The Fosbury flop is a jumping style used in the track and field sport of high jump . It was popularized and perfected by American athlete Dick Fosbury , whose gold medal in the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City brought it to the world's attention. The flop became the dominant style of the event; before Fosbury, most elite jumpers used the straddle technique , Western roll , Eastern cut-off , or scissors jump to clear the bar. Though the backwards flop technique had been known for years before Fosbury, landing surfaces had been sandpits or low piles of matting and high jumpers had to land on their feet or at least land carefully to prevent injury. With the advent of deep foam matting, high jumpers were able to be more adventurous in their landing styles and hence more experimental with jumping styles.
44-450: The approach (or run-up) in the Fosbury flop is characterized by (at least) the final four or five steps being run in a curve, allowing the athlete to lean in to the turn, away from the bar. This allows the center of gravity to be lowered even before knee flexion , giving a longer time period for the take-off thrust. Additionally, on take-off, the sudden move from inward lean to outwards produces
88-399: A fist, are examples of flexion. When a person is sitting down, the knees are flexed. When a joint can move forward and backward, such as the neck and trunk, flexion is movement in the anterior direction. When the chin is against the chest, the neck is flexed, and the trunk is flexed when a person leans forward. Flexion of the shoulder or hip is movement of the arm or leg forward. Extension
132-409: A person is typing on a computer keyboard, their hands are pronated; when washing their face, they are supinated. Pronation at the forearm is a rotational movement where the hand and upper arm are turned so the thumbs point towards the body. When the forearm and hand are supinated, the thumbs point away from the body. Pronation of the foot is turning of the sole outwards, so that weight is borne on
176-401: A rotation of the jumper's body along the bar's axis, aiding clearance. Combined with the rotation around the jumper's vertical axis (center around the waist, which rotates) produced by the drive leg (similar to an ice skater spinning around on one spot), the resulting body position on bar clearance is laid out supine with the body at ninety degrees to the bar with the head and shoulders crossing
220-496: A straight line at ninety degrees to the bar, with the final four-to-five being run in a curve (noted above). Fosbury himself cleared the bar with his hands by his sides, whereas some athletes cross the bar with their arms held out to the side or even above their heads, optimizing their mass-distribution. Studies show that variations in approach, arm technique, and other factors can be adjusted to achieve each athlete's best performance. For reasons similar to those noted as drawbacks to
264-415: Is hyperextension of the wrist joint, towards the dorsal side of forearm. Pronation and supination refer generally to the prone (facing down) or supine (facing up) positions. In the extremities, they are the rotation of the forearm or foot so that in the standard anatomical position the palm or sole is facing anteriorly when in supination and posteriorly when in pronation. As an example, when
308-451: Is any plane perpendicular to the transverse plane. The coronal plane and the sagittal plane are examples of longitudinal planes. Sometimes the orientation of certain planes needs to be distinguished, for instance in medical imaging techniques such as sonography , CT scans , MRI scans , or PET scans . There are a variety of different standardized coordinate systems. For the DICOM format,
352-408: Is bringing the digits together, towards the centerline of the hand or foot. Dropping the arms to the sides, and bringing the knees together, are examples of adduction. Adduction of the wrist is also known as ulnar deviation which moves the hand towards the ulnar styloid (or, towards the little finger ). Abduction of the wrist is also called radial deviation which moves the hand moving towards
396-399: Is referred to as transverse . This preserves the comparison with the human brain, whose length axis in rough approximation is rotated with respect to the body axis by 90 degrees in the ventral direction. It implies that the planes of the brain are not necessarily the same as those of the body. However, the situation is more complex, since comparative embryology shows that the length axis of
440-405: Is that modern embryologic orthodoxy indicates that the brain's true length axis finishes rostrally somewhere in the hypothalamus where basal and alar zones interconnect from left to right across the median line; therefore, the axis does not enter the telencephalic area, although various authors, both recent and classic, have assumed a telencephalic end of the axis. The causal argument for this lies in
484-490: Is the opposite of flexion, a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts. For example, when standing up, the knees are extended. When a joint can move forward and backward, such as the neck and trunk, extension is movement in the posterior direction. Extension of the hip or shoulder moves the arm or leg backward. Even for other upper extremity joints – elbow and wrist, backward movement results in extension. The knee, ankle, and wrist are exceptions, where
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#1732849112797528-404: The J shaped approach, the flop's optimal speed of approach is not a full-out sprint. Similarly, increasing the number of strides beyond eight or ten is not recommended unless the athlete has achieved high consistency in the approach and can handle the increased speed. The angle of take-off towards the bar is usually somewhere between fifteen and thirty degrees. The angle must not be too shallow, or
572-459: The anatomical plane it occurs in. Flexion and extension are examples of angular motions, in which two axes of a joint are brought closer together or moved further apart. Rotational motion may occur at other joints, for example the shoulder , and are described as internal or external . Other terms, such as elevation and depression , describe movement above or below the horizontal plane. Many anatomical terms derive from Latin terms with
616-517: The muscles involved can be found at list of movements of the human body . The prefix hyper- is sometimes added to describe movement beyond the normal limits, such as in hypermobility , hyperflexion or hyperextension . The range of motion describes the total range of motion that a joint is able to do. For example, if a part of the body such as a joint is overstretched or "bent backwards" because of exaggerated extension motion, then it can be described as hyperextended . Hyperextension increases
660-418: The principal plane . The terms are interchangeable. In human anatomy, the anatomical planes are defined in reference to a body in the upright or standing orientation. The axes and sagittal plane are the same for bipeds and quadrupeds, but the orientations of the coronal and transverse planes switch. The axes on particular pieces of equipment may or may not correspond to the axes of the body, especially since
704-518: The radial styloid (or, towards the thumb ). Elevation and depression are movements above and below the horizontal. The words derive from the Latin terms with similar meanings. Elevation is movement in a superior direction. For example, shrugging is an example of elevation of the scapula. Depression is movement in an inferior direction, the opposite of elevation. Rotation of body parts may be internal or external, that is, towards or away from
748-436: The shoulder joint . Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion refer to extension or flexion of the foot at the ankle. These terms refer to flexion in direction of the "back" of the foot, which is the upper surface of the foot when standing, and flexion in direction of the sole of the foot. These terms are used to resolve confusion, as technically extension of the joint is dorsiflexion, which could be considered counter-intuitive as
792-431: The spine (e.g. the 4th cervical vertebra , abbreviated "C4"), or the rib cage (e.g., the 5th intercostal space ). Occasionally, in medicine, abdominal organs may be described with reference to the trans-pyloric plane , which is a transverse plane passing through the pylorus . In discussing the neuroanatomy of animals, particularly rodents used in neuroscience research, a simplistic convention has been to name
836-403: The Latin prefix indicating ' away ' , ad- indicating ' toward ' , and ducere meaning ' to draw or pull ' . Abduction is a motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body, carried out by one or more abductor muscles. In the case of fingers and toes, it is spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the hand or foot. For example, raising
880-469: The air, and the jumper's body rotates anti-clockwise around the vertical axis to present their back to the bar in flight. As well as driving the leg and hips at take-off, the athlete should drive or even swing one or both arms into the air, contributing to the upwards momentum. Flexion Motion , the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms . Motion includes movement of organs , joints , limbs , and specific sections of
924-405: The angle between the sole of the foot and the back of the leg; for example, the movement when depressing a car pedal or standing on tiptoes. Palmarflexion and dorsiflexion refer to movement of the flexion (palmarflexion) or extension (dorsiflexion) of the hand at the wrist. These terms refer to flexion between the hand and the body's dorsal surface, which in anatomical position is considered
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#1732849112797968-428: The arms up, such as when tightrope -walking, is an example of abduction at the shoulder . When the legs are splayed at the hip, such as when doing a star jump or doing a split , the legs are abducted at the hip. Adduction is a motion that pulls a structure or part towards the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb, carried out by one or more adductor muscles. In the case of fingers and toes, it
1012-437: The axial mesoderm). Apart from the lack of a causal argument for introducing the axis in the telencephalon, there is the obvious difficulty that there is a pair of telencephalic vesicles, so that a bifid axis is actually implied in these outdated versions. Some of these terms come from Latin. Sagittal means "like an arrow", a reference to the position of the spine that naturally divides the body into right and left equal halves,
1056-401: The back of the arm; and flexion between the hand and the body's palmar surface, which in anatomical position is considered the anterior side of the arm. The direction of terms are opposite to those in the foot because of embryological rotation of the limbs in opposite directions. Palmarflexion is flexion of the wrist towards the palm and ventral side of forearm . Dorsiflexion
1100-462: The bar before the trunk and legs. This gives the Flop its characteristic "backward over the bar" appearance, with the athlete landing on the mat on their shoulders and back. While in flight, the athlete can progressively arch shoulders, back, and legs in a rolling motion, keeping as much of the body as possible below the bar. It is theoretically possible for the center of mass to pass under the bar. While
1144-426: The body and the equipment may be in different relative orientations. When describing anatomical motion, these planes describe the axis along which an action is performed. So by moving through the transverse plane, movement travels from head to toe. For example, if a person jumped directly up and then down, their body would be moving through the transverse plane in the coronal and sagittal planes. A longitudinal plane
1188-448: The body makes. Most terms have a clear opposite, and so are treated in pairs. Flexion and extension are movements that affect the angle between two parts of the body. These terms come from the Latin words with the same meaning. Flexion is a bending movement that decreases the angle between a segment and its proximal segment. For example, bending the elbow , or clenching a hand into
1232-408: The body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relative to the anatomical position of the body parts involved. Anatomists and others use a unified set of terms to describe most of the movements, although other, more specialized terms are necessary for describing unique movements such as those of the hands, feet, and eyes. In general, motion is classified according to
1276-404: The center of the body. Internal rotation ( medial rotation or intorsion ) is rotation towards the axis of the body, carried out by internal rotators . External rotation ( lateral rotation or extorsion ) is rotation away from the center of the body, carried out by external rotators . Internal and external rotators make up the rotator cuff , a group of muscles that help to stabilize
1320-467: The distal end has to move in the anterior direction for it to be called extension. For the toes , flexion is curling them downward whereas extension is uncurling them or raising them. Abduction is the motion of a structure away from the midline while adduction is motion towards the center of the body. The center of the body is defined as the midsagittal or longitudinal plane. These terms come from Latin words with similar meanings, ab- being
1364-405: The end of the axial mesoderm -mainly the notochord, but also the prechordal plate- under the hypothalamus. Early inductive effects of the axial mesoderm upon the overlying neural ectoderm is the mechanism that establishes the length dimension upon the brain primordium, jointly with establishing what is ventral in the brain (close to the axial mesoderm) in contrast with what is dorsal (distant from
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1408-401: The foot away from the median plane . Inversion is the movement of the sole towards the median plane . For example, inversion describes the motion when an ankle is twisted . Unique terminology is also used to describe the eye. For example: Other terms include: Anatomical plane An anatomical plane is a hypothetical plane used to transect the body, in order to describe
1452-496: The jumper jumps too far along the bar, landing on it. If the angle is too wide, there is not enough time to "layout" in the air. The "broken" leg (which is thrust into the air first at take-off) is always the nearer leg to the bar. Thus someone who uses a left foot take-off (where the left foot transmits the jump force and is the latter to leave the ground) will approach the bar from its right-hand side, curving to their left to approach their right shoulder. The right leg will drive into
1496-426: The location of structures or the direction of movements. In human and non-human anatomy, three principal planes are used: There could be any number of sagittal planes, but only one cardinal sagittal plane exists. The term cardinal refers to the one plane that divides the body into equal segments, with exactly one half of the body on either side of the cardinal plane. The term cardinal plane appears in some texts as
1540-407: The medial part of the foot. Supination of the forearm occurs when the forearm or palm are rotated outwards. Supination of the foot is turning of the sole of the foot inwards, shifting weight to the lateral edge. Inversion and eversion are movements that tilt the sole of the foot away from (eversion) or towards (inversion) the midline of the body. Eversion is the movement of the sole of
1584-427: The motion reduces the angle between the foot and the leg. Dorsiflexion is where the toes are brought closer to the shin . This decreases the angle between the dorsum of the foot and the leg . For example, when walking on the heels the ankle is described as being in dorsiflexion. Similarly, dorsiflexion helps in assuming a deep squat position. Plantar flexion or plantarflexion is the movement which decreases
1628-490: The neural tube (the primordium of the brain) has three internal bending points, namely two ventral bendings at the cervical and cephalic flexures (cervical flexure roughly between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord , and cephalic flexure between the diencephalon and the midbrain ), and a dorsal ( pontine or rhombic flexure ) at the midst of the hindbrain, behind the cerebellum . The latter flexure mainly appears in mammals and sauropsids (reptiles and birds), whereas
1672-517: The one imagines a human in the anatomical position, and an X-Y-Z coordinate system with the x-axis going from front to back, the y-axis going from right to left, and the z-axis going from toe to head. The right-hand rule applies. In humans, reference may take origin from superficial anatomy , made to anatomical landmarks that are on the skin or visible underneath. As with planes, lines and points are imaginary. Examples include: In addition, reference may be made to structures at specific levels of
1716-411: The other two, and principally the cephalic flexure, appear in all vertebrates (the sum of the cervical and cephalic ventral flexures is the cause of the 90-degree angle mentioned above in humans between body axis and brain axis). This more realistic concept of the longitudinal structure of vertebrate brains implies that any section plane, except the sagittal plane, will intersect variably different parts of
1760-421: The same brain as the section series proceeds across it (relativity of actual sections with regard to topological morphological status in the ideal unbent neural tube). Any precise description of a brain section plane therefore has to make reference to the anteroposterior part of the brain to which the description refers (e.g., transverse to the midbrain, or horizontal to the diencephalon). A necessary note of caution
1804-449: The same meaning. Motions are classified after the anatomical planes they occur in, although movement is more often than not a combination of different motions occurring simultaneously in several planes. Motions can be split into categories relating to the nature of the joints involved: Apart from this motions can also be divided into: The study of movement in the human body is known as kinesiology . A categoric list of movements and
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1848-406: The sections of the brain according to the homologous human sections. Hence, what is technically a transverse (orthogonal) section with respect to the body length axis of a rat (dividing anterior from posterior) may often be referred to in rat neuroanatomical coordinates as a coronal section, and likewise a coronal section with respect to the body (i.e. dividing ventral from dorsal) in a rat brain
1892-414: The straddle style required strength in the takeoff knee and could be used by relatively burly athletes (e g. Valeriy Brumel ), the flop allowed athletes of a slender build to use their co-ordination to greater effect and not risk knee injuries, which they had previously suffered from other styles. Predominantly, athletes using the flop use a J shaped approach, where the first three-to-five strides head in
1936-481: The stress on the ligaments of a joint, and is not always because of a voluntary movement. It may be a result of accidents, falls, or other causes of trauma. It may also be used in surgery, such as in temporarily dislocating joints for surgical procedures. Or it may be used as a pain compliance method to force a person to take a certain action, such as allowing a police officer to take him into custody. These are general terms that can be used to describe most movements
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