97-785: The Prefontaine Classic is a track and field meet held at Hayward Field on the campus of the University of Oregon in Eugene , Oregon , United States . Organized by the Oregon Track Club , it was previously one of the IAAF Grand Prix events, and is now part of the Diamond League . The meet is one of the few international competitions to host the imperial distances of the Mile run ( Bowerman Mile ) and 2 Mile run . The first Prefontaine Classic
194-443: A sandpit . The athletes must jump before a marked line and their achieved distance is measured from the nearest point of sand disturbed by the athlete's body. The athletics competition at the first Olympics featured a men's long jump competition and a women's competition was introduced at the 1948 Summer Olympics . Professional long jumpers typically have strong acceleration and sprinting abilities. However, athletes must also have
291-439: A water jump on each lap. Despite the long history of men's steeplechase in track and field, the women's steeplechase only gained World Championship status in 2005, with its first Olympic appearance in 2008. The long jump is one of the oldest track and field events, having its roots as one of the events within the ancient Greek pentathlon contest. The athletes would take a short run up and jump into an area of dug up earth, with
388-497: A 120-yard race (110 m) with ten hurdles of 3-foot and 6 inches (1.06 m) in height (each placed 10 yards (9 m) apart), with the first and final hurdles 15 yards from the start and finish, respectively. French organisers adapted the race into metric (adding 28 cm) and the basics of this race, the men's 110 metres hurdles , has changed little. The origin of the 400 metres hurdles also lies in Oxford, where around 1860
485-402: A certain distance. There are two types of field events: jumps and throws. In jumping competitions, athletes are judged on either the length or height of the jumps. The performances of jumping events for distance are measured from a board or marker, and overstepping this mark is judged as a foul. In the jumps for height, an athlete must clear their body over a crossbar without knocking the bar off
582-439: A combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are individual sports with a single victor; the most prominent team events are relay races , which typically feature teams of four. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the men's and women's competitions are usually held at the same venue. Recently, "mixed" relay events have been introduced into meets, whereby two men and two women make up
679-482: A competition was held over 440 yards and twelve 1.06 m high wooden barriers were placed along the course. The modern regulations stem from the 1900 Summer Olympics : the distance was fixed to 400 m while ten 3-foot (91.44 cm) hurdles were placed 35 m apart on the track, with the first and final hurdles being 45 m and 40 m away from the start and finish, respectively. Women's hurdles are slightly lower at 84 cm (2 ft 9 in) for
776-511: A consistent stride to allow them to take off near the board while still maintaining their maximum speed. In addition to the traditional long jump, a standing long jump contest exists which requires that athletes leap from a static position without a run-up. A men's version of this event featured on the Olympic programme from 1900 to 1912. As of 2024 , the men's long jump world record is held by Mike Powell , jumping 8.95 meters in 1991. Similar to
873-649: A crowd of over ten thousand people. In response, the Amateur Athletic Club was formed that same year and held a championship for "gentlemen amateurs" in an attempt to reclaim the sport for the educated elite. Ultimately the "allcomers" ethos of the NOA won through and in 1880 the AAC was reconstituted as the Amateur Athletic Association , the first national body for the sport of athletics . The AAA Championships ,
970-450: A cushioned landing area. The men's high jump was included in the 1896 Olympics and a women's competition followed in 1928. Jumping technique has played a significant part in the history of the event. High jumpers typically cleared the bar feet first in the late 19th century, using either the Scissors , Eastern cut-off or Western roll technique. The straddle technique became prominent in
1067-600: A decade later, the first Wenlock Olympian Games were held at Much Wenlock racecourse in 1851. It included a "half-mile foot race" (805 m) and a "leaping in distance" competition. In 1865, Dr William Penny Brookes of Wenlock helped set up the National Olympian Association , which held their first Olympian Games in 1866 at the Crystal Palace in London. This national event was a great success, attracting
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#17328527292711164-867: A fully professional competition with the introduction of prize money in 1997, and in 1998 the IAAF Golden League —an annual series of major track and field meetings in Europe—raised the economic incentive through its US$ 1 million jackpot. In 2010, the series was replaced by the more lucrative Diamond League , a fourteen-meeting series held in Europe, Asia, North America, and the Middle East—the first-ever worldwide annual series of track and field meetings. Track and field events are divided into three categories: track events, field events and combined events. The majority of athletes tend to specialize in one event type with
1261-484: A largely amateur sport, as this rule was strictly enforced: Jim Thorpe was stripped of his track and field medals from the 1912 Olympics after it was revealed that he had taken expense money for playing baseball, violating Olympic amateurism rules. His medals were reinstated 29 years after his death. That same year, the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) was established as
1358-403: A leg) before handing over a baton to a teammate, who then begins their leg. There is usually a designated area where athletes must exchange the baton. Teams may be disqualified if they fail to complete the change within the area, or if the baton is dropped during the race. A team may also be disqualified if its runners are deemed to have wilfully impeded other competitors. Relay races emerged in
1455-661: A masculine activity. On 9 November 1895, the first women's track meet in the United States was held and it was called "a field day". Alice Milliat argued for the inclusion of women at the Olympics, but the International Olympic Committee refused. She founded the International Women's Sports Federation in 1921 and, alongside a growing women's sports movement in Europe and North America, the group initiated of
1552-674: A new world U20 record of 7:28.19. At the European Athletics Outdoor Classic Permit Meeting in Sweden on 18 August, Yomif won the 3000 m with a time of 7:28.00. On 31 August, he placed third in the 5000 m at the Diamond League Brussels Final. He ran a personal best of 12:46.79, making him the seventh-fastest runner ever in the event. Yomif came within hundredth of a second of Hicham El Guerrouj 's world indoor mile record on 9 February at
1649-474: A number of different track and field events. Points are given for their performance in each event and the athlete or team with the highest score at the end of all events is the winner. Races over short distances, or sprints , are among the oldest running competitions. The first 13 editions of the Ancient Olympic Games featured only one event, the stadion race , which was a race from one end of
1746-399: A number of occasions in the 1940s. The prominence of the distances were maintained by Roger Bannister , who in 1954 was the first to run the long-elusive four-minute mile , and Jim Ryun 's exploits served to popularise interval training . Races between British rivals Sebastian Coe , Steve Ovett and Steve Cram characterised middle-distance running in the 1980s. From the 1990s until
1843-554: A second. At the time, this was the fourth fastest men's 3000m performance in history, behind Ingebrigtsen's 7:23.63, Hicham El Guerrouj's 7:23.09, and Daniel Komen's world record of 7:20.67. On 30 May, Yomif contested the 5000 metres at the Oslo Diamond League , finishing second to compatriot Hagos Gebrhiwet . Hagos ran 12:36.73 to become the second fastest man in history at the 5000 metre distance, behind Joshua Cheptegei's world record of 12:35.36, while Yomif finished in
1940-482: A square throwing area of seven feet (2.13 m) on each side. This was amended to a circle area with a seven-foot diameter in 1906, and the weight of the shot was standardised to 16 pounds (7.26 kg). Throwing technique was also refined over this period, with bent arm throws being banned as they were deemed too dangerous and the side-step and throw technique arising in the United States in 1876. Yomif Kejelcha Yomif Kejelcha Atomsa (born 1 August 1997)
2037-414: A strip of track, plant the pole in the metal box, and vault over the horizontal bar before letting go of the pole and falling backwards onto the landing mattress. While earlier versions used wooden, metal or bamboo, modern poles are generally made from artificial materials such as fibreglass or carbon fibre . The pole vault has been an Olympic event since 1896 for men, but it was over 100 years later that
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#17328527292712134-500: A time of 12:38.95, becoming the fourth fastest 5000 metre runner in history, behind Kenenisa Bekele (12:37.35), Hagos, and Cheptegei. After exchanging leads with his teammates for most of the race, Yomif finished sixth in the 2024 Olympic 10,000 m. On 27 October, in the 2024 Valencia Half Marathon , Yomif set a new half marathon world record of 57:30, breaking Jacob Kiplimo's former half marathon world record of 57:31 by one second. Yomif married Yadu Birhanu Biru in 2022. Yomif
2231-488: A time of 3:43.73, with the aid of pacing lights and pacemakers Erik Sowinski & Cameron Myers . Ingebrigtsen missed Hicham El Guerrouj's mile world record by .60 seconds, still having run the fastest mile in 24 years and the third fastest mile in history at the time. Ingebrigtsen was closely followed by Yared Nuguse , who finished in an American record time of 3:43.97, breaking Alan Webb's former American mile record of 3:46.91 by almost three full seconds and running
2328-508: A women's version gained World Championship status and went on to have its first Olympic appearance three years later. The men's standing triple jump event featured at the Olympics in 1900 and 1904, but such competitions have since become very uncommon, although it is still used as a non-competitive exercise drill. The Current world record for the Men's triple jump is 18.29 meter (60 ft 0in) held by Jonathan Edwards. The current women's world record
2425-458: A world best in 1983, Olympic champions Michael Johnson and Donovan Bailey went head-to-head over the distance in 1997, and Usain Bolt improved Mennea's record in 2009. The most common middle-distance track events are the 800 metres , 1500 metres and mile run , although the 3000 metres may also be classified as a middle-distance event. The 880 yard run , or half mile, was the forebear of
2522-649: A world-leading 12:58.39 and breaking 13 minutes for the first time. On 11 September, Yomif competed in the event at the Brussels Diamond League, setting a new personal best and world-leading time of 12:53.98. He started 2016 by winning the gold in the 3000 metres at the World Indoor Championships in Portland, Oregon . On 27 August, Yomif won the event at the Diamond League Paris meet in
2619-499: Is 15.67 meters (51 ft 4 3/4in) held by Yulimar Rojas. The first recorded instances of high jumping competitions were in Scotland in the 19th century. Further competitions were organised in 1840 in England and in 1865 the basic rules of the modern event were standardised there. Athletes have a short run up and then take off from one foot to jump over a horizontal bar and fall back onto
2716-488: Is a sport that includes athletic contests based on running , jumping , and throwing skills. The name used in North America is derived from where the sport takes place, a running track and a grass field for the throwing and some of the jumping events. Track and field is categorized under the umbrella sport of athletics , which also includes road running , cross country running and racewalking . In British English
2813-486: Is an Ethiopian distance runner . He holds the current world record in the short track mile (3:47.01 set in 2019), and the half marathon (57:30 set in 2024, pending ratification). Yomif won the silver medal in the 10,000 metres at the 2019 World Athletics Championships and gold medals for the 3000 metres at the 2016 and 2018 World Indoor Championships . He was the 2013 World Youth 3000 m champion and 2014 World Junior 5000 m gold medallist. Yomif
2910-467: Is an avid fan of the English Premier League football team Chelsea. Yomif's running hero is compatriot Kenenisa Bekele , a four time Olympic medalist. He trains daily, running between 120 and 140 kilometres a week. He often trains alongside Telahun Haile Bekele , Hagos Gebrhiwet and Birhanu Balew . All information from World Athletics profile. As of 22 September 2024, Yomif holds
3007-469: Is incorrect, suggesting that the belief stems from a mythologised account of Phayllus of Croton having jumped 55 ancient feet (around 16.3 m). The Book of Leinster , a 12th-century Irish manuscript, records the existence of geal-ruith (triple jump) contests at the Tailteann Games . The men's triple jump competition has been ever-present at the modern Olympics, but it was not until 1993 that
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3104-399: Is run in some levels of American competition. Outside of the hurdles events, the steeplechase race is the other track and field event with obstacles. Just as the hurdling events, the steeplechase finds its origin in student competition in Oxford, England. However, this event was born as a human variation on the original steeplechase competition found in horse racing . A steeplechase event
3201-417: Is the oldest running club in the world, with written records going back to 1831 and evidence that it was established by 1819. The school organised Paper Chase races in which runners followed a trail of paper shreds left by two "foxes"; even today RSSH runners are called "hounds" and a race victory is a "kill". The first definite record of Shrewsbury's cross-country Annual Steeplechase is in 1834, making it
3298-439: Is very common at the elite level, although they are not present at championship level competitions as all qualified competitors want to win. Long-distance track events gained popularity in the 1920s by the achievements of the " Flying Finns ", such as multiple Olympic champion Paavo Nurmi . The successes of Emil Zátopek in the 1950s promoted intense interval training methods, but Ron Clarke 's record-breaking feats established
3395-778: The 5000 metres at the World Junior Championships held in July in Eugene, Oregon that year, running 13:25.19. He also won gold in the 3000 m at the Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing later that summer. He finished 2014 as the world youth leader at both the 3000 and 5000 metres, and world junior leader at 3000 metres. Yomif opened his 2015 season at the African Junior Championships in Addis Ababa , winning
3492-675: The Ancient Olympic include further running competitions, but the introduction of the Ancient Olympic pentathlon marked a step towards track and field as it is recognized today—it comprised a five-event competition of the long jump , javelin throw , discus throw , stadion footrace, and wrestling . Track and field events were also present at the Panhellenic Games in Greece around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 201 BC. In
3589-574: The Bowerman Mile and broke Jim Ryun 's national high school record that had stood for 36 years. This was also the fastest mile by an American in three years. Maria de Lurdes Mutola won 16 consecutive (1993–2008) women's 800 m races at the Pre Classic. In the 2023 Prefontaine Classic & Diamond League Final, on September 16, Norwegian athlete Jakob Ingebrigtsen won the Bowerman Mile, in
3686-643: The COVID-19 pandemic . In 2023, the Prefontaine Classic was held as the Diamond League Final for the first time. Over the course of its history, seven world records have been set at the Prefontaine Classic. At the 2001 Prefontaine Classic, Alan Webb competed against elite international runners, in a field that included world record holder Hicham El Guerrouj , and the 2000 Sydney Olympics 1500m bronze medalist Bernard Lagat . Webb ran 3:53.43 in
3783-682: The First British Track & Field championships for women and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) sponsoring the first American Track & Field championships for women . In China, women's track and field events were being held in the 1920s, but were subject to criticism and disrespect from audiences. Physical education advocate Zhang Ruizhen called for greater equality and participation of women in Chinese track and field. The rise of Kinue Hitomi and her 1928 Olympic medal for Japan signified
3880-631: The Middle Ages the stone put was known in Scotland and the steinstossen was recorded in Switzerland. In the 17th century, cannonball throwing competitions within the English military provided a precursor to the modern sport. The term "shot" originates from the use of round shot -style ammunition for the sport. The modern rules were first laid out in 1860 and required that competitors take legal throws within
3977-537: The Middle Ages , new track and field events began developing in parts of Northern Europe. The stone put and weight throw competitions popular among Celtic societies in Ireland and Scotland were precursors to the modern shot put and hammer throw events. One of the last track and field events to develop was the pole vault , which stemmed from competitions such as fierljeppen in North European Lowlands in
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4074-489: The Millrose Games . He ran an Ethiopian national record and a Millrose meet record of 3:48.46, making him second-fastest athlete of all time in the event. On 3 March, Yomif broke this record with a time of 3:47.01, slicing 1.44 seconds off El Guerrouj's mark set in 1997. He came short of the 1500 metres world indoor record with his 3:31.25 split en route, making him the third-fastest indoor performer in history though. He
4171-567: The Soviet Union , and early 21st century Russia , as well as prominent individual cases such as those of Olympic gold medallists Ben Johnson and Marion Jones , damaged the public image and marketability of the sport. From the 1990s onward, track and field became increasingly more professional and international, as the IAAF gained over 200 member nations. The IAAF World Championships in Athletics became
4268-644: The Women's Olympiad , held annually from 1921 to 1923. In cooperation with the English Women's Amateur Athletic Association (WAAA), the Women's World Games was held four times between 1922 and 1934, as well as a Women's International and British Games in London in 1924. These efforts ultimately led to the introduction of five track and field events for women in the athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics . National women's events were established in this period, with 1923 seeing
4365-614: The athletics competition at the Olympic Games and the World Athletics Championships . World Athletics , formerly known as the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ), is the international governing body for the sport of athletics. Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at world , continental, and national levels. However, if athletes are deemed to have violated
4462-608: The de facto British national championships despite being for England only, have been held annually since July 1880 with breaks only during two world wars and 2006–2008. The AAA was effectively a global governing body in the early years of the sport, helping to codify its rules. Meanwhile, the New York Athletic Club in 1876 began holding an annual national competition, the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships . The establishment of general sports governing bodies for
4559-429: The international governing body for track and field, and it enshrined amateurism as a founding principle for the sport. The National Collegiate Athletic Association held their first Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship in 1921, making it one of the most prestigious competitions for students. In 1923 track and field featured at the inaugural World Student Games . The first continental track and field competition
4656-490: The 100 m event and 76 cm (2 ft 6 in) for the 400 m event. The most common events are the 100 metres hurdles for women, 110 m hurdles for men and 400 m hurdles for both sexes. The men's 110 m has been featured at every modern Summer Olympics while the men's 400 m was introduced in the second edition of the Games. Women's initially competed in the 80 metres hurdles event, which entered
4753-474: The 18th century. Discrete track and field competitions, separate from general sporting festivals , were first recorded in the 19th century. These were typically organised among rival educational institutions , military organisations and sports clubs . Influenced by a Classics -rich curriculum, competitions in the English public schools were conceived as human equivalents of horse racing , fox hunting and hare coursing . The Royal Shrewsbury School Hunt
4850-696: The 1980s, the Soviet Bloc always fielded state-funded athletes who trained full-time, putting American and Western European athletes at a significant disadvantage. 1983 saw the establishment of the IAAF World Championships in Athletics , becoming, with the Olympics, one of track and field's most prestigious competitions. The profile of the sport reached an apogee in the 1980s, with a number of athletes becoming household names, like Carl Lewis , Sergey Bubka , Sebastian Coe , Zola Budd and Florence Griffith Joyner . Many world records were broken then, and
4947-402: The 200 m distances came from the furlong (or 1/8 of a mile ), and the 400 m was the successor to the 440 yard dash or quarter-mile race. At the professional level, sprinters begin the race by assuming a crouching position in the starting blocks before leaning forward and gradually moving into an upright position as the race progresses and momentum is gained. Athletes remain in
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#17328527292715044-783: The 2010s, North Africans such as Noureddine Morceli of Algeria and Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco came to dominate the 1500 and mile events. In the 2020s, Western European athletes have returned to the forefront of the distance, with athletes such as Jakob Ingebrigtsen of Norway , Jake Wightman , and Josh Kerr (both British milers) winning global titles. Beyond the short distances of sprinting events, factors such as an athlete's reactions and top speed becomes less important, while qualities such as pace , tactics and endurance become more so. There are three common long-distance running events in track and field competitions: 3000 , 5000 , and 10,000 metres . The latter two races are both Olympic and World Championship events outdoors, while
5141-1089: The 3000 m is held at the IAAF World Indoor Championships . The 5000 m and 10,000 m events have their historical roots in the 3-mile and 6-mile races. The 3000 m was used as a women's long-distance event, entering the World Championship programme in 1983 and Olympic programme in 1984, but this was abandoned in favour of a women's 5000 m event in 1995. Marathons , while long-distance races, are typically run on street courses, and often are run separately from other track and field events. In terms of competition rules and physical demands, long-distance track races have much in common with middle-distance races, except that pacing, stamina , and tactics become much greater factors in performances. A number of athletes have achieved success in both middle- and long-distance events, including Saïd Aouita who set world records from 1500 m to 5000 m. The use of pace-setters in long-distance events
5238-721: The 5000 m in a time of 14:31.03. He made his IAAF Diamond League debut in Doha , placing fifth in the 3000 m. He then won a non-Diamond Race 5000 m event at the Prefontaine Classic in Eugene, improving his personal best to 13:10.54 and outkicking Edwin Soi and Galen Rupp . Yomif scored his first Diamond League victory the following week at the Golden Gala in Rome , winning 5000 m in
5335-483: The 800 m distance and it has its roots in competitions in the United Kingdom in the 1830s. The 1500 m came about as a result of running three laps of a 500 m track, which was commonplace in continental Europe in the 20th century. Middle distance events can begin in one of two ways: a staggered start or a waterfall start. In the 800 meter race, athletes begin in individual lanes that are staggered before
5432-449: The Olympic programme in 1932 . This was extended to the 100 m hurdles at the 1972 Olympics, but it was not until 1984 that a women's 400 m hurdles event took place at the Olympics (having been introduced at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics the previous year). Other distances and heights of hurdles, such as the 200 metres hurdles and low hurdles , were once common but are now held infrequently. The 300 metres hurdles
5529-547: The Oregon Track Club changed the name, with Bowerman's approval, on June 1; the first "Pre Classic" was held six days later. Nike has been the primary sponsor since 1978. The 2019 edition moved to Stanford's Cobb Track and Angell Field, Palo Alto, California because of restoration of Hayward Field in anticipation of the IAAF World Athletics Championships in 2021. The 2020 edition was cancelled due to
5626-530: The United States (the Amateur Athletic Union in 1888) and France (the Union des sociétés françaises de sports athlétiques in 1889) put the sport on a formal footing and made international competitions possible. The revival of the Olympic Games at the end of the 19th century marked a new high for track and field. The Olympic athletics programme , comprising track and field events plus a marathon , contained many of
5723-411: The United States in the 1880s as a variation on charity races between firemen , who would hand a red pennant on to teammates every 300 yards. Two very common relay events are the 4×100 metres relay and the 4×400 metres relay . Both entered the Olympic programme at the 1912 Summer Games after a one-off men's medley relay featured in 1908 Olympics. The 4×100 m event is run strictly within
5820-426: The United States, where a number of large meetings (or relay carnivals ) are focused almost solely on relay events. Races with hurdles as obstacles were first popularised in the 19th century in England. The first known event, held in 1830, was a variation of the 100-yard dash that included heavy wooden barriers as obstacles. A competition between the Oxford and Cambridge Athletic Clubs in 1864 refined this, holding
5917-614: The added political element between competitors of the United States, East Germany , and the Soviet Union, during the Cold War , only served to stoke the sport's popularity. The rising commerciality of track and field was also met with developments in sports science , and there were transformations in coaching methods, athlete's diets, training facilities, and sports equipment. The use of performance-enhancing drugs also increased. State-sponsored doping in 1970s and 1980s East Germany , China ,
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#17328527292716014-405: The aim of perfecting their performances, although the aim of combined events athletes is to become proficient in a number of disciplines. Track events involve running on a track over specified distances, and—in the case of the hurdling and steeplechase events—surmounting obstacles. There are also relay races in which teams of athletes run and pass on a baton to their team members at the end of
6111-555: The event's rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased. In the United States, the term track and field may refer to other athletics events, such as cross country , the marathon , and road running , rather than strictly track-based events. The sport of track and field has prehistoric roots, being among the oldest of sporting competitions , as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal human physical expressions. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events are
6208-441: The first women's world championship competition was held at the 1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships . The first women's Olympic pole vaulting competition occurred in 2000. Track and field contains some of the foremost kinds of throwing sports , and the four major disciplines are the only pure throwing events to feature at the Olympic Games . The genesis of the shot put can be traced to pre-historic competitions with rocks: in
6305-492: The foremost sporting competitions of the 1896 Summer Olympics . The Olympics also consolidated the use of metric measurements in international track and field events, both for race distances and for measuring jumps and throws. The Olympic athletics programme greatly expanded over the next decades, and track and field remained among its most prominent contests. The Olympics was the elite competition for track and field, only open to amateur sportsmen . Track and field continued to be
6402-462: The four-person team. If a race has too many people to run all at once, preliminary heats will be run to narrow down the field of participants. Track and field is one of the oldest sports. In ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the Ancient Olympic Games in Greece . In modern times, the two most prestigious international track and field competitions are
6499-424: The fourth fastest mile in history at the time. The race was reminiscent of El Guerrouj's 1999 world record run in Rome , where El Guerrouj won in 3:43.13, but was being closely tracked by Kenyan athlete Noah Ngeny , who came in second place at 3:43.40. El Guerrouj and Ngeny still hold the first and second fastest mile times respectively as of 2023. These four men (El Guerrouj, Ngeny, Ingebrigtsen, Nuguse) remain
6596-522: The growth in Olympic-style multi-sport events (such as the Commonwealth Games and Pan-American Games ), competitions between international track and field athletes became widespread. From the 1960s onward, the sport gained exposure and commercial appeal through television coverage and the increasing wealth of nations. After over half a century of amateurism, in the late 1970s the amateur status of
6693-485: The growth of women's track and field in East Asia. More women's events were gradually introduced, though it was only towards the end of the century that the athletics programmes approached gender parity. Marking an increasingly inclusive approach to the sport, major track and field competitions for disabled athletes were first introduced at the 1960 Summer Paralympics . With the rise of numerous regional championships, and
6790-466: The importance of natural training and even-paced running. The 1990s saw the rise of North and East African runners in long-distance events. Kenyans and Ethiopians, in particular, have since remained dominant in these events. Relay races are the only track and field event in which a team of runners directly compete against other teams. Typically, a team is made up of four runners of the same sex. Each runner completes their specified distance (referred to as
6887-416: The inner lanes while members of slower teams must await the baton on outer lanes. In a shuttle hurdle relay , each of four hurdlers on a team runs the opposite direction from the preceding runner. No batons are used. The IAAF keeps world records for five different types of track relays. As with 4×100 m and 4×400 m events, all races comprise teams of four athletes running the same distances, with
6984-509: The least time. The jumping and throwing events are won by those who achieve the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include long jump , triple jump , high jump , and pole vault , while the most common throwing events are shot put , javelin , discus , and hammer . There are also "combined events" or "multi events", such as the pentathlon consisting of five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events, and decathlon consisting of ten events. In these, athletes participate in
7081-647: The less commonly contested distances being the 4×200 m , 4×800 m and 4×1500 m relays . Other events include the distance medley relay (comprising legs of 1200, 400, 800, and 1600 metres), which is frequently held in the United States, and a sprint relay, known as the Swedish medley relay , which is popular in Scandinavia and was held at the IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics programme. Relay events have significant participation in
7178-465: The long jump, the triple jump takes place on a track heading towards a sandpit. Originally, athletes would hop on the same leg twice before jumping into the pit, but this was changed to the current "hop, step and jump" pattern from 1900 onwards. There is some dispute over whether the triple jump was contested in ancient Greece: while some historians claim that a contest of three jumps occurred at Ancient Games, others such as Stephen G. Miller believe this
7275-513: The mid-20th century, but Dick Fosbury overturned tradition by pioneering a backwards and head-first technique in the late 1960s – the Fosbury Flop – which won him the gold at the 1968 Olympics . This technique has become the overwhelming standard for the sport from the 1980s onwards. The standing high jump was contested at the Olympics from 1900 to 1912, but is now relatively uncommon outside of its use as an exercise drill. In terms of sport,
7372-648: The oldest running race of the modern era. The school also lays claim to the oldest track and field meeting still extant, the Second Spring Meeting first documented in 1840. This featured a series of throwing and jumping events with mock horse races including the Derby Stakes, the Hurdle Race and the Trial Stakes. Runners were entered by "owners" and named as though they were horses. 13 miles (21 km) away and
7469-626: The only ones in history to have run a mile under 3:44.00 as of 2024, with the #5 fastest miler of all time being Noureddine Morceli , with his 1993 time of 3:44.39. The next day, Ingebrigtsen would go on to win the 3000 m, in a time of 7:23.63, beating Yomif Kejelcha by only one hundredth of a second. At the time, this ranked Kejelcha at #4 all time and Ingebrigtsen at #3 all time, behind Hicham El Guerrouj's 7:23.09 and Daniel Komen's world record of 7:20.67. 44°02′31″N 123°04′16″W / 44.042°N 123.071°W / 44.042; -123.071 Track and field Track and field
7566-408: The pole and athletes began clearing the bar with their feet first and twisting so that the stomach faces the bar. Bamboo poles were introduced in the 20th century and a metal box in the runway for planting the pole became standard. Landing mattresses were introduced in the mid-20th century to protect the athletes who were clearing increasingly greater heights. The modern event sees athletes run down
7663-733: The police force, and returned home at the suggestion of his mother. Yomif joined the Burayu Kenema Club, and moved to the outskirts of Addis Ababa to train. Yomif made his international debut at the 2013 World Youth Championships in Donetsk , winning gold in the boys' 3000 metres with a time of 7:53.56. In June, he placed second over 3000 m in 7:36.28 at the Ostrava Golden Spike elite meeting, losing only to Kenya's Caleb Ndiku ; he defeated 2008 Olympic medallist Nick Willis and former world champion Bernard Lagat . Yomif won
7760-425: The quickest route to the finish. Physiologically, middle-distance events demand that athletes have good aerobic and anaerobic energy producing systems , and also that they have strong endurance . The 1500 m and mile run events have historically been some of the most prestigious track and field events. Swedish rivals Gunder Hägg and Arne Andersson broke each other's 1500 m and mile world records on
7857-594: The same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events, with the sole exception of the indoor 400 m. Races up to 100 m are largely focused upon acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed. All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance. Human physiology dictates that a runner's near-top speed cannot be maintained for more than thirty seconds or so because lactic acid builds up once leg muscles begin to suffer oxygen deprivation. Top speed can only be maintained for up to 20 metres. Japanese man Hidekichi Miyazaki
7954-440: The same lane on the track, meaning that the team collectively runs one complete circuit of the track. Teams in a 4×400 m event remain in their own lane until the runner of the second leg passes the first bend, at which point runners can leave their lanes and head towards the inmost part of the circuit. For the second and third baton changeovers, teammates must align themselves in respect of their team position – leading teams take
8051-419: The smallest margins in distance running history (12:41.725 to 12:41.728, making them the joint fifth fastest 5000 metre runners in history at the time). At the end of the 2023 outdoor season, on 17 September, Yomif competed in the 3000 metres at the Diamond League Final ( Prefontaine Classic ) in Eugene , Oregon . He finished second to Jakob Ingebrigtsen , in a time of 7:23.64, losing by only one hundredth of
8148-603: The sport began to be displaced by professionalism . As a result, the Amateur Athletic Union was dissolved in the US and replaced with a non-amateur body focused on the sport of athletics: The Athletics Congress (later USA Track and Field ). The IAAF abandoned amateurism in 1982 and later rebranded itself as the International Association of Athletics Federations. While Western countries were limited to amateurs until
8245-402: The stadium to the other. Sprinting events are focused on athletes reaching and sustaining their quickest possible running speed. Three sprinting events are currently held at the Olympics and outdoor World Championships: the 100 , 200 , and 400 metres . These events have their roots in races of imperial measurements that later changed to metric: the 100 metres evolved from the 100-yard dash ,
8342-407: The supporting standards. The majority of jumping events are unaided, although athletes propel themselves vertically with purpose-built sticks in the pole vault . The throwing events involve hurling an implement (such as a heavyweight, javelin or discus) from a set point, with athletes being judged on the distance that the object is thrown. Combined events involve the same group of athletes contesting
8439-423: The term athletics is synonymous with American track and field and includes all jumping events. Outside of Canada and the United States, athletics is the official term for this sport with 'track' and 'field' events being subgroups of athletics events. The foot racing events, which include sprints , middle- and long-distance events , racewalking , and hurdling , are won by the athlete who completes it in
8536-416: The turn. Runners must remain in their lanes for the first 100 m before cutting in to run as a pack. This rule was introduced to reduce jostling between runners in the early stages of the race. The 1500 meter and longer events typically use a waterfall start, where runners start the race from a standing position along a curved starting line and then immediately cut in towards the innermost track to follow
8633-628: The use of poles for vaulting distances was recorded in Fierljeppen contests in the Frisian area of Europe, and vaulting for height was seen at gymnastics competitions in Germany in the 1770s. One of the earliest recorded pole vault competitions was in Cumbria , England in 1843. The basic rules and technique of the event originated in the United States. The rules required that athletes do not move their hands along
8730-415: The winner being the one who jumped farthest. Small weights ( Halteres ) were held in each hand during the jump then swung back and dropped near the end to gain extra momentum and distance. The modern long jump, standardised in England and the United States around 1860, bears resemblance to the ancient event although no weights are used. Athletes sprint along a length of track that leads to a jumping board and
8827-589: The world all-time list. On 2 June, at the Golden Gala meeting in Florence , Yomif narrowly finished second to Mohamed Katir over the 5000 metres, in a time of 12:52.12, losing to Katir by only 0.03 seconds. On June 15, Yomif won the 5000 metres at the Bislett Games in Oslo in a time of 12:41.73, the fifth-fastest time in 5000 metre history. Finishing second to Yomif was Jacob Kiplimo , who lost by 0.003 seconds in one of
8924-462: Was born on 1 August 1997 in Showa , Oromia , Ethiopia . His father is Kejelcha Atoma, and his mother is Biritu Negese. He is the fifth of nine children. Yomif was introduced to the sport of athletics by his friend Abebe Dribsa. Against his father's wishes, Yomif dropped out of high school in the ninth grade to pursue running, leading to his expulsion from home. Yomif secured school clearance to apply for
9021-565: Was held in 1975. The meet had its genesis with the Hayward Restoration Meets of 1973–74. The Hayward Restoration meets were launched to help replace the deteriorated wooden West Grandstands at Hayward Field. It was to become the "Bowerman Classic" in 1975 to honor longtime University of Oregon track coach Bill Bowerman , and was scheduled for June 7. With the unexpected death of University of Oregon distance runner and Olympian Steve Prefontaine in an automobile accident on May 30,
9118-404: Was held on a track for the 1879 English championships and the 1900 Summer Olympics featured men's 2500 m and 4000 m steeplechase races. The event was held over various distances until the 1920 Summer Olympics marked the rise of the 3000 metres steeplechase as the standard event. The IAAF set the standards of the event in 1954, and the event is held on a 400 m circuit that includes
9215-750: Was paced by Erik Sowinski , Christian Harrison, and Harun Abda. Yomif won the silver medal for the 10,000 metres at the 2019 World Athletics Championships held in Doha , Qatar, finished eighth in the event at the delayed 2020 Tokyo Olympics in 2021, and placed also eighth in the 5000 m at the 2022 World Athletics Championships in Eugene, Oregon . Yomif was a member of the Nike Oregon Project from 2018 to 2019, where he trained alongside Galen Rupp and Sifan Hassan . On 19 March, he missed Berihu Aregawi 's 5 kilometres world record of 12:49 by just one second in Lille , France to move up to second on
9312-474: Was the 1919 South American Championships , followed by the European Athletics Championships in 1934. Until the early 1920s, track and field was almost an exclusively male pursuit. Many colleges required women to participate in walking events. Walking was considered to be a primarily female sport. In the late 1800s it was still incredibly rare to find women in the gym, as this was considered
9409-438: Was the world's oldest competitive sprinter, sprinting the 100m race at 105 years old before his death in 2019. The 60 metres is a common indoor event and indoor world championship event. Less-common events include the 50 , 55 , 300 , and 500 metres , which are run in some high school and collegiate competitions in the United States. The 150 metres , though rarely competed, has a star-studded history: Pietro Mennea set
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