 emancipated people of African descent born after July 4, 1799. Men and women escaping enslavement often went to Manhattan, where they could live within
15750-469: Was originally chartered as the Dutch Nieuw Nederland colony town of Midwout, also called Vlachte Bos. It was one of the six original European towns on Long Island. The town remained primarily Dutch and rural in character until the latter half of the 19th century, when increasing rail and road connectivity to other parts of New York made it an attractive suburb to Brooklyn and New York City. The town
15876-409: Was torn down. In the 1960s, poorer African Americans and Puerto Ricans began moving into the corridor along Nostrand Avenue , where the subway offered access to job opportunities, while middle-class African Americans bought up row houses to the west. Blockbusting encouraged white residents to sell and leave the neighborhood, and properties fell into disrepair while crime increased. The population of
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