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103-455: Political views Elections President of Pakistan Political Affiliations [REDACTED] Mohammad Ayub Khan (14 May 1907 – 19 April 1974) was a Pakistani four-star rank general and politician who held several positions: the first native and third commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army (1951–1958), the first chief martial law administrator (1958–1962), and
206-620: A Hindko -speaking Hazarewal family of Pashtun descent, belonging to the Tareen tribe. He was the first child of the second wife of Mir Dad Khan , a Risaldar-Major (an armoured corps JCO which was then known as VCO ) in the 9th Hodson's Horse which was a cavalry regiment of the British Indian Army . For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in Sarai Saleh , which was about 4 miles from his village. He used to go to school on
309-411: A Presidential Republic , giving all executive powers to the president. In 1973, the new Constitution established Parliamentary democracy and reduced the president's role to a ceremonial one. Nevertheless, the military takeover in 1977 reversed the changes. The 8th Amendment turned Pakistan into a semi-presidential republic and in the period between 1985 and 2007, the executive power was shared by
412-447: A coup d'état and appointed General Ayub Khan as Chief Martial Law Administrator . On 13 October, General Ayub Khan assigned Lt. General Wajid Ali Khan Burki the task of improving the efficiency of hospitals and health agencies. Within days, Karachi hospitals showed significant improvement, and the medical services took on a new outlook. Two weeks later, on 27 October, Ayub Khan carried out his own coup d'état against Mirza. Most of
515-586: A dental degree from the University of Calcutta in 1923, she became the first female dentist in undivided India . She was a close associate and adviser to her brother, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. After the independence of Pakistan , she co-founded the All Pakistan Women's Association , which played an integral role in the settlement of women migrants in the newly formed country. She remained the closest confidant of her brother until his death . After his death, Fatima
618-515: A military coup , the first in the country's history . As president, Khan controversially appointed General Musa Khan to replace him as commander-in-chief, superseding decorated senior officers such as Generals Adam Khan, Sher Ali Khan Pataudi and M.A. Latif Khan. He aligned Pakistan with the United States, and allowed American access to air bases inside Pakistan, most notably the airbase outside of Peshawar , from which spy missions over
721-677: A mule 's back and was shifted to a school in Haripur , where he started living with his grandmother. He went on to study at Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) and while pursuing his college education, he was accepted into the Royal Military College, Sandhurst on the recommendation of General Andrew Skeen ; he trained first in India and then departed for Great Britain. Ayub Khan was fluent in Urdu, Pashto, English, and his regional Hindko dialect. Ayub Khan
824-582: A dictator. In her early rallies, nearly 250,000 people thronged to see her in Dhaka , and a million lined the 293-mile route from there to Chittagong . Her train, called the Freedom Special, was 22 hours late because men at each station pulled the emergency cord, and begged her to speak. The crowds hailed her as Madar-e-Millat , (Mother of the Nation). In her speeches, she argued that by coming to terms with India on
927-606: A significant role in mobilising Muslim women during the Pakistan Movement . At a time when most Muslim women were confined to household work and not actively involved in politics, her leadership helped change this dynamic. A separate women's organisation within the All-India Muslim League was created for that purpose. The movement then was led by Jinnah as she headed a procession of the Central Committee. She urged
1030-521: A ticker tape parade in New York City. A constitutional commission was set-up under the Supreme Court to implement the work on the constitution that was led by Chief Justice Muhammad Shahabuddin and Supreme Court justices . The commission reported in 1961 with its recommendations but President Ayub remained unsatisfied; he eventually altered the constitution so that it was entirely different from
1133-469: A woman to be the head of an Islamic state . Jinnah had detached herself from the political conflicts that had plagued Pakistan after the founder's death. The sight of her moving through the streets of big cities, and even in the rural areas of a Muslim country, added to her popularity. She proclaimed Ayub Khan to be a dictator. Jinnah's line of attack was that by coming to terms with the Republic of India on
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#17328558378921236-576: A year, and then went back to England in 1931, where she lived for four years. After she moved back to India, Muhammad Ali Jinnah sought to make an independent homeland for Indian Muslims. She actively supported and campaigned for that cause. Muhammad acknowledged her contribution, especially when she stood by him during difficult times, offering encouragement and care. Although she never held political office, Fatima Jinnah played an important role in supporting Muhammad Ali Jinnah, particularly during his illness in 1943, which helped him continue his efforts toward
1339-477: Is ceremonial head of state, Prime Minister is head of executive, but this provision made President more powerful than Prime Minister and Prime Minister was made subordinate to President. If there is any misunderstanding or disagreement between President and Prime Minister, President may use these powers to dismiss Prime minister and to dissolve National Assembly. Pakistan's Parliamentary system was changed to Semi Presidential system. The Constitution of Pakistan sets
1442-663: Is denounced by critics for beginning the first of the intelligence agencies' incursions into national politics , for concentrating wealth in a corrupt few hands , and for geographically discriminatory policies that later led to the Bangladesh Liberation War . Ayub Khan was born on 14 May 1907 in Rehana , a village in the Abbottabad District of the North-West Frontier Province of British India into
1545-540: Is part of the bicameral Parliament . Powers to exercise the authority are limited to the ceremonial figurehead , and required to address the Parliament to give a direction for national policies before being informed of its key decisions. In addition, the president is also a civil commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces , with chairman joint chiefs being its chief military adviser to maintain
1648-400: Is remembered for successful industrialization in the impoverished country. Strong emphasis on capitalism and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the industry is often regarded as the "Great Decade" in the history of the country (both economical and political history ). The "Decade of Development" was celebrated, which highlighted the development plans executed during the years of Ayub's rule,
1751-753: Is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the chief justice —, an oath or affirmation that the president shall protect, preserve and defend the Constitution as follows: I, (The name of the President-elect), do solemnly swear that I am a Muslim and believe in the Unity, and Oneness of Almighty Allah , the Books of Allah , the Holy Qur'an being the last of them, the Prophethood of Muhammad ( peace be upon him ) as
1854-511: Is taken up for consideration. Fatima Jinnah Fatima Jinnah (31 July 1893 – 9 July 1967) was a Pakistani politician, stateswoman, author, and activist . She was the younger sister of Muhammad Ali Jinnah , the founder and first Governor-General of Pakistan . She served as the Leader of the Opposition of Pakistan from 1960 until her death in 1967. After obtaining
1957-521: Is the head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . The president is the nominal head of the executive and the supreme commander of the Pakistan Armed Forces . The presidency is a ceremonial position in Pakistan. The president is bound to act on advice of the prime minister and cabinet. Asif Ali Zardari is the current president since 10 March 2024. The office of president was created upon
2060-638: The Bombay Presidency in British India . Fatima had six siblings: Muhammad Ali , Ahmad Ali, Bunde Ali, Rahmat Ali, Maryam, and Shireen Jinnah. Of her siblings she was the closest to Muhammad Ali Jinnah who became her guardian upon the death of their father in 1901. She joined the Bandra Convent in Bombay in 1902. In 1919, she was admitted to the highly competitive University of Calcutta where she attended
2163-579: The British military . The General Headquarters sent the nomination papers to the Prime Minister's Secretariat for the appointment of commander-in-chief . There were four major generals in the race: Akbar Khan , Iftikhar Khan , Ishfakul Majid , and Nawabzada Agha Mohammad Raza . Among these officers Akbar was the senior, having been commissioned in 1920. That year, General Gracey approached Akbar Khan to succeed him. However, Akbar declined, citing that
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#17328558378922266-476: The Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) pact for Pakistan and his role in national politics, along with that of Defense Minister Mirza, began to grow In 1954, Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra 's relations with the military and Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad deteriorated on issues of the economy. Pressure built up to reconstruct the cabinet which eventually witnessed General Ayub Khan becoming
2369-625: The Civil disobedience movement against the Unionist Government of Punjab Province , the women in Lahore , under her leadership, were involved in processions and courting arrests. In the 1960s, Jinnah returned to the forefront of political life when she ran for the presidency of Pakistan as a candidate for the Combined Opposition Parties (COPP). She described her opponent, Ayub Khan, as
2472-533: The Constitution of Pakistan . The impeachment process may start in either of the two houses of the Parliament. The house initiates the process by leveling the charges against the president. The charges are contained in a notice that has to be signed by either the chairman or the speaker of the National Assembly through a two-thirds majority. The notice is sent up to the president, and 14 days later it
2575-763: The Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College . After she graduated, she opened a dental clinic in Bombay in 1923. Jinnah lived with her brother until 1918, when he married Rattanbai Petit . Upon Rattanbai's death in February 1929, she closed her clinic, moved into her brother Muhammad Ali Jinnah's bungalow to care for her niece Dina Jinnah and took charge of his house. This transition began the lifelong companionship that lasted until her brother's death on 11 September 1948. Jinnah accompanied her brother to every public appearance that he made. She travelled to London, England in 1930, returned to Bombay for
2678-597: The Hilal-i-Jurat (HJ) by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan for non-combatant service and called back to General Headquarters as the Adjutant General of the army on November of the same year. As the tenure of General Gracey was nearing its end at the close of 1949, the Pakistan government had called for appointing native commanders-in-chief of the army, air force , and navy and dismissed deputation appointments from
2781-570: The Indus Water dispute , Ayub had surrendered control of the rivers to India. She narrowly lost the election, winning a majority in some provinces. The election did not involve direct democracy of the population, and some journalists and historians believe that if it had been a direct election she could have won. Jinnah, popularly acclaimed as the Madr-e-Millat , or Mother of the Nation for her role in
2884-657: The Jamaat-e-Islami led by Maulana Maududi , which had repeatedly declared that a woman could not hold the highest office in a Muslim country, modified their stance and supported the candidature of Jinnah. The election showed that the people had no prejudice against women holding high offices, and they could be key players in politics of the country. During a lawsuit, Matloobul Hassan Syed deposed that during Jinnah's election campaign against General Ayub Khan, when some local Shia leaders told her that they would vote for Ayub, she contended that she could represent them better as she
2987-948: The Second World War on the British side against the Imperial Japanese Army . After the Partition of British India in August 1947, he joined the Pakistan Army and was posted in East Bengal . In 1951, he became the first native commander-in-chief, succeeding General Gracey . From 1953 to 1958, he served in the civilian government as Defence and Home Minister and supported President Iskandar Ali Mirza 's decision to impose martial law against prime minister Feroze Khan's administration on 7 October 1958. Two weeks later, Khan seized presidency in
3090-587: The Soviet Union were launched. Relations with neighboring China were strengthened but his alignment with the US worsened relations with the Soviet Union in 1962. He launched Operation Gibraltar against India in 1965, leading to an all-out war . It resulted in a stalemate and peace was restored via the Tashkent Declaration . Domestically, Ayub subscribed to the laissez-faire policy of Western-aligned nations at
3193-580: The civilian control of the Pakistani military. After a thorough confirmation comes from the prime minister , the president confirms the judicial appointments in the national court system . In addition, the Constitution allows the president to grant pardons, reprieves, and clemency in cases recommended to him by the executive and the judiciary . The president himself has absolute constitutional immunity from criminal and civil proceedings, and no proceedings can be initiated or continued against him during
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3296-522: The defence minister and Iskander Mirza as home minister in October 1954. Ayub Khan disdained civilian politicians, whose factional infighting had for years prevented adoption of a constitution. He wrote that he reluctantly joined the cabinet as defence minister with "two clear objectives: to save the armed forces from the interference of the politicians, and to unify the provinces of West Pakistan into one unit." The controversial One Unit Scheme integrated
3399-454: The four western provinces into one political entity, West Pakistan , as a counterbalance against the numerically superior population of East Bengal , which was renamed East Pakistan. The province of Punjab supported the project, but all the other provinces protested against it and its centralisation of power. Opposition was particularly strong in East Bengal, where it was seen as an attack on
3502-539: The print newspapers through his takeover of key opposition papers and, while Ayub Khan permitted a National Assembly, it had only limited powers. In 1961, he promulgated the "Muslim Family Law Ordinance". Through this ordinance, unmitigated polygamy was abolished. Consent of the current wife was made mandatory for a second marriage, and brakes were placed on the practice of instant divorce under Islamic tradition, where men could divorce women by saying: "I divorce you" three times. The Arbitration Councils were set up under
3605-473: The proclamation of Islamic Republic on 23 March 1956. The then serving governor-general , Major General Iskander Mirza , assumed office as the first president. Following the 1958 coup d'etat , the office of prime minister was abolished, leaving the Presidency as the most powerful office in the country. This position was further strengthened when the 1962 Constitution was adopted. It turned Pakistan into
3708-468: The state religion and was viewed as a liberal constitution. It also provided for election of the president by 80,000 (later raised to 120,000) Basic Democrats who could theoretically make their own choice but who were essentially under his control. He justified this as analogous to the American Electoral College and cited Thomas Jefferson as his inspiration. The Ayub administration "guided"
3811-479: The " ideology of Pakistan ." Jinnah came out of her self-imposed political retirement in 1965 to participate in the presidential election against President Ayub Khan . Despite winning the popular vote, Jinnah lost the electoral college to Ayub Khan. Jinnah died in Karachi on 9 July 1967, sparking controversy with rumours of unnatural causes. Although her nephew, Akbar Pirbhai, called for an inquiry, no official report
3914-593: The 1960s, the Pakistani military acquired American‑produced conventional weapons such as Jeep CJs , M48 Patton and M24 Chaffee tanks, M16 rifles , F-86 fighter airplanes, and the submarine PNS Ghazi ; all through the US Foreign Military Sales program. In 1961, President Ayub started the nation's full‑fledged space program in cooperation with the air force, and created the Suparco civilian space agency that launched sounding rockets throughout
4017-404: The 1960s. Ayub prioritized nuclear power generation over the use of nuclear technology for military purposes. He reportedly spent ₨. 724 million on the civilian Karachi Nuclear Power Plant and related education of engineers and scientists. Ayub Khan filled more and more civil administrative positions with army officers, increasing the military's influence over the bureaucracy. He expanded
4120-428: The 1962 Constitution. The opposition parties of Combined Opposition Parties were not united and did not possess any unity of thought and action. They were unable to select presidential candidates from amongst themselves; therefore they selected Jinnah as their candidate. Elections were held on 2 January 1965. There were four candidates: Ayub Khan, Fatima Jinnah, and two obscure persons with no party affiliation. There
4223-573: The Army Staff from 1962 to 1966 while Ayub was the president of Pakistan. After the standard probationary period of service in the British Army , he was appointed to the British Indian Army on 10 April 1929, joining the 1/14th Punjab Regiment Sherdils , now known as the 5th Punjab Regiment. He was promoted to lieutenant on 2 May 1930 and to captain on 2 February 1937. During World War II , he
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4326-743: The Basic Democracy elections, which was to constitute the Electoral College for the Presidential and Assembly elections. There were two major parties contesting the election, the Convention Muslim League and the Combined Opposition Parties. The Combined Opposition Parties consisted of five major opposition parties. It had a nine-point program, which included restoration of direct elections, adult franchise and democratization of
4429-590: The Burma Campaign; however, he was soon temporarily suspended without pay from that command for visible cowardice under fire. In 1946, he was posted back to British India and was stationed in the North-West Frontier Province . In 1947, he was promoted to brigadier and commanded a brigade in South Waziristan . When the United Kingdom announced the Partition of British India into India and Pakistan, he
4532-492: The Constitution confirmed him as president till the election of his successor. Armed with the wide-ranging constitutional powers of a President, he exercised complete control over all governmental machinery during elections. He utilized the state facilities as head of state, not as the President of the Convention Muslim League or a presidential candidate, and did not hesitate to legislate on electoral matters. Bureaucracy and business,
4635-489: The Freedom Movement, contested the 1965 elections at the age of 71. Except for her brief tour to East Pakistan in 1954, she had not participated in politics since Independence. After the imposition of martial law by Ayub Khan, she once wished the regime well. Yet after martial law was lifted, she sympathized with the opposition as she was strongly in favor of democratic ideals. Being sister of her beloved brother, she
4738-578: The Generals to demand Mirza's resignation, but Asghar Khan declined the request, stating that he "found the whole exercise distasteful." The regime came to power with the intent of instituting widespread reform. Like Mirza, Ayub advocated for greater centralization of power, and his ruling style was more American than British. He "vowed to give people access to speedier justice, curb the crippling birth rate, and take appropriate steps, including land reforms and technological innovation, to develop agriculture so that
4841-537: The Indus Water dispute, Ayub had surrendered control of the rivers over to India. Her campaign generated tremendous public enthusiasm. She drew enormous crowds in all cities of East and West Pakistan. The campaign however suffered from several drawbacks. An unfair and unequal election campaign, poor finances, and indirect elections through the Basic Democracy System were some of the basic problems she faced. She
4944-774: The Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity, solidarity, well- being and prosperity of Pakistan: That I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official conduct or my official decisions: That I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan: That, in all circumstances, I will do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill- will: And that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as President of Pakistan, except as may be required for
5047-601: The Muslim women to join in the Pakistan Movement. She was leading a movement that brought thousands of women into the fold of the Muslim League; the movement came to be termed as women's movement. The women's movement was started by Jinnah; she trained women for the forthcoming challenges and provided them training of National Guards, first aid training, etc., and also opened some educational institutes for them. In 1947, during
5150-519: The President was the Chairman of the National Security Council who had authority and control over the nuclear and strategic arsenals ; however, the chairmanship and the powers transferred back to the prime minister . Furthermore, the presidential powers have significantly declined with Pakistan's government reversed to a parliamentary democratic republic . Before 18th Amendment to
5253-495: The Supreme Court's Chief Justice Munir justified the coup under the doctrine of necessity , Ayub sent the military into the presidential palace and exiled Mirza to England. This was largely done with the support of: Admiral A. R. Khan , General Azam Khan , Nawab of Kalabagh Amir Khan , General Dr. Wajid Khan , General K. M. Sheikh, and General Sher Bahadur. Air Vice Marshal Asghar Khan was asked by General Ayub Khan to join
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#17328558378925356-536: The appointment of the navy's native commander in chief in 1951, it was Ayub Khan who helped Vice-Admiral HMS Choudri to be appointed as the first native navy commander in chief, also in 1953. The events surrounding Ayub's appointment set the precedent for a native general being promoted out of turn, ostensibly because he was the least ambitious of the generals in the line of promotion and the most loyal to civil government at that time. In 1953, Ayub visited Turkey, his first foreign visit as an army commander in chief, and
5459-433: The brain, imagination, or depth of thought to understand such (defence) problems nor the vision or the ability to make any contribution". The impasse was broken with Admiral Choudri resigning from the navy in protest as a result of having differences with the navy's plans of expansion and modernization. Suhrawardy and Feroz began campaigning to become prime minister and president in the upcoming general elections. Meanwhile,
5562-411: The conservative Pakistan Muslim League , led by its President Abdul Qayyum Khan , was threatening to engage in civil disobedience. These events were against President Mirza hence he was willing to dissolve even Pakistan's One Unit for his advantage. On 7 October 1958, President Iskandar Ali Mirza abrogated the Constitution of Pakistan of 1956 after sending a letter to Prime Minister Feroz announcing
5665-531: The constitution 2010, President was quite powerful. He had constitutional authority to choose and appoint Prime Minister in his discretion who got majiorty votes from National Assembly. Due to Article 58-2(b) he had authority to dissolve National Assembly in his discretion when Government of Federation cannot be carried according to provisions of Constitution. President Zia Ul Haq , Ghulam Ishaq Khan and Farooq Leghari used this constitutional provision to dissolve elected Prime Minister's Government. The President
5768-444: The country could feed itself". Ayub finally "restored civil administration", although he maintained the Presidency and relied on an intricate web of spy agencies to maintain supremacy over the bureaucracy, including calling upon civilian intelligence agencies. In 1960, a referendum, that functioned as the Electoral College , was held that asked the general public: "Do you have confidence in Muhammad Ayub Khan?". The voter turnout
5871-434: The country led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto . Following protests in East Pakistan , Ayub resigned in March 1969 and appointed Yahya Khan . Later, fighting a brief illness, he died in 1974. Khan remains the country's longest-serving president and second-longest serving head of state . His legacy remains mixed; his era is often dubbed the "Decade of Development". Khan is credited with economic prosperity and industrialisation. He
5974-443: The country's farmland to onetime tenant farmers. In Karachi , around 100,000 refugees displaced by the partition of India were moved from slums to new housing colonies. His administration also eliminated the need for bribes , known as "tea money" in Pakistan, to access government officials, contributing to a reduction in corruption within Pakistan's government relative to other Asian nations during his tenure. An oil refinery
6077-463: The country's politicians only became aware of the coup the next morning; only U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan James M. Langley was kept fully informed of political developments in the country. Ayub justified his part by declaring that: "History would never have forgiven us if the present chaotic conditions were allowed to go on any further," and that his goal was to restore a democracy that the "people can understand and work", not to rule indefinitely. When
6180-418: The country. During 1960–66, the annual GDP growth was recorded at 6.8%. Several hydroelectric projects were completed, including the Mangla Dam (one of the world's largest dams), several small dams and water reservoirs in West Pakistan, and one dam in East Pakistan, the Kaptai Dam . President Ayub authorized planning of nuclear power plants . Dr. Abdus Salam , supported by the President, personally approved
6283-405: The creation of Pakistan. She supported the Two-nation theory , which subsequently played a crucial role in the creation of Pakistan in 1947. The newly founded country of Pakistan had to create a government and legislature to replace the British India government and the British Parliament . She and other founding fathers of Pakistan first established the partial Constituent Assembly (which
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#17328558378926386-434: The democratic principle of political egalitarianism . In 1955, Prime Minister Bogra was dismissed by Governor-General Malik Ghulam Muhammad and he was succeeded by the new Prime Minister Chaudhry Muhammad Ali as the Defence Minister. After the 1954 provincial elections in East Pakistan , the Awami League formed the government there while West Pakistan was governed by the PML, but the PML government collapsed in 1956. He
6489-462: The due discharge of my duties as President. May Allah Almighty help and guide me (Ameen). The Constitution discusses the possibility of an acting president. Certain office-holders, however, are permitted to stand as presidential candidates in case of vacancy as the constitution does not include a position of vice president: The president may be removed before the expiry of the term through impeachment . The president can be removed for violation of
6592-438: The electoral college, Ayub Khan got himself elected as the President of Pakistan . It is believed that had the elections been held via direct ballot, she would have won. The Electoral College consisted of only 80,000 Basic Democrats, who were easily manipulated. The importance of this election lay in the fact that a woman was contesting the highest political office of the country. The orthodox religious political parties, including
6695-404: The failure of land reforms and a weak taxation system meant that most of this growth landed in the hands of the elite. In 1965, Khan entered the presidential race as the Convention Muslim League 's candidate to counter the opposition candidate Fatima Jinnah . Ayub won the elections and was re-elected for a second term. In 1967, disapproval of price hikes of food prompted demonstrations across
6798-400: The last of the Prophets and that there can be no Prophet after him , the Day of Judgment , and all the requirements and teachings of the Holy Quran and Sunnah : That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Pakistan: That, as President of Pakistan, I will discharge my duties, and perform my functions, honestly, to the best of my ability, faithfully in accordance with the Constitution of
6901-429: The law in the urban and rural areas to deal with cases of: (a) grant of sanction to a person to contract a second marriage during the subsistence of a marriage; (b) reconciliation of a dispute between a husband and a wife; (c) grant of a maintenance allowance to the wife and children. Industrialization and rural development through constructing modern national freeways are considered his greatest achievements and his era
7004-423: The most junior major-general, Ayub Khan (commissioned in 1928), to the post despite the fact that his name was not included in the nomination list. Ayub's papers of promotion were approved and he was appointed the first native commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army on 17 January 1951 by Prime Minister Ali Khan. This ended the transitional role of British military officers. Although the Pakistani government announced
7107-401: The office of the president in a special session. Voting takes place in secrecy. Each elector casts a different number of votes. The general principle is that the total number of votes cast by members of Parliament equals the total number of votes cast by provincial legislators. Each of the provincial legislatures has an equal number of votes to each other, based on the number of members of
7210-399: The one recommended by the Shahabuddin Commission. The constitution reflected his personal views of politicians and the restriction of using religions in politics. His presidency restored the writ of government through the promulgated constitution and restored political freedom by lifting the martial law enforced since 1958. The new constitution respected Islam , but did not declare Islam as
7313-477: The position was beyond his competence. The next candidate in line was Akbar's younger brother, General Iftikhar Khan . However, Iftikhar died in an air crash in December 1949 before he could take office, resulting in Gracey's extension. On 23 January 1951, General Ayub Khan succeeded him. Defence Secretary Iskandar Mirza at that time played a crucial role in lobbying for the army post selection, by presenting convincing arguments to Prime Minister Ali Khan to promote
7416-474: The president and prime minister. The 18th Amendment in 2010 restored Parliamentary Democracy in the country, and reduced the presidency to a ceremonial position. The constitution prohibits the president from directly running the government . Instead, the executive power is exercised on his behalf by the prime minister who keeps him informed on all matters of internal and foreign policy , as well as all legislative proposals. The Constitution however, vests
7519-460: The president to be a " Muslim of not less than forty five (45) years of age". The president resides in an estate in Islamabad known as Aiwan-e-Sadar (President's House). In his absence, the chairman of Senate exercises the responsibilities of the post, until the actual president resumes office, or the next office holder is elected . There have been a total of 14 presidents . The first president
7622-459: The president with the powers of granting pardons, reprieves , and the control over military ; however, all appointments at higher commands of the military must be made by the President on a "required and necessary" basis, upon consultation and approval from the prime minister. The president is indirectly elected by the Electoral College for a five-year term. The Constitution requires
7725-528: The principle qualifications that the candidate must meet to be eligible to the office of the president. A president has to be: Whenever the Aiwan-e-Sadr becomes vacant, the selection of president is done by the electoral college , which consists of both houses of Parliament (the Senate and National Assembly ) and the four provincial assemblies . The chief election commissioner has to conduct elections to
7828-432: The private consortium companies and industries, and is credited with creating an environment where the private sector was encouraged to establish medium and small-scale industries in Pakistan. This opened up avenues for new job opportunities and thus the economic graph of the country started rising. He oversaw the development and completion of mega projects such as hydroelectric dams , power stations , and barrages all over
7931-813: The project in Karachi while the project in East Pakistan never materialized. Extensive education reforms were supposedly carried out and 'scientific development efforts' were also supposedly made during his years. These policies could not be sustained after 1965, when the economy collapsed and led to economic declines which he was unable to control. Ayub introduced new curricula and textbooks for universities and schools. Many public-sector universities and schools were built during his era. He also introduced agricultural reforms preventing anyone from occupying more than 500 acres of irrigated and 1000 acres of unirrigated land. His administration, redistributed approximately 23 percent of
8034-405: The public was informed, public reactions were mixed. The immediate crackdown on smuggling, corruption, and trafficking won Ayub plenty of support from the commoners. The middle-class and the upper-middle class were more apprehensive. President Mirza himself was apprehensive, though for a different reason. He had been contemplating replacing Ayub Khan, and it seems that Ayub knew. Immediately after
8137-476: The second president of Pakistan (1958–1969). He rose to prominence after his 1958 Pakistani coup d'état which ousted President Iskandar Ali Mirza . His presidency ended in 1969 when he resigned amid the 1968–69 Pakistan revolution . Born in the North-West Frontier Province , Khan was educated from the Aligarh Muslim University and trained at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst . He fought in
8240-687: The serious interservice rivalry between the General Headquarters staff and the Naval Headquarters staff. Commander in Chief of Navy Vice-Admiral HMS Choudri and his NHQ staff had been fighting with the Finance ministry and the MoD over the issues of rearmament and contingency plans. He reportedly complained about Admiral HMS Choudri to President Mirza and criticized Admiral Choudri for "neither having
8343-743: The size of the army by more than half from the early 1960s to 1969, and maintained a high level of military spending as a percentage of GDP during that period, peaking in the immediate aftermath of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 . President of Pakistan Azad Kashmir government Government of Gilgit-Baltistan Local government Constitution of Pakistan Territorial election commission Elections Provincial elections Territorial elections Political parties Provinces Autonomous region Customs Regional topics The president of Pakistan ( Urdu : صدرِ پاکستان , romanized : s̤adr-i Pākistān )
8446-562: The smallest legislature, which is the Balochistan Assembly (65 seats). The constitution further states that election to the office of president will not be held earlier than sixty days and not later than thirty days before the expiration of the term of the president in office. The president is elected indirectly for a term of five years. The incumbent president is eligible for re-election to that office, but cannot hold that office for more than two consecutive terms. The president
8549-501: The state-sponsored burial followed it. She is buried next to her brother, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, at Mazar-e-Quaid , Karachi. During her funeral, common people were prevented from approaching her body, and no one was allowed to see her face before burial. Those who attempted to do so were met with force, including baton charges and tear gas. Rumors circulated that visible wounds were present on her body, leading to concerns about her death. Newspapers and editorials also raised questions about
8652-522: The subject of controversy, with rumors suggesting unnatural causes, including suspicions of murder. Despite these claims, there was no hard evidence to support them. Her nephew, Akbar Pirbhai, requested an inquiry, but after the provincial government took over the investigation, no official report was ever produced or made public. Rumors persisted, leading to a citizen's appeal for a judicial inquiry in 1972, which resulted in no further action. Her private last rites were performed according to Shia guidelines and
8755-671: The term of his office. There shall be a President of Pakistan who shall be the Head of State and shall represent the "unity of the Republic." Article 232: Emergency due to war, external or internal disturbance: Article 233: Suspension of Fundamental Rights: Article 234: Emergency due to the breakdown of constitutional machinery: Article 235: Financial Emergency: President can impose governor rule in any province. He can run provincial government directly. He can use emergency powers on advice of Prime Minister and cabinet. From 2000 until 2009,
8858-476: The time. Khan privatised state-owned industries, and liberalised the economy generally. Large inflows of foreign aid and investment led to the fastest-growing economy in South Asia. His tenure was also distinguished by the completion of hydroelectric stations , dams, and reservoirs . Under Ayub, Pakistan's space program was established, and the country launched its first uncrewed space-mission by 1962. However,
8961-621: The two beneficiaries of the Ayub Khan regime, helped him in his election campaign. Taking advantage of political opportunities, he brought all the discontented elements together to support him; students were assured the revision of the University Ordinance and journalists the scrutiny of the Press Laws. Ayub Khan also gathered the support of the Ulama who were of the view that Islam does not permit
9064-417: Was Iskander Ali Mirza who entered office on 23 March 1956. The current office holder is Asif Ali Zardari , who took charge on 9 March 2024, following his controversial victory in the 2024 elections . The official residence and principal workplace of the president is Aiwan-e-Sadr — the presidential palace located in northeastern Islamabad . The presidency forms the vital institutional organ of state and
9167-645: Was a Shia . According to Liaquat H. Merchant, "the Court was inclined to repose more trust in the avowed non-sectarian public stance of the Quaid and his sister". Both Muhammad Ali Jinnah and his sister "carefully avoided a sectarian label." Fatima Jinnah never married and stayed childless. Her unfinished biography on her brother Muhammad Ali Jinnah, My Brother , was published by the Quaid-i-Azam Academy in 1987. Jinnah died in Karachi on 9 July 1967. Her death became
9270-496: Was a short campaigning period of one month, which was further restricted to nine projection meetings that were organized by the Election Commission and were attended only by the members of the Electoral College and members of the press. The public was barred from attending the projection meetings, which would have enhanced Jinnah's image. Ayub Khan had a great advantage over the rest of the candidates. The Second Amendment to
9373-430: Was able to introduce submarines and slowly modified itself by acquiring warships. However, Ayub drastically reduced funding of the military in the 1950s and de-prioritized nuclear weapons in the 1960s. The military relied on donations from the United States for major weapons procurements. Major funding was made available for military acquisitions and procurement towards conventional weaponry for conventional defence . In
9476-523: Was admitted to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in 1926. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 2 February 1928 in the 19th Punjabis of the 14th Punjab Regiment (better known as 1/14th Punjab Regiment) of the British Indian Army – before this he was attached to the Royal Fusiliers . Amongst those who passed out with him was Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri , who served as Chief of
9579-421: Was backed by a consortium of political parties and won two of Pakistan's largest cities, Karachi and Dhaka . The U.S. magazine, Time , while reporting on the 1965 election campaign, wrote that Jinnah faced attacks on her modesty and patriotism by Ayub Khan and his allies. Jinnah won the popular vote in the presidential election of 1965. However through post-election rigging, coercion, and manipulation of
9682-487: Was called on to join the Cabinet as Defence Minister by Prime Minister H.S. Suhrawardy and maintained closer relations with Iskander Mirza who now had become the first President of the country after the successful promulgation of the Constitution in 1956. In 1957, President Mirza promoted him from acting full general to the substantive rank of full general. Around this time the MoD , led by General Ayub Khan, began to see
9785-495: Was established in Karachi. These reforms led to 15% GNP growth of the country that was three times greater than that of India. Despite the increase in the GNP growth, the profit and revenue was gained by the famous 22 families of the time that controlled 66% of the industries and land of the country and 80% of the banking and insurance companies of Pakistan. During the Ayub era, the navy
9888-429: Was held in high esteem, and came to symbolize the democratic aspirations of the people. The electoral landscape changed when Jinnah decided to contest the elections for the president's office in 1965. She was challenging the dictator and self-proclaimed "president" Ayub Khan in the indirect election, which Ayub Khan had himself instituted. Presidential candidates for the vote of 1965 were announced before commencement of
9991-607: Was issued. Nearly half a million people attended her funeral in Karachi. Her legacy is associated with her support for civil rights . She is commonly known as Madar-e-Millat (" Mother of the Nation "), and Khatun-e-Pakistan ("Lady of Pakistan"), many institutions and public spaces in Pakistan have been named in her honour. Fatima was born into the Jinnah family on 31 July 1893, the youngest of seven children to Jinnahbhai Poonja and his wife Mithibai, in Kathiawar , Gujarat , during
10094-454: Was one of the most senior serving officers in the British Indian Army who opted for Pakistan in 1947. At the time of his joining, he was the tenth ranking officer in terms of seniority with service number PA-010. In the early part of 1948, he was given the command of the 14th Infantry Division in the rank of acting major-general stationed in Dacca , East Pakistan . In 1949, he was decorated with
10197-453: Was prevented from addressing the nation until 1951; her 1951 radio address was interrupted, which many believed was an attempt by the Liaquat administration to censor her. She wrote the book My Brother in 1955, but it was only published 32 years later, in 1987. Before publication, several pages were removed by Sharif al Mujahid of the Quaid-i-Azam Academy , as they were deemed to be against
10300-508: Was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1942 and was posted in Burma to participate in the first phase of the Burma Campaign in 1942–43. He was promoted to the permanent rank of major on 2 February 1945. Later that year, he was promoted to temporary colonel and assumed the command of his own regiment in which he was commissioned to direct operations in the second phase of
10403-528: Was recorded at 95.6% and such confirmation was used as impetus to formalise the new system – a presidential system . Ayub Khan was elected president for the next five years and decided to pay his first state visit to the United States with his wife and also daughter Begum Naseem Aurangzeb in July 1961. Highlights of his visit included a state dinner at Mount Vernon , a visit to the Islamic Center of Washington , and
10506-515: Was replaced with Parliament ), and adopted the Objectives Resolution was annexed to the Constitution of Pakistan . During the transfer of power in 1947, Jinnah formed the Women's Relief Committee, which later formed the nucleus for the All Pakistan Women's Association (APWA). She also played a significant role in the settlement of Muhajirs in the new state of Pakistan. Jinnah played
10609-547: Was said to have been impressed with Turkish military tradition; he met only with the Turkish defence minister during his visit. Thereafter, he went to the United States and visited the US State Department and Pentagon to lobby for forging military relations . He termed this visit as a "medical visit" but made a strong plea for military aid which was not considered due to India's opposition. On 24 February 1954, Ayub signed
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