36-404: Pradyota dynasty , also called Prthivim Bhoksyanti (lit. enjoying the earth), was a ruling dynasty of Avanti , founded by Pradyota, after his father Punika, a minister in the court of the king of Ujjaini, the northern part of the former Avanti kingdom, and placed his own son on the throne in 546 BCE. 'Pradyota or Chanda Pradyota' was the founder of the dynasty and the ruler of Avanti . Pradyota
72-838: A confederation of five clans, the Vitihotras, the Bhojas, the Avantis, the Tundikeras and the Sharyatas. Later, the Haihayas were better known by their dominant clan - the Vitihotras. Ripunjaya, the last Vitihotra ruler of Ujjayini was overthrown by his amatya (minister) Pulika, who placed his son, Pradyota on the throne. The Mahagovindasuttanta of the Dighanikaya mentions an Avanti king Vessabhu (Vishvabhu) and his capital Mahissati (Mahishmati). Probably he
108-463: A fast. The span of the fast can last from a day to 30 days or even more. In both Digambara and Śvētāmbara , śrāvakas (laypersons) do a fast by having only boiled water which can be consumed between sunrise and sunset. At the conclusion of the festival, śrāvakas request each other for forgiveness for all offenses committed during the last year. This occurs on the Paryusha day for Śvētāmbaras and on
144-461: A longer duration, it is time for the householders to have an annual renewal of the faith by listening to the statement of the Dharma and by meditation and vratas (self-control). Digambara Jains starting a 10-day period from Bhadra shukla panchami, during which the dashalakshana vrata is undertaken. Śvētāmbara celebrate an eight-day festival that ends with Bhadrapada shukla chaturthi. It is believed that
180-516: A prince of the royal family was the governor of Kaushambi . In the Mricchakatika , Palaka was described as a tyrant who was overthrown by a popular revolt. This revolt placed Aryaka on the throne of Ujjayini. The Puranas place Nadivardhana or Vartivardhana after Aryaka. But these names are probably corruptions of Avantivardhana, the name of the son of Palaka according to the Kathasaritsagara or
216-434: A sandalwood image of Mahavīra as well as the image's keeper, a slave girl named Devadattā, from Vītībhaya , the capital of the kingdom of Sindhu-Sauvīra , after which the king Udayāna of Sindhu-Sauvīra marched on Pradyota's capital Ujjenī, defeated him, and branded his forehead with a frontlet on which was written dāsī-pai ("husband of a slave girl"), before later granting Pradyota pardon and releasing him shortly before
252-476: A second campaign against Vatsa, around 495 BCE. According to Jain sources, the queen-regent of Vatsa after Śatānīka's death was his widow Mṛgavatī, who was also the sister of Pradyota's wife Śivā; Mṛgavatī repeatedly rejected the demands of Pradyota to marry her during her regency and made Pradyota wait until Udayana had grown up into a capable ruler, at which point she joined the Jain Nirgrantha order with
288-656: A special worship is done. Many towns have a procession leading to the main Jain temple . Ananta Chaturdashi marks the day when Lord Vasupujya , the 12th Jain Tirthankar, attained Moksha ( nirvana ). At the conclusion of the festival, followers request forgiveness from others for any offenses committed during the last year. Forgiveness is asked by saying Micchami Dukkadam or Uttam Kshama to others, which means, "If I have offended you in any way, knowingly or unknowingly, in thought, word or action, then I seek your forgiveness." During
324-558: A territory which included the region around the city of Ujjayini and the section of the Narmadā river valley between Māhissatī and Maheshwar , as well as some nearby areas. Avanti was divided into a northern and a southern part by the Vindhya mountains, with the northern section, which had its capital at Ujjenī, being drained by the Sipra river as well as other streams, while the southern section
360-621: A war against the king Pukkusāti of Gandhāra , in which he was unsuccessful and was saved only because another war broke out between Pukkusāti and the Pāṇḍava tribe located in the Punjab region. Following Bimbisāra's son Ajātasattu 's usurpation of the throne of Magadha after killing his father, and after Ajātasattu had started a policy of attacking and conquering the Vajjika League, Pradyota took advantage of his control over Vatsa to plan an attack on
396-558: Is said to have ruled for 50, 21 and 20 years respectively. The pradyota dynasty belonged to the Abhira tribe . Pradyota ( Sanskrit : Pradyota ) or Pajjota ( Pali : Pajjota ) was a king of Avanti. By the 6th century BCE, the Vitihotra clan who had previously ruled the Avanti kingdom became extinct, and the kingdom itself became divided into two states, with a northern kingdom whose capital
SECTION 10
#1732844386214432-596: The Prathama (first day) of the month of Ashvin Krashna for Digambaras. Forgiveness is asked by saying Micchami Dukkadam or Uttam Kshama to each other. It means "If I have caused you offence in any way, knowingly or unknowingly, in thought word or deed, then I seek your forgiveness". The date for the Paryushana festival is Bhadra shukla panchami . For this duration, Paryushana must be initiated by panchami (the fifth day) of
468-1116: The Udyoga Parva (19.24) of the Mahabharata . According to the Vishnu Purana (II.3), the Bhagavata Purana (XII.I.36) and the Brahma Purana (XIX.17), the Avantis were associated with the Malava , the Saurashtras , the Abhiras / Yadavas , the Suras, the Karushas and the Arbudas and were described as dwelling along the Pariyatra (or Paripatra ) mountains (a western branch of the Vindhyas). The kingdom of Avanti covered
504-606: The devas (heavenly beings) do an eight-part puja (worship) of the tirthankaras , which takes eight days. Śvētāmbara Jains celebrate this period as Paryushana. Slaughter houses are kept closed for 1–8 days during the Paryushana festival in Indian states (e.g. Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra) that have a large Jain population. On 14 March 2008, the Supreme Court held that the ban on slaughter houses in Ahmedabad during Paryushan festival
540-409: The shukla paksha phase of Bhadra . The last day is called Samvatsari , short for Samvatsari Pratikramana . Because of computational and other differences, there can be some minor differences among various sects. It comes at the time when the wandering monks take up temporary residence for the monsoon period or " cāturmāsa " "four-month". Because at this time the monks have settled in the town for
576-535: The Māgadhī capital of Rājagaha , in response of which Ajātasattu fortified his capital. Pradyota reigned for 23 years, and died on the same day as Mahāvīra 's passing. In addition to his daughter Vāsavadattā, Pradyota had two sons, named Gopāla and Pālaka, all born from his marriage with the Licchavika princess Śivā. Gopāla succeeded Pradyota but abdicated in favour of Pālaka. Pālaka was an unpopular tyrannical leader, and
612-593: The celebration of Samvatsari (forgiveness day). Paryushana means "abiding and coming together". It is a time when the Jains take on vows of study and fasting . The Digambara Jains recite the ten chapters of the Jain text, Tattvartha Sutra on ten days of Das Lakshan Parva. The sixth day of the festival is celebrated as Sugandh Dashami by the Digambar Community. Digambaras celebrate Ananta Chaturdashi on which
648-532: The eight-day festival, the Śvētāmbara Murtipujakas recite the Kalpa Sūtra , which includes a recitation of the section on the birth of Mahavira on the fifth day. Some Śvētāmbara Sthānakavāsīs recite the Antagada Sutra , which details the life of 90 great men and women who attained moksha during the eras of the 22nd Tirthankar Neminatha and 24th Tirthankar Mahavira. During Paryushana , Jains observe
684-402: The festival of Pajjusana , after which Udayāna invested him as king of Avanti with a gold plate on his forehead to cover the letters dāsī-pai . Pradyota also engaged in hostilities with the kingdom of Vatsa , against which he carried out an initially successful military campaign until its king Śatānīka was able to repel him. Śatānīka later died of dysentery while Pradyota was carrying out
720-500: The governor of the western province during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya . During the reign of the next ruler Bindusara , prince Ashoka was the provincial governor. After the fall of the Mauryas, at the time of Pushyamitra Shunga , his son Agnimitra was the Magadhan viceroy at Vidisha , but he ruled independent of Magadha for all practical purposes. The Malava kingdom is one of
756-439: The king Bimbisāra of the newly rising power of Magadha in the eastern Gangetic plain, and at one point, Pradyota fell ill, and Bimbisāra sent his renowned physician Jīvaka to Avanti to treat Pradyota. However, Jain records also claim that Pradyota attempted to attack Magadha during the reign of Bimbisāra, but was defeated by Bimbisāra's son Abhaya. The relations between Pradyota and the Śūrasena kingdom were also close, with
SECTION 20
#1732844386214792-513: The many kingdoms ruled by the Yadava kings in the central and western India Malwa region that are mentioned in the Mahabharata . Sometimes, Avanti and Malava were described to be the same country. They were originally a western tribe, located in the Punjab region of North-west India. Later, they migrated to the Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh states of India. In the recorded history of India, there
828-449: The permission of Pradyota and in the presence of Mahāvīra, before whom Pradyota could not refuse her request, and entrusted Udayana to Pradyota. Based on these sources, it can be inferred that Pradyota had captured Udayana in the campaign during which Śatānīka had died. Pradyota married his daughter Vāsavadattā to Udayana, and restored him to the throne of Vatsa, although Udayana henceforth remained under Pradyota's influence. Pradyota fought
864-496: The population of Avanti overthrew him and instead placed Aryaka on the throne. Pajjota and his descendants, collectively known as the Pradyota dynasty, ruled over Avanti until it was finally conquered by Magadha in the late 5th century BCE. Five Kings of Pradyota dynasty ruled for 138 years from 682 to 544 BCE. Avanti (Ancient India) Avanti was an ancient Indian Mahajanapada ( Great Janapada ), roughly corresponding to
900-614: The present-day Malwa region. According to the Buddhist texts , the Anguttara Nikaya , Avanti was one of the solasa mahajanapadas (sixteen great realms) of the 6th century BCE. The janapada was divided into two parts by the Vindhyas , the northern part had its capital at Ujjayini and the southern part had its centre at Mahishmati . The Avantis, the ancient people belonging to this realm, were described as mahavala (very powerful) in
936-758: The son of Gopala according to the Nepali Brihatkatha . He was defeated by Shishunaga , the king of Magadha . Avanti was a part of the Magadha empire during the rule of the Shaishunaga and the Nanda dynasties. During the Nanda Empire rule, Avanti became the Avantirāṭṭha or the western province of the empire, with its capital at Ujjayini. The Junagarh Rock inscription of Rudradaman I (150 CE) mentions Pushyagupta as
972-568: The Śaurasenī king Subāhu being nicknamed Avantiputra ("son of Avanti") because he was the son of either an Avantika princess or of Pradyota himself. Under Pradyota, the Avanti kingdom controlled the important sea port city of Bharukaccha , from where trade was carried out with states of ancient Western Asia such as the Neo-Babylonian and Persian Achaemenid empires. Pradyota nevertheless had to contend with other powerful kingdoms near Avanti: according to Jain sources, Pradyota had stolen
1008-507: Was Ujjenī , and a southern kingdom whose capital was Māhissati . Pradyota's father was Puṇika or Pulika, who was the minister at the court of the king of the Uttara (northern) Avanti kingdom centred around Ujjenī. Pradyota became king of Avanti when his father placed him on the throne of the northern part of the kingdom around Ujjenī after killing its king. Once on the throne of Avanti, Pradyota sought to consolidate and expand his kingdom, and he
1044-630: Was a Vitihotra ruler. Pradyota was contemporary to Gautama Buddha . He was also known as Chandapradyota Mahasena . Pradyota captured the Vatsa king Udayana but later he married his daughter Vasavadatta to Udayana. The Mahavagga described him as cruel and according to the Majjhima Nikaya, Ajātasattu , the king of Magadha fortified Rajagriha to protect it from an invasion led by Pradyota. He also waged war on Pushkarasarin, king of Takshashila Pradyota's chief queen Gopalamata (mother of prince Gopala)
1080-518: Was a disciple of Buddhist monk Mahakatyayana and constructed a stupa in Ujjayini. Pradyota had two sons, Gopala and Palaka. He was succeeded by Palaka. According to Jaina accounts Palaka ascended to the throne on the day of passing away of Mahavira . According to the Kathasaritsagara and the Avashyaka Kathanaka , the kingdom of Vatsa was already a part of Avanti during the reign of Palaka and
1116-749: Was a royal tribe called Malavas that were believed to be the descendants of the Malavas. Paryushana Paryushana is an annual holy event for Jains and is usually celebrated in August, September or October in Hindi calendar (Indian calendar) Bhadrapad Month's Shukla Paksha. Jains increase their level of spiritual intensity often using fasting and prayer/meditation to help. The five main vows are emphasized during this time. There are no set rules, and followers are encouraged to practice according to their ability and desires. The event lasts for 8 or 10 days, and ends with
Pradyota dynasty - Misplaced Pages Continue
1152-561: Was an accomplished soldier who was able to defeat many rulers and turn Avanti into one of the most powerful states of Ancient India in his time. Pradyota engaged in friendly diplomatic relations with the Vajjika League , and he married the princess Śivā , who was the daughter of Ceṭaka , the consul of the powerful Licchavi republic which led the Vajjika League. Śivā was herself a cousin of the 24th Jain Tīrthaṅkara Mahāvīra , who
1188-611: Was drained by the Narmadā and had its capital at Māhissatī or Māhiṣmatī. According to the Puranic accounts, the Haihayas were the earliest rulers of Avanti, who captured the region from the Nagas. Initially, they ruled from Mahishmati. Some accounts place Ujjayini as the capital of Avanti. Later, the whole janapada was divided into two parts with the capitals at Mahishmati and Ujjayini. The Haihayas were
1224-417: Was legal. The court noted: In a multi-cultural country like ours with such diversity, one should not be over sensitive and over touchy about a short restriction when it is being done out of respect for the sentiments of a particular section of society. It has been stated above that the great Emperor Akbar himself used to remain a vegetarian for a few days every week out of respect for the vegetarian section of
1260-566: Was the son of Ceṭaka's sister Trisalā . Ceṭaka and his daughters had become adepts of Mahāvīra's teachings, and Jain sources claim that Pradyota had embraced Jainism and promoted its propagation, most likely due to the influence of Śivā, while Buddhist sources claim that he had embraced Buddhism . Buddhist texts however also claim that Pradyota did not have any positive policies, and Buddhist records called him Caṇḍa-Pajjota ("Cruel Pradyota") because of his cruelty. Pradyota also initiated friendly relations with another one of Ceṭaka's sons-in-law,
1296-427: Was the son of Pulika (or Punika), who is said to have killed previous King Ripunjaya of Brihadratha dynasty at Ujjain , to make his son the king. Pradyota is said to have ruled for 23 years. According to 'Visarasreni' of Merutunga , Palaka was the son of Pradyota who have ruled from c. 659–635 BCE. He is said to have conquered Kosambi . Palaka is said to have ruled for 25 years. Visakhayupa, Ajaka, Nandivardhana
#213786