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30-645: In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the area of Preanger ( Parahyangan ) had belonged to the Mataram Sultanate . In the late seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company allied itself with Mataram, but demanded territorial and trade concessions. During this time, the Dutch started to exert more and more influence in the Western part of Java. Mataram finally ceded all control of Cheribon and regions to

60-564: A military campaign throughout Java and vassalized the Sultanate of Cirebon. In 1618, Mataram troops conquered Ciamis and Sumedang and ruled most of the Parahyangan region. In 1630 Sultan Agung deported the native population of Parahyangan after he quashed rebellions in the area. The Mataram Sultanate was involved in a power struggle with the Dutch East India Company (VOC) centered in Batavia . Mataram

90-673: A prefecture (the Batavian and Priangan Regencies) and connected it to Batavia via the Great Post Road . In 1818, after the short French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies , the territory was reestablished by the Dutch as the Preanger Regencies Residency. The residency as established in 1818 consisted of three major divisions: The capital of the residency was transferred from Cianjur to Bandung in 1856, but

120-512: Is Old Javanese in origin. It means "god", "goddess", "deified being", or "divinity". It remains in Javanese : ꦲꦾꦁ , romanized:  Hyang and Balinese : ᬳ᭄ᬬᬂ , romanized:  Hyang , which bears the same meaning. In Old Sundanese , the term "nga-hyang" means "disappear" or "unseen". In its development, the term "hyang" became the root word for many terms that are still known and used in modern Indonesian : In Old Javanese ,

150-523: Is a part of the former Sunda Kingdom . The inland mountainous region of Parahyangan was considered sacred in the Sunda Wiwitan beliefs. The kabuyutan or mandala (sacred sanctuary) of Jayagiri was mentioned in ancient Sundanese texts and is located somewhere in Parahyangan highlands, probably north of modern-day Bandung on the slopes of Mount Tangkuban Perahu . After the fall of the Sunda Kingdom in

180-578: Is why the veneration and reverence to honor ancestors is an important element in the belief system of native ethnic groups, such as Nias , Dayak , Toraja , and Papuan ethnic groups, as well as many ethnic groups in Indonesia . In ancient Sundanese , Javanese , and Balinese societies, this unseen spiritual entity is identified as " hyang ". These ancestral divine spirits are believed to inhabit high places, such as mountains , hills, and volcanoes . These mountainous regions are considered sacred realms, as

210-562: The Indonesian island of Java . Covering a little less than one-sixth of Java, it is the heartland of Sundanese people and their culture. It is bordered to the West by Banten province, to the North by the northern coast region of Subang , Cirebon , and Indramayu (former residencies of Batavia and Cheribon), to the east by Central Java province (former residencies of Banyumas and Pekalongan), and to

240-661: The 16th century, Parahyangan was administered by the nobles and aristocrats of Cianjur , Sumedang , and Ciamis , centered in Sumedang Larang Kingdom . These princes claimed as the rightful heir and descendants of the Sunda kings lineage, King Siliwangi . Although the dominant power at that time was held by Banten and Cirebon Sultanates, the Sundanese aristocrats of Parahyangan highland enjoyed relatively internal freedom and autonomy. In 1617, Sultan Agung of Mataram launched

270-534: The Dutch, was the coffee grown in Preanger. In the early 20th century, Bandung grew into a significant settlement and a planned city. The pre-war Bandung was designed as the new capital of the Dutch East Indies, although World War II brought this plan to an end. After Indonesian independence, the Parahyangan is considered the romantic historical name for the mountainous region of West Java surrounding Bandung. The area of Parahyangan Tengah ( Central Parahyangan ) covers

300-565: The Indonesian archipelago and is not considered to have originated from Indian dharmic religions . Before the adoption of Hinduism , Buddhism , and Islam , the natives of the Indonesian archipelago believed in powerful but unseen spiritual entities that could be both benevolent and malevolent. They also believed that the deceased ancestor had not gone away or disappeared completely. The ancestral spirit may gain god-like spiritual power and remain involved in their offspring’s worldly affairs. That

330-638: The Rancaekek area, Bandung Regency , east of Bandung. The temple is estimated to be dated from the early 7th century CE, around the same period — or even earlier than the Dieng temples of Central Java. The oldest written historical reference to the Parahyangan region dates back to circa 14th century, found in Cikapundung inscription, where the region was one of the settlements within the Kingdom of Pajajaran . Parahyangan

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360-489: The abode of gods and the resting place for the soul of the ancestors. Several ancient Indonesian inscriptions dated from the Hindu-Buddhist period (8th to 15th century) mentioned Hyang either as the name of the sanctuary or the name of a deity revered in multiple temples . " Hyangs " are said to only move in straight lines. Accordingly, traditional Balinese buildings have a wall called an aling-aling just inside

390-606: The folk religions of Java and Bali, such as the Sunda Wiwitan ( a.k.a. Sundanism or Cigugur Sundanism), Kejawen ( a.k.a. non-monotheistic Javanism), Kapitayan ( a.k.a. monotheistic Javanism), and Gama Tirta ( a.k.a. Balinism). The realm where Hyang resides is called the Kahyangan , which is an Old Javanese term that means "the abode of Hyang ", "part of Hyang ", or " heaven ". The Old Sundanese manuscript Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian , has stated that Hyang can be interpreted as " Omnipotence ". Similarly, in

420-471: The following regencies ( kabupaten ), together with the independent cities of Bandung and Cimahi , which are geographically within these regencies although administratively independent. Other than central Parahyangan, there is also an area known as Parahyangan Timur ( Eastern Parahyangan ). Together with the independent cities of Tasikmalaya and Banjar , which are geographically within these regencies although administratively independent, this area covers

450-581: The former residency now being divided between Buitzenzorg Residency and the renamed Priangan Residency. Those borders were kept by the Japanese during their occupation of Java during World War II , and for a short time by the Republic of Indonesia after 1945. Parahyangan Parahyangan ( Preanger ) or Priangan ( Sundanese script : ᮕᮛᮠᮡᮍᮔ᮪ ) is a cultural and mountainous region in West Java province on

480-454: The highest Sunda Wiwitan Spirituality , Hyang is also referred to as Sang Hyang Kersa (the Powerful). Gama Tirta a.k.a. Balinism describes Hyang as a venerated spiritual existence that deserves special reverence. Hyang is commonly described as a sacred and luminous personal form. It is also referred to as the name for a spiritual existence that has supernatural powers, portrayed like

510-430: The names and designations for Javanese concept of God as the objective of worship, including Sang Hyang Suksma Kawekas , Sang Hyang Suksmesa , Sang Hyang Amurbeng Rat , Sang Hyang Sidhem Permanem , Sang Hyang Maha Luhur , Sang Hyang Wisesaning Tunggal , Sang Hyang Wenanging Jagad , Sang Hyang Maha Tinggi , Sang Hyang Manon , Sang Hyang Maha Sidhi , Sang Hyang Warmana , Sang Hyang Atmaweda , etc. The term Hyang

540-475: The port of Batavia and many other parts of Java, the Preanger was open for investment, exploitation, and business. Preanger Regencies Residency , which was founded in 1818, became an essential and productive plantation area during the Dutch East Indies era that produced coffee , tea , quinine , and many cash crops that benefited many wealthy Dutch plantation owners. The Java coffee , promoted worldwide by

570-591: The regencies of: While in the west, the area known as Parahyangan Barat ( Western Parahyangan ) covers: The Western Parahyangan area is occasionally mentioned as Bogor Raya (Greater Bogor) if grouped with Bogor Regency and the City of Bogor . Hyang Hyang ( Kawi , Sundanese , Javanese , and Balinese ) is a representation of the supreme being , in ancient Java and Bali mythology . The spiritual entity can be either considered divine or ancestral . The reverence for this spiritual entity can be found in

600-507: The region since the Stone Age era. Another popular Sundanese proverb and legend mentioned about the creation of Parahyangan highlands is: "When the hyangs (gods) were smiling, the land of Parahyangan was created". The train serving Jakarta and Bandung was called Kereta Api Parahyangan ( lit.   ' the Parahyangan train ' ). Since April 2010, it is merged with Argo Gede to become Argo Parahyangan. The Sundanese cultural area in

630-491: The seat of the resident himself was not moved there until 1864. In 1866, Limbangan was also separated to be its own division with an Assistant Resident. During the early twentieth century, the residency had a number of Tea estates in its mountainous areas, as well as being a center of Tapioca flour production in the Indies. It was also one of the earliest areas in the Indies to industrialize significantly. During this time, Bandung

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660-584: The south by the Indian Ocean . The name "Parahyangan" has its origins in Sundanese words that mean "the abode of hyangs (gods)". Parahyangan is a mountainous region, and ancient Indonesians believed that the gods resided on the mountaintops. A Sundanese legend of Sangkuriang contains the memory of the prehistoric ancient lake in the Bandung basin highland, which suggests that the Sundanese had already inhabited

690-480: The south, including the Preanger region, in 1705. The eastern part of what would become this residency was at first ruled from Cirebon in a residency called the Cheribonsche Preanger Regentschappen , while the western parts were allowed to remain under the control of local princes. That situation remained until 1808, when Napoleonic governor Herman Willem Daendels reorganized the territory in

720-572: The sun in a dream and often mentioned in a masculine form . A Hyang's arrival in a person's life is reputed to give great contentment and happiness to the person. Indonesians generally recognize this term to refer to the cause of beauty, the cause of all existence (creator), or simply to refer to God. In Kejawen a.k.a. Javanism, the concept of the monotheistic God is described as the Sang Hyang Tunggal or Sang Hyang Wenang . Raden Ngabehi Ranggawarsita in his book, Paramayoga , detailed

750-409: The term Hyang means "god", "goddess", "deified being", or "divinity". It remains in Javanese : ꦲꦾꦁ , romanized:  Hyang and Balinese : ᬳ᭄ᬬᬂ , romanized:  Hyang , which bears the same meaning. The term hyang , now widely associated with Sunda Wiwitan , Kejawen , and Balinism , developed in ancient Java and Bali more than a millennium ago. This term has its roots in

780-413: The traditional animism and dynamism in the beliefs of indigenous Indonesians native to the Indonesian archipelago . Native pre-Hindu, pre-Buddhist, and pre-Islamic Indonesians have venerated and revered ancestral spirits . They also believed that some spirits may inhabit certain places such as large trees, stones, forests, mountains, or sacred places. The hyang concept had indigenously developed in

810-575: The western part of Java can be divided into several parts, which consist of: The region has been home to early humans since the prehistoric era (at least since 9,500 BCE). There have been some prehistoric archaeological findings of early human settlements, in Pawon cave in the Padalarang karst area, West of Bandung, and around the old lake of Bandung . The ruins of the Bojongmenje temple were discovered in

840-633: Was also the location of the first university in the Indies and the place where a number of important printing presses were located, including the popular newspaper De Preangerbode . In 1915, Garut Regency was transferred from the Cheribon Residency to Preanger. In 1925, the four residencies of western Java were subdivided into nine new residencies. The former Preanger Regencies Residency was broken up into three smaller residencies: West-Priangan , Midden-Priangan en Oost-Priangan . However, in 1931 they were reorganized once again, with parts of

870-458: Was gradually weakened later through a struggle for succession of Javanese princes and Dutch involvements in internal Mataram court affairs. To secure their positions, later Mataram kings had made significant concessions with the VOC and had given up many of its lands originally acquired by Sultan Agung, including the Parahyangan. Since the early 18th century, the Parahyangan was under Dutch rule. The area

900-453: Was known as De Preanger during the Dutch colonial period. Its capital was initially located in Tjiandjoer (Cianjur) and later moved to Bandung which gradually developed into an important settlement. By the 19th century, the Dutch had established its hold over most of Java. Moreover, through the construction of Daendels ' Java Great Post Road that connected the Preanger plantation area with

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