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62-462: The County of Portugal ( Galician-Portuguese : Comtato de Portugalle; in documents of the period Portugalia ) refers to two successive medieval counties in the region around Guimarães and Porto , today corresponding to littoral northern Portugal , within which the identity of the Portuguese people formed. The first county existed from the mid-ninth to the mid-eleventh centuries as a vassalage of

124-453: A common language rather than two separate ones. The Fala language , spoken in a small region of the Spanish autonomous community of Extremadura , underwent a similar development to Galician. Today Galician is the regional language of Galicia (sharing co-officiality with Spanish), and it is spoken by the majority of its population, but with a large decline of use and efficient knowledge among

186-541: A common heritage considered in danger of extinction as the traditional way of living is replaced by modern life, and the jargon of fisherman, the names of tools in traditional crafts, and the oral traditions which form part of celebrations are slowly forgotten. A Galician–Portuguese "baixo-limiao" lect is spoken in several villages. In Galicia, it is spoken in Entrimo and Lobios and in northern Portugal in Terras de Bouro (lands of

248-548: A lexical, phonetic, morphological and syntactic similarity. Also part of the common heritage of oral traditions are the markets and festivals of patron saints and processions, religious celebrations such as the magosto, entroido or Corpus Christi , with ancient dances and tradition – like the one where Coca the dragon fights with Saint George ; and also traditional clothing and adornments, crafts and skills, work-tools, carved vegetable lanterns, superstitions, traditional knowledge about plants and animals. All these are part of

310-540: A position of feudal subservience to the Leonese state. Her own son, Afonso Henriques , took the reins of the government in 1128 after routing his mother's forces in the Battle of São Mamede , near Guimarães . After this battle, he began to exhibit a seal with a cross and the word "Portugal", and he continued to win battles, supported by the nobles of Entre-Douro-e-Minho . Nevertheless: Even then, between 1128 and 1139 he never used

372-557: A time but eventually merging in most dialects. See History of Portuguese for more information. As far as it is known, Galician–Portuguese (from 11th to 16th centuries) had a 7-oral-vowel system /a, e, ɛ, i, o, ɔ, u/ (like in most of Romance languages), reduced to 5 vowels [ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ] when nasalized in contact with syllable-final nasal consonants /n, ŋ, ɲ/ . The vowels /e – ɛ, o – ɔ/ were raised to /e, o/ in unstressed syllables, even in final syllables (like in modern Spanish); e.g. vento [ˈvẽnto] , quente [ˈkẽnte] . However,

434-533: A yearning as I must carry for my Lady in mine. There has been a sharing of folklore in the Galician–Portuguese region going back to prehistoric times. As the Galician–Portuguese language spread south with the Reconquista , supplanting Mozarabic, this ancient sharing of folklore intensified. In 2005, the governments of Portugal and Spain jointly proposed that Galician–Portuguese oral traditions be made part of

496-460: Is a sample of Galician-Portuguese lyric: Proençaes soen mui ben trobar e dizen eles que é con amor, mays os que troban no tempo da frol e non-en outro, sei eu ben que non an tan gran coita no seu coraçon qual m' eu por mha senhor vejo levar Provençal [poets] tend to compose very well and they say it is out of love, but those who compose when flowers bloom and at no other time, I know well that they don't have in their hearts so great

558-556: Is assumed that the Pre-Roman languages spoken by the native people , each used in a different region of Roman Hispania, contributed to the development of several different dialects of Vulgar Latin and that these diverged increasingly over time, eventually evolving into the early Romance languages of Iberia. An early form of Galician–Portuguese was already spoken in the Kingdom of the Suebi and by

620-434: Is much more slight" , his presence is confirmed only as of 1096 when he appears confirming the forais of Guimarães and Constantim de Panoias . Three of these French nobles married daughters of King Alfonso VI: Raymond of Burgundy married infanta Urraca, later Queen Urraca of León ; Raymond of St. Gilles married Elvira ; and Henry of Burgundy married Teresa of León , illegitimate daughter, as her sister Elvira, of

682-688: Is probably a slightly later translation of a Latin original. Galician–Portuguese had a special cultural role in the literature of the Christian kingdoms of Crown of Castile ( Kingdoms of Castile , Leon and Galicia , part of the medieval NW Iberian Peninsula ) comparable to the Catalan language of the Crown of Aragon ( Principality of Catalonia and Kingdoms of Aragon , Valencia and Majorca , NE medieval Iberian Peninsula), or that of Occitan in France and Italy during

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744-568: Is the Carta de dotação e fundação da Igreja de S. Miguel de Lardosa . In fact, many Latin documents written in Portuguese territory contain Romance forms. The Notícia de fiadores , written in 1175, is thought by some to be the oldest known document written in Galician–Portuguese. The Pacto dos irmãos Pais , discovered in 1999 (and possibly dating from before 1173), has been said to be even older, but despite

806-434: The cantigas d'amor (male-voiced love lyric), the cantigas d'amigo (female-voiced love lyric) and the cantigas d'escarnho e de mal dizer (including a variety of genres from personal invective to social satire, poetic parody and literary debate). All told, nearly 1,700 poems survive in these three genres, and there is a corpus of over 400 cantigas de Santa Maria (narrative poems about miracles and hymns in honor of

868-606: The reconquest of Portus Cale ( Porto ) by Vímara Peres in 868. He was named a count and given control of the frontier region between the Limia and Douro rivers by Alfonso III of Asturias . South of the Douro, another border county would be formed decades later when what would become the County of Coimbra was conquered from the Moors by Hermenegildo Guterres . This moved the frontier away from

930-484: The /a – ɐ/ distribution is still dubious and under discussion; some either stating that these two vowels were allophones and in complementary distribution (like in Spanish and Modern Galician, only treated as /a/ ): Alamanha [alaˈmaɲa] , mannãa [maˈɲãŋa] ; or stating they were not allophones and under distribution like in European Portuguese nowadays, Alemanha [ɐlɨˈmɐɲɐ] , manhã [mɐˈɲɐ̃] . Here

992-625: The Battle of Pedroso by King García II of Galicia , who then proclaimed himself the King of Galicia and Portugal, the first time a royal title was used in reference to Portugal. The independent county was abolished, its territories remaining within the crown of Galicia, which was in turn subsumed within the larger kingdoms of García's brothers, Sancho II and Alfonso VI of León and Castile . In 1093, Alfonso VI nominated his son-in-law Raymond of Burgundy as count of Galicia, then including modern Portugal as far south as Coimbra, though Alfonso himself retained

1054-554: The Buri ) and Castro Laboreiro including the mountain town (county seat) of Soajo and surrounding villages. About the Galician–Portuguese languages About Galician–Portuguese culture Manuscripts containing Galician–Portuguese ('secular') lyric (cited from Cohen 2003 [see below under critical editions ]): Manuscripts containing the Cantigas de Santa Maria : Critical editions of individual genres of Galician–Portuguese poetry (note that

1116-514: The Holy Virgin ). The Castilian king Alfonso X composed his cantigas de Santa Maria and his cantigas de escárnio e maldizer in Galician–Portuguese, even though he used Castilian for prose. King Dinis of Portugal , who also contributed (with 137 extant texts, more than any other author) to the secular poetic genres, made the language official in Portugal in 1290. Until then, Latin had been

1178-401: The Kingdom of Asturias and the Kingdom of Galicia and also part of the Kingdom of León , before being abolished as a result of rebellion. A larger entity under the same name was then reestablished in the late 11th century and subsequently elevated by its count in the mid-12th century into an independent Kingdom of Portugal . The history of the county of Portugal is traditionally dated from

1240-650: The Kingdom of León in 1143. Its territory included much of the current Portuguese territory between the Minho River and the Tagus River . Count Henry continued the Reconquista in western Iberia and expanded his county's dominions. He was also involved in several intrigues inside the Leonese court together with his cousin Raymond and sister-in-law Urraca of Castile , in which he supported Raymond's ascension in return for promises of autonomy or independence for Portugal. In 1111

1302-483: The Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity . The work of documenting and transmitting that common culture involves several universities and other organizations. Galician–Portuguese folklore is rich in oral traditions. These include the cantigas ao desafio or regueifas , duels of improvised songs, many legends, stories, poems, romances, folk songs, sayings and riddles, and ways of speech that still retain

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1364-464: The Rexurdimento , followed by the appearance of journals and, in the 20th century, scientific publications. Because until comparatively recently, most Galicians lived in many small towns and villages in a relatively remote and mountainous land, the language changed very slowly and was only very slightly influenced from outside the region. That situation made Galician remain the vernacular of Galicia until

1426-584: The Vulgar Latin (common Latin) that had been introduced by Roman soldiers, colonists and magistrates during the time of the Roman Empire . Although the process may have been slower than in other regions, the centuries of contact with Vulgar Latin, after a period of bilingualism, completely extinguished the native languages, leading to the evolution of a new variety of Latin with a few Gallaecian features. Gallaecian and Lusitanian influences were absorbed into

1488-665: The cantigas d'amor are split between Michaëlis 1904 and Nunes 1932): On the biography and chronology of the poets and the courts they frequented, the relation of these matters to the internal structure of the manuscript tradition, and myriad relevant questions in the field, please see: For Galician–Portuguese prose, the reader might begin with: There is no up-to-date historical grammar of medieval Galician–Portuguese. But see: A recent work centered on Galician containing information on medieval Galician–Portuguese is: Latin Lexica: Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin: On

1550-513: The 19th and 20th centuries, it has been influenced by Castilian. Two cities at the time of separation, Braga and Porto , were within the County of Portugal and have remained within Portugal. Further north, the cities of Lugo , A Coruña and the great medieval centre of Santiago de Compostela remained within Galicia. Galician was the main written language in Galicia until the 16th century, but later it

1612-479: The Muslims conquered Santarém . When Count Henry died in 1112, the population of the County of Portugal, including the powerful families, favored independence. Henry's widow, Theresa , took the reins on behalf of her young son, and allied herself with Galician nobility in order to challenge her sister queen Urraca's dominance and briefly used the title Queen. However, she was defeated by Urraca in 1121 and forced to accept

1674-466: The blessings of their relative, the Abbot of Cluny , Raymond "promised his cousin under oath to hand him over the Kingdom of Toledo and one third of the royal treasury upon the death of King Alfonso VI" . If he could not deliver Toledo, he would give him Galicia . Henry, in turn, promised to help Raymond "obtain all the dominions of King Alfonso and two thirds of the royal treasury" . Historians who date

1736-482: The daughter of Reginald I , which would make her the maternal aunt of Raymond who would then be Henry's first cousin. This solution is problematic, as Henry's brother Odo I, Duke of Burgundy married Raymond's sister, Sibylla , and though marriages between close kin sometimes took place through dispensation , the prohibition against first-cousin marriages in church law makes it likely that the relationship between Odo and Sibylla, and hence that between Henry and Raymond,

1798-516: The differences in Ancient Greek dialects, the alleged differences between 13th-century Portuguese and Galician are trivial. As a result of political division, Galician–Portuguese lost its unity when the County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Leon to establish the Kingdom of Portugal . The Galician and Portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths. As Portugal's territory

1860-466: The duchy. No contemporary record of his mother has survived. She was once thought to have been named Sibylla based on an undated obituary reporting the death of " Sibilla, mater ducus Burgundie " (Sibylla, mother of the Duke of Burgundy), under the reasoning that she was not called duchess herself and hence must have been the wife of Henry, the only father of a duke who never himself held the ducal title, yet this

1922-502: The early documents cited from the late 12th century, please see Ivo Castro, Introdução à História do Português. Geografia da Língua. Português Antigo . (Lisbon: Colibri, 2004), pp. 121–125 (with references). Henry, Count of Portugal Born in about 1066 in Dijon , Duchy of Burgundy , Count Henry was the youngest son of Henry , the second son of Robert I, Duke of Burgundy . His two older brothers, Hugh I and Odo I , inherited

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1984-586: The elision of unstressed vowels and the lenition of plosive consonants; actually, many Galician Latin charters written during the Middle Ages show interferences of the local Galician–Portuguese contemporary language. As for the oldest document written in Galician–Portuguese in Galicia, it is probably a document from the monastery of Melón dated to 1231, since the Charter of the Boo Burgo of Castro Caldelas , dated to 1228,

2046-480: The enthusiasm of some scholars, it has been shown that the documents are not really written in Galician–Portuguese but are in fact a mixture of Late Latin and Galician–Portuguese phonology, morphology and syntax. The Noticia de Torto , of uncertain date ( c.  1214? ), and the Testament of Afonso II  [ pt ] (27 June 1214) are most certainly Galician–Portuguese. The earliest poetic texts (but not

2108-471: The family conflicts and political unrest to serve on both sides and aggrandize his domains at the cost of the squabbling royal couple. Caught under siege in Astorga by the King of Aragon, then at war with Urraca, Henry held the city with the help of his sister-in-law. Henry died on 22 May 1112, from wounds received during the siege. His remains were transferred, following his previous orders, to Braga where he

2170-466: The first county of Portugal reached the height of their power in the late 10th century, when Count Gonzalo Menéndez may have used the title magnus dux portucalensium ("grand duke of Portugal") and his son Menendo used the title dux magnus (grand duke). It could have been this Count Gonzalo who assassinated Sancho I of León after inviting the King to a banquet and offering him a poisoned apple. Not all historians, however, believe that Gonzalo Menéndez

2232-456: The future king Alfonso V . Following Alfonso's succession, Menendo would serve as regent for the boy king and married him to one of Menendo's daughters. The county continued with varying degrees of autonomy within the Kingdom of León and, during brief periods of division, the Kingdom of Galicia until 1071, when Count Nuno Mendes , desiring greater autonomy for Portugal, was defeated and killed in

2294-727: The history of each modern language, was a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages , in the northwest area of the Iberian Peninsula . Alternatively, it can be considered a historical period of the Galician , Fala , and Portuguese languages . Galician–Portuguese was first spoken in the area bounded in the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and by the Douro River in the south, comprising Galicia and northern Portugal, but it

2356-786: The influence of local Celtic languages (as in Old French ). The nasal vowels would thus be a phonologic characteristic of the Vulgar Latin spoken in Roman Gallaecia , but they are not attested in writing until after the 6th and 7th centuries. The oldest known document to contain Galician–Portuguese words found in northern Portugal is called the Doação à Igreja de Sozello and dated to 870 but otherwise composed in Late / Medieval Latin . Another document, from 882, also containing some Galician–Portuguese words

2418-487: The king and his mistress Jimena Muñoz . Between the years 1096 and 1105, count Raymond, seeing that his influence in the curia regis was diminishing, reached an agreement with his cousin Henry of Burgundy. The birth of King Alfonso's only son, Sancho Alfónsez , was also perceived as a threat by the two cousins. They agreed to share power, the royal treasury, and to support each other. Under this agreement, which counted with

2480-700: The king of León and Castile. (translation) It was his triumph in the Battle of Ourique in 1139, which led to his proclamation as King of Portugal by his troops. Finally in 1143, his nominal overlord Alfonso VII of León and Castile recognized the de facto independence of Portugal in the Treaty of Zamora . [REDACTED] Galician-Portuguese Galician–Portuguese ( Galician : galego–portugués or galaico–portugués ; Portuguese : galego–português or galaico–português ), also known as Old Galician–Portuguese , Old Galician or Old Portuguese , Medieval Galician or Medieval Portuguese when referring to

2542-642: The late 19th and early 20th centuries and its most spoken language till the early 21st century. The draft of the 1936 Galician Statute of Autonomy considered an official status for (Modern) Galician in the region but it never came into force, as Galicia fell to Rebel control upon the early stages of the Spanish Civil War . The linguistic classification of Galician and Portuguese is still discussed today. There are those among Galician independence groups who demand their reunification as well as Portuguese and Galician philologists who argue that both are dialects of

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2604-532: The local Vulgar Latin dialect, which can be detected in some Galician–Portuguese words as well as in placenames of Celtic and Iberian origin. In general, the more cultivated variety of Latin spoken by the Hispano-Roman elites in Roman Hispania had a peculiar regional accent, referred to as Hispano ore and agrestius pronuntians . The more cultivated variety of Latin coexisted with the popular variety. It

2666-472: The manuscripts in which they are found) date from c. 1195 to c. 1225. Thus, by the end of the 12th century and the beginning of the 13th there are documents in prose and verse written in the local Romance vernacular. In Galicia the oldest document showing traces of the underlying Romance language is a royal charter by king Silo of Asturias , dated to 775: it uses substrate words as arrogio and lagena , now arroio 'stream' and laxe 'stone', and presents also

2728-483: The official (written) language for royal documents; the spoken language did not have a name and was simply known as lingua vulgar ("ordinary language", that is Vulgar Latin) or á lenguage ("the language") until it was named "Portuguese" in King Dinis' reign. "Galician–Portuguese" and português arcaico ("Old Portuguese") are modern terms for the common ancestor of modern Portuguese and modern Galician. Compared to

2790-484: The other side of the Pyrenees . Many French nobles and soldiers heeded the call, including Raymond of Burgundy , Odo I (Henry's brother), and Raymond of St. Gilles . Not all of them arrived at the same time in the Iberian Peninsula and it is most likely that Raymond of Burgundy came in 1091. Although some authors claim that Count Henry came with the expedition which arrived in 1087, even though "documentary evidence here

2852-503: The pact closer to 1096 surmise that news of this agreement might have reached the king who, in order to counter the initiative of his two sons-in-law, appointed Henry governor of the region extending a flumine mineo usque in tagum (from the Minho river to the banks of the Tagus ). Until then, this region had been governed by count Raymond who saw his power limited to just Galicia, thereby nullifying

2914-552: The same historical period. The main extant sources of Galician–Portuguese lyric poetry are these: The language was used for literary purposes from the final years of the 12th century to roughly the middle of the 14th century in what are now Spain and Portugal and was, almost without exception, the only language used for the composition of lyric poetry. Over 160 poets are recorded, among them Bernal de Bonaval , Pero da Ponte, Johan Garcia de Guilhade, Johan Airas de Santiago, and Pedr' Amigo de Sevilha. The main secular poetic genres were

2976-556: The southern bounds of the county of Portugal, but it was still subject to repeated campaigns from the Caliphate of Córdoba . The recapture of Coimbra by Almanzor in 987 again placed the County of Portugal on the southern frontier of the Leonese state for most of the rest of the first county's existence. The regions to its south were only again conquered in the reign of Ferdinand I of León and Castile , with Lamego falling in 1057, Viseu in 1058 and finally Coimbra in 1064. The leaders of

3038-477: The terms of the pact. Other historians however have showed that the pact could not have been made before 1103, several years after the two counts had been granted their respective title, implying that their alliance must have prevailed over their hypothetical rivalry. After Raymond's death, Queen Urraca (Teresa's half-sister) married Alfonso the Battler for political and strategic reasons. Henry took advantage of

3100-567: The title of king over the same territory. However, concern for Raymond's growing power led Alfonso in 1096 to separate Portugal and Coimbra from Galicia and grant them to another son-in-law, Henry of Burgundy , wed to Alfonso VI's illegitimate daughter Theresa . Henry chose Guimarães as the base for this newly formed county, the Condado Portucalense , known at the time as Terra Portucalense or Província Portucalense, which would last until Portugal achieved its independence, recognized by

3162-402: The title of king, but rather that of princeps or infante , which means, in fact, that he could not resolve on his own account, the issue of his political category; that is, he had to admit that it depended on the consent of Alfonso VII who was, in fact, the legitimate heir of Alfonso VI. Also, he never used the title of "count" which would place him in a clear position of dependence vis-à-vis

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3224-519: The year 800 Galician–Portuguese had already become the vernacular of northwestern Iberia. The first known phonetic changes in Vulgar Latin, which began the evolution to Galician–Portuguese, took place during the rule of the Germanic groups, the Suebi (411–585) and Visigoths (585–711). And the Galician–Portuguese "inflected infinitive" (or "personal infinitive") and the nasal vowels may have evolved under

3286-420: The younger generations, and the phonetics and lexicon of many occasional users is heavily influenced by Spanish. Portuguese continues to grow and, today, is the sixth most spoken language in the world. /s/ and /z/ were apico-alveolar , and /ts/ and /dz/ were lamino-alveolar . Later, all the affricate sibilants became fricatives, with the apico-alveolar and lamino-alveolar sibilants remaining distinct for

3348-531: Was Hugh , Abbot of Cluny , one of the most influential and venerated personalities of his time. Count Henry's family was very powerful and governed many cities in France such as Chalon, Auxerre , Autun , Nevers , Dijon, Mâcon and Semur . After the defeat of the Christian troops in the Battle of Sagrajas in October 1086, in the early months of the following year, King Alfonso VI appealed for aid from Christians at

3410-655: Was buried in a chapel at Braga Cathedral , the building of which he had promoted. After his death, his widow ruled alone. Count Henry was the leader of a group of gentlemen, monks, and clerics of French origin who exerted great influence in the Iberian Peninsula, promoted many reforms and introduced several institutions from the other side of the Pyrenees, such as the customs of Cluny and the Roman Rite . They occupied relevant ecclesiastical and political positions which provoked

3472-402: Was displaced by Castilian Spanish , which was the official language of the Crown of Castille . Galician slowly became mainly an oral language, preserved by the majority rural or "uneducated" population living in the villages and towns, and Castilian was taught as the "correct" language to the bilingual educated elite in the cities. During most of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, its written use

3534-521: Was extended southward during the Reconquista, the increasingly-distinctive Portuguese language was adopted by the people in those regions, supplanting the earlier Arabic and other Romance/Latin languages that were spoken in these conquered areas during the Moorish era. Meanwhile, Galician was influenced by the neighbouring Leonese language, especially during the time of kingdoms of Leon and Leon-Castile, and in

3596-523: Was largely reduced to popular literature and theatre and private letters. From the 18th century onward grew the interest for the language by the studies of illustrious writers such as Martin Sarmiento , who studied the evolution of Galician from Latin and prepared the foundations for the first dictionary of Galician, José Cornide, and father Sobreira. In the 19th century a true literature in Galician emerged during

3658-484: Was later extended south of the Douro by the Reconquista . It is the common ancestor of modern Portuguese , Galician , and Fala varieties, all of which maintain a very high level of mutual intelligibility . The term "Galician–Portuguese" also designates the subdivision of the modern West Iberian group of Romance languages. Galician–Portuguese developed in the region of the former Roman province of Gallaecia , from

3720-456: Was more distant. Based on the relationship between Henry and Raymond and the apparent introduction of the byname Borel into the family of the dukes of Burgundy through this marriage, genealogist Szabolcs de Vajay suggested Henry's mother was a daughter of Berenguer Ramon I, Count of Barcelona , and his wife Guisla de Lluçà. One of his paternal aunts was Constance of Burgundy , the wife of Alfonso VI of León , and one of his great-uncles

3782-466: Was probably a reference to her daughter-in-law, Sibylla , mother of the then-reigning Hugh II . Historian Jean Richard suggested that she might instead have been called Clémence. Whatever her name, her son Henry was kinsman ( congermanus ) of his brother-in-law, Raymond of Burgundy , and this relationship may have come through either, or both, of their mothers, who are both of undocumented parentage. It has been suggested that Henry's mother may have been

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3844-412: Was responsible for the king's death and some attribute the regicide to a contemporary count named Gonzalo Muñoz. In the late 960s Gonzalo's lands were ravaged by Vikings , and in 968, he fell out with king Ramiro III over the latter's refusal to fight the raiders. His son Menendo had close relations with Ramiro's rival and successor, Bermudo II , being made the king's alférez and tutor of his son,

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