71-507: Narmadashankar Lalshankar Dave ( pronounced [nər.mə.d̪aː ʃəŋ.kər labh.ʃəŋ.kər d̪ə.ʋe] ) (24 August 1833 – 26 February 1886), popularly known as Narmad , was an Indian Gujarati -language poet, playwright, essayist, orator, lexicographer and reformer under the British Raj . He is considered to be the founder of modern Gujarati literature . After studying in Bombay, he stopped serving as
142-459: A Gujarati monthly magazine published by Buddhivardhak Sabha , and wrote articles on various subjects of contemporary interest. In 1864, he started his own magazine called Dandio ( lit. Drumstick ), again writing many articles himself. In 1865, Narmad published the first edition of Narma Gadya with his photograph on the first page. In the introduction of the book he wrote: This collection of my writing I have published for my own sake. If
213-409: A birth to girl in 1852 who died 15 days later. Gulab herself died on 5 October 1853 following a stillbirth . In May 1856, he married Dahigauri, daughter of Tripuranand Shastri; she separated from him in 1860. He married Subhadra (later Narmadagauri), a widow of his caste, in 1869, breaking the customary taboo against widow remarriage . She gave birth to their son Jayshankar in 1870. Jayshankar worked as
284-413: A clerk for Bombay Municipality , and never married, dying on 31 March 1910 of the plague . Just at the time when Narmad was emerging into celebrity (1859), Dalpatram who had already won his laurels, happened to visit Bombay for treatment of his eyes. Lovers of Gujarati poetry, they met together, and in the poetical contest that took place, naturally they warmed up and their audience took sides as to who
355-477: A common, higher tatsam pool. Also, tatsam s and their derived tadbhav s can also co-exist in a language; sometimes of no consequence and at other times with differences in meaning: What remains are words of foreign origin ( videśī ), as well as words of local origin that cannot be pegged as belonging to any of the three prior categories ( deśaj ). The former consists mainly of Persian , Arabic , and English, with trace elements of Portuguese and Turkish . While
426-523: A current of water," from V.L. * stanticare (see stanch ). But others say the Port. word is the source of the Indian ones. Gujarati is a head-final, or left- branching language. Adjectives precede nouns , direct objects come before verbs , and there are postpositions . The word order of Gujarati is SOV , and there are three genders and two numbers . There are no definite or indefinite articles . A verb
497-636: A literary group in June 1854. He started learning Siddhant Kaumudi . He became interested in poetry and started writing in September 1855, studying literary metre over the following year. He presided over Buddhivardhak Granth from March to December 1856. After his second marriage, he left college in August 1856, writing Pingal Pravesh in February 1857 and dedicating it to his father. He joined Gokuldas Tejpal Vidyalaya as
568-634: A medium of literary expression. He helped to inspire a renewal in its literature, and in 1936 he introduced the current spelling convention at the Gujarati Literary Society 's 12th meeting. Some Mauritians and many Réunion islanders are of Gujarati descent and some of them still speak Gujarati. A considerable Gujarati-speaking population exists in North America , especially in the New York City Metropolitan Area and in
639-503: A poetry collection. He had debts of 10,000 that caused him great concern. He married again in 1869. He published summaries of Ramayana , Mahabharata and Iliad in 1870. He published the school version of Narmagadya in 1874 and the edition for the government in 1875. He moved back again to Bombay in March 1875, where he met Dayanand Saraswati , a reformist and founder of Arya Samaj , and started to become deeply religious. He published
710-585: A reformist Gujarati poet, in June 1859, and became involved in reform activities. His wife Dahigauri returned to her parents' home. In 1860, he had discussed widow remarriage with religious leader Jadunathji Maharaj, which led to him becoming involved with the Maharaj Libel Case the next year. The case was filed by Jadunathji against writer Karsandas Mulji after the journalist published an article alleging sexual exploitation of women in his religious sect. He visited Income Tax Commissioner Curtis regarding
781-403: A resolve not to work for other people, he was forced due to financial difficulties into taking a position as a secretary to Gokuldas Tejpal Dharmakhata. He wrote a play, Shri Balkrishnavijay in 1883. His health failing due to the stress of work starting a hostel, he left his job on 19 July 1885. After a prolonged eight-month illness, he died of arthritis on 26 February 1886 in Bombay. Narmad
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#1732851380491852-548: A separate grammatical category unto themselves. Many old tatsam words have changed their meanings or have had their meanings adopted for modern times. પ્રસારણ prasāraṇ means "spreading", but now it is used for "broadcasting". In addition to this are neologisms , often being calques . An example is telephone , which is Greek for "far talk", translated as દુરભાષ durbhāṣ . Most people, though, just use ફોન phon and thus neo-Sanskrit has varying degrees of acceptance. So, while having unique tadbhav sets, modern IA languages have
923-432: A sociopolitical history of his hometown Surat . He referred to the book as Narma Gadya Book II, Part I. In the same year he published his autobiography Mari Hakikat (English: My History ) which he referred to as Narma Gadya Book II, Part II, in an edition of about five copies. These two books are considered to be integral parts of Narma Gadya . The history of Surat was included in the new edition, while Mari Hakikat
994-507: A surcharge on 3 February 1863. With the help of friends, he started a biweekly newsletter called Dandiyo ( lit. A drum stick), modelled after British weekly The Spectator , in September 1864. It was loudly reformist in its stand and attacked traditional customs of Hindu society. It ran until 1869 when it was merged with The Sunday Review . On 18 January 1864, his father died, aged 56. He moved back to Surat in July 1865 and sheltered Savitagauri,
1065-571: A teacher and began studying Sanskrit literary works such as Laghu kaumudi , Chandralok , Nrisimhachampu , Kavyachampu , Prataprudra , Adhyatma Ramayana . He started at Central School as a teacher in February 1858, then resigned in November 1858 after deciding to pursue a literary career. He studied Sanskrit grammar and poetry in Pune from November 1858 to March 1859. Deciding to study independently he returned to Bombay in March, where he met Dalpatram ,
1136-478: A teacher to live by writing. During his prolific career, he introduced many literary forms in Gujarati. He faced economic struggles but proved himself as a dedicated reformer, speaking loudly against religious and social orthodoxy. His essays, poems, plays and prose were published in several collections. His Mari Hakikat , the first autobiography in Gujarati, was published posthumously. His poem Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat
1207-435: A widow, in a neighbouring house. He published Narmagadya in September 1865. He was banished from his caste due to reform activities on 18 August but reinstated on 21 November 1866. The same year, he wrote his autobiographical work, Mari Hakikat , the first autobiography in Gujarati. He published Nayikavishaypravesh and Uttam Nayika dedicated to his then separated wife, Dahigauri. In early 1867, he published Narmakavita ,
1278-535: Is a collection of the prose writings of Gujarati writer Narmadashankar Dave (1833–1886), popularly known by his pen-name, Narmad. It was first published in 1865, and a heavily edited version was published without the author's permission in 1875 as a set text for schools. The original publication of the earlier of the essays contained in the book introduced the Narmad Era of Gujarati literature . Narmadashankar Dave (1833–1886), popularly known by his pen-name, Narmad,
1349-541: Is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian state of Gujarat and spoken predominantly by the Gujarati people . Gujarati is descended from Old Gujarati ( c. 1100–1500 CE ). In India, it is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Union. It is also the official language in the state of Gujarat, as well as an official language in the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu . As of 2011, Gujarati
1420-543: Is being used in, bringing to mind tadbhav . India was ruled for many centuries by Persian-speaking Muslims , amongst the most notable being the Delhi Sultanate , and the Mughal dynasty . As a consequence Indian languages were changed greatly, with the large scale entry of Persian and its many Arabic loans into the Gujarati lexicon. One fundamental adoption was Persian's conjunction "that", ke . Also, while tatsam or Sanskrit
1491-682: Is considered to be the founder of modern Gujarati literature . He introduced many creative forms of writing to the Gujarati language , including pioneering works in autobiography , poetry , lexicography , historical plays and folk literature research. He was an outspoken journalist and pamphleteer. Narmad was a strong opponent of religious fanaticism and orthodoxy . He promoted nationalism and patriotism with famous songs such as Sahu Chalo Jeetva Jang, wrote about self-government and discussed having one national language, Hindustani , for all of India, nearly five decades before Mahatma Gandhi or Nehru . His poem Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat , written in
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#17328513804911562-626: Is etymologically continuous to Gujarati, it is essentially of a differing grammar (or language), and that in comparison while Perso-Arabic is etymologically foreign, it has been in certain instances and to varying degrees grammatically indigenised. Owing to centuries of situation and the end of Persian education and power, (1) Perso-Arabic loans are quite unlikely to be thought of or known as loans, and (2) more importantly, these loans have often been Gujarati-ized. dāvo – claim, fāydo – benefit, natījo – result, and hamlo – attack, all carry Gujarati's masculine gender marker, o . khānũ – compartment, has
1633-462: Is expressed with its verbal root followed by suffixes marking aspect and agreement in what is called a main form, with a possible proceeding auxiliary form derived from to be , marking tense and mood , and also showing agreement. Causatives (up to double) and passives have a morphological basis. Translation (provided at location)— Narmagadya Narma Gadya ( pronounced [nər.mə.gə.dyə] ) ( lit. Narmad's prose)
1704-449: Is his work on philosophy . Gujarat Sarvasangrah (1887) and Kathiawar Sarvasangrah (1887) are also historical works. Mari Hakikat , his autobiography written in 1866 and published posthumously in 1933, is the first autobiography written in Gujarati. His notes and letters were later published as Uttar Narmad Charitra (1939). Narmad:Mari Hakikat or Narmad:My Life , a critically acclaimed soliloquy based on his writings and life,
1775-683: Is not upheld in Gujarati and corresponds to j or jh . In contrast to modern Persian, the pronunciation of these loans into Gujarati and other Indo-Aryan languages, as well as that of Indian-recited Persian, seems to be in line with Persian spoken in Afghanistan and Central Asia , perhaps 500 years ago. Lastly, Persian, being part of the Indo-Iranian language family as Sanskrit and Gujarati are, met up in some instances with its cognates: Zoroastrian Persian refugees known as Parsis also speak an accordingly Persianized form of Gujarati. With
1846-642: Is now the state anthem of Gujarat state of India. Narmad was born in Surat , Gujarat on 24 August 1833 to Lalshankar and Navdurga in a Nagar Brahmin family. His family home in Amliran, Surat was destroyed in the great fire of 1837 but was later rebuilt. He commenced schooling with Nana Mehta in Bhuleshwar , Bombay at age five. He later joined Fakir Mehta and Ichchha Mehta's school in Surat and moved to Bombay where he attended
1917-518: Is offered as a GCSE subject for students in the UK. Some Gujarati parents in the diaspora are not comfortable with the possibility that their children will not be fluent in the language. In a study, 80% of Malayali parents felt that "Children would be better off with English", compared to 36% of Kannada parents and only 19% of Gujarati parents. Besides being spoken by the Gujarati people , many non-Gujarati residents of Gujarat also speak it, among them
1988-531: Is the 6th most widely spoken language in India by number of native speakers, spoken by 55.5 million speakers which amounts to about 4.5% of the total Indian population. It is the 26th most widely spoken language in the world by number of native speakers as of 2007. Gujarati, along with Meitei (alias Manipuri ), hold the third place among the fastest growing languages of India , following Hindi (first place) and Kashmiri language (second place), according to
2059-814: Is the category of English words that already have Gujarati counterparts which end up replaced or existed alongside with. The major driving force behind this latter category has to be the continuing role of English in modern India as a language of education, prestige, and mobility. In this way, Indian speech can be sprinkled with English words and expressions, even switches to whole sentences. See Hinglish , Code-switching . In matters of sound, English alveolar consonants map as retroflexes rather than dentals . Two new characters were created in Gujarati to represent English /æ/'s and /ɔ/'s. Levels of Gujarati-ization in sound vary. Some words do not go far beyond this basic transpositional rule, and sound much like their English source, while others differ in ways, one of those ways being
2130-1720: Is used as a de facto state song for Gujarat . His Rasapravesh (1858), Pingalpravesh (1857), Alankarpravesh (1858), Narmavyakaran Part I and II (1865), Varnavichar (1865), Nayika Vishaypravesh (1866) are his collections of essays on poetics with historical importance. Rituvarnan (1861), Hinduoni Padati (1864), Kavicharit (1865), Suratni Mukhtesar Hakikat (1865), Iliadno Sar (1870), Mahipatram Rupram Mehta (1870), Mahapurushona Charitra (1870), Mahabharatano Sar (1870), Ramayanano Sar (1870), Sarshakuntal (1881), Bhagvadgitanu Bhashantar (1882) are his prose works. His other writings between 1850 and 1865 collected in Narmagadya (1865) and posthumously published Narmagadya-2 (1936) are his other prose works. His essays are collected and edited in three volumes. They are Narmadgadya or Narmadashankar Lalashankarna Gadyatmak Granthono Sangrah (1875) edited by Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth, Narmadnu Mandir -Gadya Vibhag (1937) edited by Vishwanath Bhatt and Narmadgadya (1975) edited by Gambhirsinh Gohil. His fifteen prose works were collected in Junu Narmadgadya Part I, II (1865, 1874) and are also important. He had researched and edited several works. Manohar Swami's Manhar Pad (1860), Narmakosh : Issue 1 (1861), Narmakosh : Issue 2 (1862), Narmakosh :Issue 3 (1864), Narmakosh :Issue 4 (1865). Narmakathakosh (1870), Dayaramkrut Kavyasangrah (1865), Stree Geet Sangrah (1870) of songs popular in Nagar Brahmin ladies, Premanand 's Dashamskandh (1872) and
2201-602: The 2011 census of India . Outside of Gujarat, Gujarati is spoken in many other parts of South Asia by Gujarati migrants, especially in Mumbai and Pakistan (mainly in Karachi ). Gujarati is also widely spoken in many countries outside South Asia by the Gujarati diaspora . In North America, Gujarati is one of the fastest-growing and most widely spoken Indian languages in the United States and Canada . In Europe, Gujaratis form
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2272-909: The Greater Toronto Area , which have over 100,000 speakers and over 75,000 speakers, respectively, but also throughout the major metropolitan areas of the United States and Canada. According to the 2016 census, Gujarati is the fourth most-spoken South Asian language in Toronto after Hindustani , Punjabi and Tamil . The UK has over 200,000 speakers, many of them situated in the London area, especially in North West London, but also in Birmingham , Manchester , and in Leicester , Coventry , Rugby , Bradford and
2343-512: The Kutchis (as a literary language ), the Parsis (adopted as a mother tongue ), and Hindu Sindhi refugees from Pakistan. Gujarati is one of the twenty-two official languages and fourteen regional languages of India. It is officially recognised in the state of Gujarat and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. Gujarati is recognised and taught as a minority language in
2414-591: The United Arab Emirates . Gujarati (sometimes spelled Gujerati , Gujarathi , Guzratee , Guujaratee , Gujrathi , and Gujerathi ) is a modern Indo-Aryan (IA) language evolved from Sanskrit . The traditional practice is to differentiate the IA languages on the basis of three historical stages: Another view postulates successive family tree splits, in which Gujarati is assumed to have separated from other IA languages in four stages: The principal changes from
2485-484: The 12th century. Texts of this era display characteristic Gujarati features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs. It had three genders , as Gujarati does today, and by around the time of 1300 CE, a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. While generally known as Old Gujarati, some scholars prefer the name Old Western Rajasthani, based upon the argument that Gujarati and Rajasthani were not yet distinct. Factoring into this preference
2556-803: The Bengal style." Coolie — 1598, "name given by Europeans to hired laborers in India and China," from Hindi quli "hired servant," probably from koli , name of an aboriginal tribe or caste in Gujarat. Tank — c.1616, "pool or lake for irrigation or drinking water," a word originally brought by the Portuguese from India, ult. from Gujarati tankh "cistern, underground reservoir for water," Marathi tanken , or tanka "reservoir of water, tank." Perhaps from Skt. tadaga-m "pond, lake pool," and reinforced in later sense of "large artificial container for liquid" (1690) by Port. tanque "reservoir," from estancar "hold back
2627-685: The Government Gujarati school of Balgovind Mehta at Pydhonie . He returned to Surat where he attended the school of Durgaram Mehta and Pranshankar Mehta. He was initiated in Upanayan at age eight. He started studying at the English School, Elphinstone Institute, Bombay on 6 January 1845, beginning college in June 1850. He delivered his first public speech Mandali Malvathi Thata Labh (The Advantages of Forming An Association) that same year. His mother died on 23 November 1850 and he left college. He
2698-508: The Gujarati education department requested Narmad to prepare a school edition of Narma Gadya . Accordingly Narmad revised the book, made some changes and published two thousand copies of the revised edition in 1874. This edition was named Sarkari Narma Gadya ( lit. Government Narma Gadya ). However, a newly appointed head of the education department found some of the articles unsuitable for teaching in school and had all of these books destroyed. He asked for Narmad's opinion on further revising
2769-483: The Gujarati script is an abugida . It is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. It is a variant of the Devanāgarī script, differentiated by the loss of the characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a small number of modifications in the remaining characters. These are the three general categories of words in modern Indo-Aryan: tadbhav , tatsam , and loanwords. તદ્ભવ tadbhava , "of
2840-591: The Middle Indo-Aryan stage are the following: Gujarati is then customarily divided into the following three historical stages: Old Gujarātī ( જૂની ગુજરાતી ; 1200 CE–1500 CE), which descended from prakrit and the ancestor of modern Gujarati and Rajasthani, was spoken by the Gurjars , who were residing and ruling in Gujarat , Punjab, Rajputana , and central India. The language was used as literary language as early as
2911-458: The book but did not receive a reply, and the work was entrusted to the department's Gujarati translator, Mahipatram Nilkanth . After making numerous changes, including deleting some sections, Mahipatram prepared a new edition which was published by the government in 1875. The revised edition and its interpretation caused a prolonged controversy about its authenticity. The debate about it continued until 1912, when Gujarati Printing Press republished
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2982-449: The carrying of dentals. See Indian English . As English loanwords are a relatively new phenomenon, they adhere to English grammar, as tatsam words adhere to Sanskrit. That is not to say that the most basic changes have been underway: many English words are pluralised with Gujarati o over English "s". Also, with Gujarati having three genders, genderless English words must take one. Though often inexplicable, gender assignment may follow
3053-401: The complete issue of Narmakosh (1873) are his edited and researched works. Tusli Vaidhvyachitra (dialogue, 1859), Ramjanaki Darshan (1876), Draupadidarshan (1878), Balkrishnavijay (1886), Krishnakumari are plays and dialogues. His Seetaharan (1878) was a previously unpublished play. Rajyarang Part I, II (1874, 1876) are his works on ancient and modern world history. Dharmavichar
3124-649: The efforts to standardise Gujarati were carried out. Of the approximately 62 million speakers of Gujarati in 2022, roughly 60 million resided in India, 250,000 in Tanzania , 210,000 in Kenya, and some thousands in Pakistan. Many Gujarati speakers in Pakistan are shifting to Urdu; however, some Gujarati community leaders in Pakistan claim that there are 3 million Gujarati speakers in Karachi. Mahatma Gandhi used Gujarati to serve as
3195-464: The end of Perso-Arabic inflow, English became the current foreign source of new vocabulary. English had and continues to have a considerable influence over Indian languages. Loanwords include new innovations and concepts, first introduced directly through British colonial rule , and then streaming in on the basis of continued Anglophone dominance in the Republic of India . Besides the category of new ideas
3266-430: The fifth there is a selection of his writings from his periodical Dandio , which are full of wit, humour, and satire, and in the sixth there are thirteen character sketches of medieval Gujarati poets. Most of the essays from these volumes are written in lecture-style; hence, sometimes, they are directly addressed to the local people. The government decided to prescribe Narma Gadya as a text book for schools. In 1874,
3337-548: The first autobiography in Gujarati, was published posthumously. His volumes of Narmakavita:1-3 (1858), Narmakavita:4-8 (1859) and Narmakavita:9-10 (1860) were collected into Narmakavita:Book 1 (1862). Later Narmakavita:Book 2 (1863) was published. All his poetry was later collected together in Narmakavita (1864). He introduced new subjects in modern Gujarati poetry such as social reform, freedom, patriotism, nature and love, etc. His poem, " Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat " (1873),
3408-500: The first dictionary of Gujarati language in March 1876. He founded Vedsarasvati in Sarasvatimandir of Surat on 16 April 1877. Aryanitidarshak Mandali performed his play Draupadi-Darshan in 1878. By 1880 he had become fully "believer" and performed Upanayana for his son that year. He wrote a play, Shri Sarshakuntal in 1881 which was performed. He published a translation of Bhagvad Gita in 1882. Although unhappy about breaking
3479-451: The former mill towns within Lancashire . A portion of these numbers consists of East African Gujaratis who, under increasing discrimination and policies of Africanisation in their newly independent resident countries (especially Uganda , where Idi Amin expelled 50,000 Asians), were left with uncertain futures and citizenships . Most, with British passports , settled in the UK. Gujarati
3550-403: The impact of Portuguese has been greater on coastal languages and their loans tend to be closer to the Portuguese originals. The source dialect of these loans imparts an earlier pronunciation of ch as an affricate instead of the current standard of [ʃ] . Bungalow — 1676, from Gujarati bangalo , from Hindi bangla "low, thatched house," lit. "Bengalese," used elliptically for "house in
3621-594: The native languages of areas where the Gujarati people have become a diaspora community, such as East Africa ( Swahili ), have become loanwords in local dialects of Gujarati. The Linguistic Survey of India noted nearly two dozen dialects of Gujarati: Standard, Old, Standard Ahmedabad, Standard Broach, Nāgarī, Bombay, Suratī, Anāvla or Bhāṭelā, Eastern Broach, Pārsī, Carotarī, Pāṭīdārī, Vaḍodarī, Gāmaḍiā of Ahmedabad, Paṭanī, Thar and Parkar, Cutch, Kāṭhiyāvāḍī, Musalmān (Vhorāsī and Kharwā), Paṭṇulī, Kākarī, and Tārīmukī or Ghisāḍī. Similar to other Nāgarī writing systems,
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#17328513804913692-453: The nature of that". Gujarati is a modern Indo-Aryan language descended from Sanskrit (old Indo-Aryan), and this category pertains exactly to that: words of Sanskritic origin that have demonstratively undergone change over the ages, ending up characteristic of modern Indo-Aryan languages specifically as well as in general. Thus the "that" in "of the nature of that" refers to Sanskrit. They tend to be non-technical, everyday, crucial words; part of
3763-558: The neuter ũ . Aside from easy slotting with the auxiliary karvũ , a few words have made a complete transition of verbification: kabūlvũ – to admit (fault), kharīdvũ – to buy, kharǎcvũ – to spend (money), gujarvũ – to pass. The last three are definite part and parcel. Below is a table displaying a number of these loans. Currently some of the etymologies are being referenced to an Urdu dictionary so that Gujarati's singular masculine o corresponds to Urdu ā , neuter ũ groups into ā as Urdu has no neuter gender, and Urdu's Persian z
3834-408: The original edition of Narma Gadya . In 1974, Premananda Sahitya Sabha of Vadodara reprinted the 1874 edition of Narma Gadya , which had been revised by Narmad. Thus all the three editions of the book, the original edition from 1865, the revised edition of 1874, and the government edition of 1875, are available. Navalram Pandya , a close associate of Narmad, praised the balanced writing style and
3905-497: The people want to take advantage of it they can. I must readily have on my table my writing in different genres, published in different periodicals. The writings are the powerful overflow of passion; scholars are requested to consider them as turbid water of the monsoon. After some years of course (if published after making some changes) the thoughts expressed might became clean like the water of autumn In 1866, he published Suratni Mukhtesar Hakikat (English: A Brief History of Surat ),
3976-489: The phenomenon of English loanwords is relatively new, Perso-Arabic has a longer history behind it. Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are quite nationwide phenomena, in a way paralleling tatsam as a common vocabulary set or bank. What's more is how, beyond a transposition into general Indo-Aryan, the Perso-Arabic set has also been assimilated in a manner characteristic and relevant to the specific Indo-Aryan language it
4047-744: The preface of Narmakosh , listed with a sense of pride all the cultural symbols that go into constituting the Gujarati identity. These symbols included things non-Hindu, implying that Gujarat belongs to all the castes, communities, races, religions and sects that live together there. The poem is now de facto state song of Gujarat. Mahatma Gandhi acknowledged him for his philosophy of nonviolence. His major collected works are Narmagadya ( Gujarati : નર્મગદ્ય ), collection of prose; Narmakavita ( Gujarati : નર્મકવિતા ), collection of poems; Narmakathakosh ( Gujarati : નર્મકથાકોશ ), collection of stories of characters of mythological literature and Narmakosh ( Gujarati : નર્મકોશ ), dictionary. His Mari Hakikat ,
4118-456: The reign of Chaulukya king Jayasimha Siddharaja of Anhilwara (Patan). MIddle Gujarati (AD 1500–1800) split off from Rajasthani, and developed the phonemes ɛ and ɔ, the auxiliary stem ch -, and the possessive marker - n -. Major phonological changes characteristic of the transition between Old and Middle Gujarati are: These developments would have grammatical consequences. For example, Old Gujarati's instrumental-locative singular in -i
4189-455: The same basis as it is expressed in Gujarati: vowel type, and the nature of word meaning. The smaller foothold the Portuguese had in wider India had linguistic effects. Gujarati took up a number of words, while elsewhere the influence was great enough to the extent that creole languages came to be ( see Portuguese India , Portuguese-based creole languages in India and Sri Lanka ). Comparatively,
4260-645: The second largest of the British South Asian speech communities, and Gujarati is the fourth most commonly spoken language in the UK 's capital London . Gujarati is also spoken in Southeast Africa , particularly in Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , Zambia , and South Africa . Elsewhere, Gujarati is spoken to a lesser extent in Hong Kong , Singapore , Australia , and Middle Eastern countries such as Bahrain and
4331-643: The spoken vernacular. Below is a table of a few Gujarati tadbhav words and their Old Indo-Aryan sources: તત્સમ tatsama , "same as that". While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in that it changed into Middle Indo-Aryan , it was nonetheless standardised and retained as a literary and liturgical language for long after. This category consists of these borrowed words of (more or less) pure Sanskrit character. They serve to enrich Gujarati and modern Indo-Aryan in its formal, technical, and religious vocabulary. They are recognisable by their Sanskrit inflections and markings; they are thus often treated as
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#17328513804914402-425: The states of Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , and Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Delhi . According to British historian and philologist William Tisdall , who was an early scholar of Gujarati grammar , three major varieties of Gujarati exist: a standard 'Hindu' dialect, a ' Parsi ' dialect and a ' Muslim ' dialect. However, Gujarati has undergone contemporary reclassification with respect to
4473-508: The widespread regional differences in vocabulary and phrasing; notwithstanding the number of poorly attested dialects and regional variations in naming. Kharwa, Kakari and Tarimuki (Ghisadi) are also often cited as additional varieties of Gujarati. Kutchi is often referred to as a dialect of Gujarati, but most linguists consider it closer to Sindhi . In addition, the Memoni is related to Gujarati, albeit distantly. Furthermore, words used by
4544-495: Was a Gujarati language writer. He was the first Gujarati writer who had had an English education. Through his writing he brought the literature of the west to readers of Gujarati. He heralded a new era in Gujarati literature , known as the Narmad Era. Narmad's first article, written in 1853, was an essay entitled " Mandali Malvathi Thata Labh " (English: "Advantages of Forming an Assembly"). Before 1856 he worked as an editor of Buddivardhak Granth ( lit. A Book of Knowledge ),
4615-609: Was appointed a teacher at the school of Rander on 1 May 1851. He again recited his early essay in Swadesh Hitechchhu Mandali and started Gyansagar magazine in July 1851. He was transferred to a school in Nanpara in March 1853. After the death of his wife Gulab, he left this position and went to Bombay, in January 1854. He returned to college on the suggestion of his friend Jhaverilal Umiyashankar and joined Buddhi Vardhak Sabha ,
4686-458: Was leveled and eliminated, having become the same as Old Gujarati's nominative/accusative singular in -ə. A major phonological change was the deletion of final ə , such that the modern language has consonant-final words. Grammatically, a new plural marker of - o developed. In literature, the third quarter of the 19th century saw a series of milestones for Gujarati, which previously had verse as its dominant mode of literary composition. In 1920s,
4757-522: Was published under the same name. The first book is divided into six parts. The first part consist of essays written on different subjects ranging from war ethics to the principles of literary criticism . In the second part there are two dialogues on social problems. The third part consists of his writings on various contemporary subjects, whereas the fourth consists of his serious writing on different subjects published in Buddhivardhak Granth . In
4828-436: Was renamed Veer Narmad South Gujarat University in his memory. A replica of his house is also constructed in the university campus. The literary honour Narmad Suvarna Chandrak has been yearly awarded by Narmad Sahitya Sabha, Surat since 1940. A special cover was released by India Post on his 175th birth anniversary in 2008. He married Gulab, daughter of Surajram Shastri of Sudder Court , Surat, on 29 April 1844. She gave
4899-425: Was the belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender, based on the incorrect conclusion that the [ũ] that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine [o] after a nasal consonant was analogous to Gujarati's neuter [ũ]. A formal grammar , Prakrita Vyakarana , of the precursor to this language, Gurjar Apabhraṃśa , was written by Jain monk and eminent scholar Acharya Hemachandra Suri in
4970-526: Was the better poet. The result was a lifelong estrangement between the two. The contest was continued in the public papers and a humorous paper. The Parsi Punch , a weekly, published a cartoon, in which they were represented as fighting each other with the top-knot of the hair of their heads in their hands. Gujarati language Gujarati ( / ˌ ɡ ʊ dʒ ə ˈ r ɑː t i / GUUJ -ə- RAH -tee ; Gujarati script : ગુજરાતી , romanized: Gujarātī , pronounced [ɡudʒəˈɾɑːtiː] )
5041-701: Was written and directed by Harish Trivedi and performed by Chandrakant Shah. It premiered in Dayton, Ohio , US in 1995 and later toured India, the UK and France. Chandravadan Mehta wrote a play based on his life. Narmad has been called Arvachino Ma Adya (Earliest Among the Moderns). His house, Saraswati Mandir , has been restored and converted into museum. Several places in Gujarat were named after him, such as Central Library in Surat. Busts of him have been erected in Ahmedabad, Vadodara and Surat. In 2004, South Gujarat University
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