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48-598: Limia is a genus of livebearing fishes belonging to the Cyprinodontiform family Poeciliidae . It comprises 22 described species found in fresh, brackish , saltwater, and hypersaline habitats of the Greater Antilles islands in the Caribbean Sea . A vast majority are endemic to Hispaniola . There has been a long-running debate on whether Limia should be considered a subgenus of Poecilia rather than

96-434: A specialization in detrivory . A trend towards a limnivore diet has also been recorded in the genus. Widespread species such as L. perugiae , L. versicolor , and L. zonata have been found to have a more generalized diet, which (especially in the wet season ) includes aquatic invertebrates . Limias are small fish, ranging from 1 in (25 mm) to 3 in (76 mm). Many limias have glimmering scales and

144-557: A species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in the nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

192-412: A full genus. Most Limia species are detrivores and herbivores . Due to their small size and coloring, they are sometimes kept in home aquaria . The genus Limia belongs to Poecilidae , the most abundant and species-rich family of freshwater fish on the Greater Antilles . The generic name Limia , derived from Latin, refers to the muddy habitat of the type species , L. vittata . The genus

240-409: A land bridge had been sufficient, intolerant species would have also colonized the islands. Limia forms a clade with Pamphorichthys , Mollienesia , Micropoecilia , and Poecilia . Some authorities advocate for all of these taxa to be considered separate genera, while others maintain that some or all of them should be treated as subgenera of the genus Poecilia . The sister clade to Limia

288-643: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

336-621: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

384-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

432-453: A significant portion of its diet, especially in brackish water. In captivity, females reach maturity aged between 4 and 5 months. The males spend over 26 minutes per hour courting females. Like many other poeciliids, L. melanogaster is ovoviparous . The gestation lasts approximately 4 weeks. Depending on her size, a female then gives birth to 20 to 80 young. The newborn fry are 6–9 mm (0.24–0.35 in) long. Adults seldom prey on

480-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

528-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

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576-570: Is basal to others in the genus Limia : it was the first to split from other limias, which inhabit other islands in the West Indies , around 22.8 million years ago at the Oligocene–Miocene boundary . Originally placed in the genus Limia by Albert Günther in 1866, it was transferred to the genus Poecilia along with other congeners by Donn E. Rosen and Reeve M. Bailey in their extensive reclassification of poeciliids in 1963. This

624-458: Is ancestral in poeciliids and involves the males attempting to mate without female cooperation. The males' vertical bars and yellow coloration in the caudal fin appear to have evolved before courtship. Limias' small size makes them suitable for keeping in home aquaria . Most species can be maintained in a 10 US gal (38 L; 8.3 imp gal) aquarium. Limias, particularly L. melanogaster and L. nigrofasciata , were more common in

672-596: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

720-491: Is represented on the islands by more species than any other poeciliid genus, with 22 currently known from Cuba , Grand Cayman , Hispaniola , and Jamaica . Cuba, Grand Cayman, and Jamaica each have one endemic species: L. vittata , L. caymanensis , and L. melanogaster , respectively. The rest are found exclusively on Hispaniola, making the island a center of endemism for the genus. Their distribution on Hispaniola indicates an evolutionary radiation from Lake Miragoâne on

768-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

816-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

864-560: Is the one formed by the Hispaniolan Poecilia species P. elegans , P. dominicensis , and P. hispaniolana ; all three have been found to be more closely related to Limia than to other Poecilia species, adding to the uncertainty in the taxonomic designations of Poecilia . Limia and the Hispaniolan Poecilia species diverged from Pamphorichthys during the Eocene–Oligocene transition. The first to split off from

912-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

960-799: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

1008-825: The Limia species into two subgenera: Limia and Odontolimia . All seven Odontolimia species are endemic to Lake Miragoâne. One species, Pseudolimia heterandria from Venezuela, was placed in the genus Limia when it was described in 1913, but was moved to its own genus, Pseudolimia , in 2002. Most Limia species inhabit inland waters such as rivers, springs, and lakes. Some are confined to relatively cool mountain streams. While most are found in freshwater habitats, some species inhabit karst environments high in dissolved inorganic salts or in saline lakes. A few are even found in hypersaline coastal lagoons . Most Limia species prefer to feed on detritus and algae , with some Hispanionalan species, such as L. nigrofasciata , showing

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1056-648: The Tiburon Peninsula in particular. Nine species endemic to the lake have been described: L. fuscomaculata , L. garnieri , L. grossidens , L. immaculata , L. islai , L. mandibularis , L. miragoanensis , L. nigrofasciata , and L. ornata . Lake Miragoâne group L. dominicensis L. melanonotata L. perugiae L. sulphuropila L. rivasi L. yaguajali L. caymanensis L. vittata L. versicolor L. zonata L. melanogaster Poecilia dominicensis Poecilia hispaniolana Most recent studies about

1104-465: The caudal fin is yellow with a black rim. Male fish usually also have patches of black and sulfur-yellow scales on their heads, fins, and flanks. Sexually mature females instead have a large bluish-black pigmented area around the gonopore called the gravid spot , unique in the genus. Such chromatic distinction from both males and juvenile females is unusual among female poeciliids. Female fish grow to 5 cm (2.0 in) standard length , while

1152-407: The fishkeeping hobby until the advent of the fancy varieties of guppies , mollies, platies , and swordtails . Genus (biology) The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including

1200-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

1248-469: The French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or the scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of

1296-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

1344-449: The color of the sides of the body often contrasts the color of the fins. Hispaniolan limias tend to have color in their dorsal fin. Those native to Haiti (western Hispaniola) often have stripes. Like many poeciliid fish, limias are livebearers . Three species exhibit elaborate premating behavior, with males performing courtship display for females: L. melanogaster , L. nigrofasciata , and L. perugiae . The courtship display evolved in

1392-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

1440-727: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

1488-420: The genus on at least two, and possibly three, separate occasions. Traits such as black edges of the caudal fin and black undersides of the body are phylogenetically correlated with courtship display and probably reflect female choice . The other mating strategy, available to the courting species as well, is the gonopodial thrusting (also called opportunistic mating, forced copulation, or sneak-and-chase), which

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1536-432: The idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of the same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but

1584-628: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

1632-469: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Limia melanogaster Poecilia melanogaster Günther, 1866 Limia melanogaster , the black-bellied or blue limia , is a poeciliid fish from Jamaica. It inhabits fast-flowing streams. It is a rare livebearer in modern fishkeeping . DNA research shows that L. melanogaster

1680-454: The males attain 4 cm (1.6 in). Limia melanogaster is endemic to Jamaica, specifically the southern and western parts of the island. It has been collected in the headwaters of the Black River drainage and Blue Hole River . The species prefers fast-flowing and shallow water, usually around 50 cm (20 in) deep. It is also found in flooded areas. One examined habitat

1728-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

1776-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

1824-729: The origin of limias conclude that the genus reached the Antilles islands through oceanic dispersal or vicariance . GAARlandia , a hypothesized land bridge connecting the area of the modern islands to the South American mainland during the Eocene–Oligocene transition , might have enabled the fish to colonize the Antilles through a combination of dispersal, vicariance, and island hopping . Limia ancestors are unlikely to have arrived exclusively over land, however, because Limia and all other native Antillean species are tolerant of saltwater; if

1872-584: The other Limia species, near the Oligocene–Miocene boundary , was L. melanogaster , which went on to colonize Jamaica. This was followed by the colonization of the combined Cuba-Hispaniola landmass. When the Windward Passage divided the landmass into the modern islands of Cuba and Hispaniola, the ancestors of L. vittata and L. caymanensis split from the Hispaniolan species. Based on the number and shape of teeth and preopercular pores, Rivas separated

1920-526: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

1968-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

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2016-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

2064-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

2112-566: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

2160-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

2208-518: Was a small, 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) deep stream with a muddy substrate, while the Blue Hole River habitat contains a rocky substrate. The habitats tend to contain little to no vegetation but are rich in aufwuchs . The species shares its habitat with a fellow poeciliid Gambusia wrayi and certain cichlids and gobies . L. melanogaster is omnivorous . Its diet consists of worms, crustaceans, insects, and plant matter. Algae make up

2256-460: Was established in 1854 by Poey . Rosen and Bailey made it a subgenus of the genus Poecilia in their major reclassification of the poeciliid genera in 1963. Rivas, among others, continued to recognize Limia as a distinct genus and resurrected in 1978, describing eight new species in 1980. Other Poecilidae genera found on the Antilles include Poecilia , Gambusia , and the endemic genera Girardinus and Quintana . Limia , however,

2304-457: Was reversed by Luis R. Rivas in 1978. The name Poecilia melanogaster is therefore today considered a junior synonym . L. melanogaster is the second slimmest species in its genus after L. zonata . The species is exceptionally variable . The base color of the fish is greenish-gray. Adults, and especially males when courting females, exhibit a metallic steel blue gloss. The male's caudal peduncle and dorsal fin are black, while

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