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40-559: Poole Harbour is a large natural harbour in Dorset , southern England, with the town of Poole on its shores. The harbour is a drowned valley ( ria ) formed at the end of the last ice age and is the estuary of several rivers, the largest being the Frome . The harbour has a long history of human settlement stretching to pre-Roman times. The harbour is extremely shallow (average depth 48 cm [19 in]), with one main dredged channel through

80-522: A "major incident". The entrance to Poole Harbour is from the east, via Poole Bay and the English Channel . Entering the harbour, heading west, on either side are the shores of Studland beach (south west) and Sandbanks (in particular, the Haven Hotel and the peninsula, north east). Directly ahead are several islands, the largest of which is Brownsea Island . Four rivers drain into Poole harbour,

120-567: A Roman transport hub. At the time of the Norman Conquest , Poole was a small fishing village. The port grew, and in 1433 Poole was made Dorset's Port of the Staple for the export of wool. Medieval Poole had trading links from the Baltics to Italy. In the 17th century, the town began trading with North America, in particular Newfoundland , and the town became very wealthy. In the 18th century, Poole

160-399: A body of water is protected and deep enough to allow anchorage. Many such harbors are rias . Natural harbors have long been of great strategic naval and economic importance, and many great cities of the world are located on them. Having a protected harbor reduces or eliminates the need for breakwaters as it will result in calmer waves inside the harbor. Some examples are: For harbors near

200-542: A slang term for 'urine' (although Puddletown was still called Piddletown into the 1950s), but see for instance the John Speed map of the county from 1610 which has the name 'Puddletown'. In its upper reaches, the Piddle is a chalk stream flowing south through a steep valley cut into the dip slope of the downland , which is dominated by an agricultural landscape of calcareous grassland pasture and arable fields. It rises above

240-643: Is Long Beach Harbor , California , United States, which was an array of salt marshes and tidal flats too shallow for modern merchant ships before it was first dredged in the early 20th century. In contrast, a natural harbor is surrounded on several sides by land. Examples of natural harbors include Sydney Harbour , New South Wales, Australia, Halifax Harbour in Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada and Trincomalee Harbour in Sri Lanka. Artificial harbors are frequently built for use as ports. The oldest artificial harbor known

280-429: Is also fortunate in that wind conditions are variable; wind conditions can be calm for sports such as wakeboarding, and a short while later strong for sports such as windsurfing. Most of these sports benefit from the harbour's generally flat water conditions. As a result, local watersport businesses operate around the harbour. Poole Tourism has developed and signed a number of trails and circular walks, collectively called

320-559: Is fed by the Sherford River. Holes Bay is a tidal inland lake which lies to the north of Poole Harbour. It is a designated harbour quiet area. The entrance to the bay is a small inlet from the main harbour. Spanning the inlet are two bridges: Poole Bridge and the new Twin Sails Bridge ; the latter officially opened in 2012 and cost around £37,000,000. Access to Holes Bay for vessels with an air draft greater than 2.1 metres (6.9 ft)

360-591: Is now the Solent and Christchurch Bay, leaving Poole Harbour as the estuary of the Frome. Once a major port, freight transport has declined, but the port is still served by regular cross-Channel passenger ferries, with Brittany Ferries offering a passenger and freight service to Cherbourg. Condor Ferries operate to the Channel Islands and St Malo. Coastal trading vessels are also frequent visitors, unloading various cargos on

400-483: Is only possible when the bridges are lifted, which occurs several fixed times daily and sometimes on request. The new bridge is intended to help reduce traffic jams by ensuring at least one bridge is open to vehicular traffic at any one time. The bay contains Pergins Island , and the South Western railway line runs west to east on a causeway across the bay. To the north of the bay is Upton Country Park . Holes Bay

440-561: Is the Ancient Egyptian site at Wadi al-Jarf , on the Red Sea coast, which is at least 4500 years old (ca. 2600–2550 BCE, reign of King Khufu ). The largest artificially created harbor is Jebel Ali in Dubai . Other large and busy artificial harbors include: The Ancient Carthaginians constructed fortified, artificial harbors called cothons . A natural harbor is a landform where a section of

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480-590: Is the entrance to Poole Quay and the Holes Bay (see below). Directly west of the main part of Poole is Hamworthy . Continuing anti-clockwise, heading west around the Harbour are the settlements of Upton and Wareham , as well as the outlet of the River Piddle . This area of water within the Harbour is known as Wareham Channel and includes other places such as Rockley Sands . Continuing anti-clockwise, now heading south are

520-525: Is the location of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) training school, attached to their Poole headquarters. Uses of the bay include fishing, kayaking and small leisure craft. A large marina known as Cobbs Quay is on the west side of the bay. On its east side the bay runs parallel to the A350 . Parkstone Bay is named after the suburb of Parkstone . Harbourside Park wraps around

560-522: The National Trust and RSPB , notably Arne . The mouth of the harbour is partially blocked by Sandbanks , a spit on the north, which is built up and part of Poole, and by Studland to the south, which is another important wildlife area. The harbour is very shallow in places and has extensive mud flat and salt marsh habitats, as well as muddy and sandy shores and seagrass meadows . Being an extremely popular recreation and tourism area means that

600-460: The North and South poles , being ice-free is an important advantage, especially when it is year-round. Examples of these are: The world's southernmost harbor, located at Antarctica 's Winter Quarters Bay (77° 50′ South), is sometimes ice-free, depending on the summertime pack ice conditions. Although the world's busiest port is a contested title, in 2017 the world's busiest harbor by cargo tonnage

640-867: The Poole Harbour Trails , as well as the Poole Heritage Cycle Route for cyclists. A freight-only branch runs from Hamworthy railway station to Poole Docks. However, the line is fenced off at the Poole Docks level crossing with a run-round loop provided at Hamworthy Park. In 2017, it was served by a weekly stone train. As of 2024, this has stopped and the line abandoned. Photographs: Harbour Harbors may be natural or artificial. An artificial harbor can have deliberately constructed breakwaters , sea walls , or jetties or they can be constructed by dredging , which requires maintenance by further periodic dredging. An example of an artificial harbor

680-582: The Purbeck Heritage Coast are important wildlife havens, as are the five large islands in the harbour, which are home to the endangered red squirrel . The harbour is an area of international importance for wildlife conservation and is on the Ramsar list. It borders three national nature reserves , including the internationally important Studland and Godlingston Heath NNR , and a number of local and non-statutory nature reserves run by organisations such as

720-552: The 10 metres (33 ft) Poole Logboat is one of the largest vessels of its type from British waters. Its low freeboard would have limited its use to within Poole Harbour. Poole was used by the Romans as an invasion port for the conquest of southern England, who established the settlement at Hamworthy , now the western half of Poole. A Roman Road ran north from Hamworthy through a fort at Lake Farm, Ashington , to Badbury Rings ,

760-663: The bay. Poole Harbour is the location of a number of islands, of various sizes. These islands include: The harbour lies on a band of weak gravel and clay which is easily eroded by the rivers and sea. This band is bordered by two bands of chalk , the Purbeck Hills and Isle of Wight to the south, and the Dorset Downs and South Downs to the north. The clay extends west up the Frome valley to Dorchester , and would originally have extended east beyond Portsmouth in Hampshire. Before

800-520: The church in Alton Pancras, which was originally named Awultune, a Saxon name meaning the village at the source of a river. At Puddletown, 6 miles (9.7 km) south of the source, the chalk dips below clay and alluvial sand and gravel geology with a flatter landscape of water-meadows . Here, the Piddle turns to follow an east-south-easterly direction 12 miles (19 km) to Wareham, where it enters Poole Harbour via Wareham Channel. This section of

840-453: The church tower at Piddletrenthide —the first village to which it gives its name—it is spelled 'Pydel'. Several villages which the river passes through are named after it: as well as Piddletrenthide there are Piddlehinton , Puddletown , Tolpuddle , Affpuddle , Briantspuddle and Turnerspuddle . Local legend tells that the Victorians changed the spelling to 'Puddle', due to 'piddle' being

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880-410: The commercial activity discussed above, Poole is a major centre for sailing and motor boating. There is an enormous number of moorings in the harbour, and many places to anchor. Much of the north side of the harbour is a built-up area, including the town of Poole , and the conurbation which continues 10 miles (16 km) eastwards along the coast. The west and south sides of the harbour and part of

920-448: The depth had been increased from 6 to 7.5 metres (20 to 25 ft). Approximately 1.8 million cubic metres of sand and silt were dredged from the approach channels to the Harbour and port, and 1.1 million m was made available to the local beaches of Poole, Bournemouth and Purbeck for beach replenishment . Poole Harbour Commissioners define the main shipping channels, in which leisure craft should take care, as : As well as

960-460: The east, with Newton Bay and Brands Bay (this area has several oil wells) to the south. This area of water is known as the South Deep. Continuing anti-clockwise comes back to the entrance to the Harbour and to Poole Bay , with Studland beach immediately south-east. Lytchett Bay lies to the north of the Harbour and flows into it through a narrow channel near the edge of the suburb of Hamworthy. This

1000-467: The first in southern England in modern times. The successful hatching is the first in 200 years. In August 2022, it was reported that one of the two chicks had been killed in a hawk attack. In May 2023, the only breeding pair of ospreys have hatched their first two chicks of the year. Due to the ever-increasing popularity of pleasure boating in the United Kingdom, the harbour has seen a rapid increase in

1040-405: The harbour, from the mouth to Holes Bay. Poole Harbour has an area of approximately 36 km (14 sq mi). It is one of several which lay claim to the title of "second largest natural harbour in the world" (after Port Jackson , Sydney). In 1964 during harbour dredging, the waterlogged remains of a 2,000-year-old Iron Age logboat were found off Brownsea Island . Dated at about 295 BC,

1080-447: The harbour, it has regained some importance. During WW2 , Poole Harbour hosted seaplane bases. Dorset Yacht Co Ltd v Home Office was decided in 1970. The longest ship to enter the harbour is DFDS/LD Lines 186.5 metre Norman Voyager on 15 October 2013, with the second longest being the 167-metre Armorique of Brittany Ferries , which arrived in the port for the first time on 2 February 2010. The previous holder of that title

1120-465: The harbour. Their duties include maintaining the shipping channels for the ferries and cargo vessels, enforcing harbour speed limits, improving port facilities and assisting with nature conservation. In November 2005 the main shipping channels into the harbour and the Port of Poole were dredged to accommodate modern ferries at all states of the tide. The project was carried out by Van Oord , and on completion

1160-566: The largest being the River Frome , which flows from the west through Dorchester and Wareham . The others are the River Piddle , the Corfe River and the Sherford River . Following the harbour anti-clockwise, heading north-east passes the built up residential settlements of Poole including Lilliput and Parkstone (east). About 4 miles (6.4 km) north-west of the entrance of the harbour

1200-661: The last ice age the River Frome continued to flow east through what is now the Solent , joining the Stour , Beaulieu , Test , Itchen and Hamble , before flowing into the English Channel to the east of the present day Isle of Wight. A relatively resistant chalk ridge ran continuously from the Purbeck Hills to the Isle of Wight, which the rivers could not break through. When the glaciers of

1240-400: The local authorities and organisations have to carefully manage the tourism to prevent damage to the habitats. The south shore of the harbour, including Wytch Heath and Godlingstone Heath, is open heathland of little agricultural use. During the 20th century there was some afforestation with conifer plantations. Around Wareham Forest in the west this has been for commercial forestry, but on

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1280-452: The majority of the islands within the Harbour as well as several small channels and inlets. To the west is Arne Bay and the Wych channel. The majority of land in this area is heathland , and there are few settlements, as opposed to the eastern part of the Harbour. Directly south is Long Island , Round Island and Ower Bay. Green Island , Furzey Island and Brownsea Island (in that order) are to

1320-453: The north of the island of Great Britain melted, the south of England sank slightly, flooding the Solent valley and Southampton Water to form their characteristic rias (flooded estuaries). About 7,000 years ago, increased erosion from the sea and the increased flow caused by the change in climate broke through the chalk hills, cutting the Isle of Wight off from the Isle of Purbeck and flooding what

1360-506: The private ownership of pleasure vessels over the past decade, most of which are housed in private marinas around the harbour. Due to this increase, Poole has seen a rise in the number of maritime-oriented businesses. With the popularity of watersports such as water skiing , wakeboarding , windsurfing and kitesurfing , Poole Harbour Commissioners have designated areas within the harbour almost exclusively for sport participation – virtually unrestricted from most regular harbour rules. Poole

1400-509: The quaysides at Hamworthy, and fleet of fishing vessels operates from the south end of Poole Quay . There is considerable leisure usage of the harbour, by a combination of yachts and other private craft, cruise boats that ply the harbour, and ferries that provide a passenger link to Brownsea Island. The harbour is managed by the Poole Harbour Commissioners (PHC), who represent all aspects of commercial and leisure activity in

1440-484: The river runs more or less parallel with its bigger neighbour, the River Frome , together forming a broad, open valley divided by a low ridge of heathland . Thomas Hardy was born and raised in a cottage at Higher Bockhampton on the ridge between the Piddle and Frome valleys, and the landscape and villages of the valley were inspiration for many of the places in his stories, including Athelhampton House ( Athelhall ) and Puddletown ( Weatherbury ). The Piddle Valley

1480-481: The southern shore the plantations conceal the Wytch Farm oil wells. Three bird species occur in internationally important numbers: common shelduck , pied avocet and black-tailed godwit . Other notable visitors include spoonbill , Sandwich tern and Eurasian whimbrel . Once rare, little egrets are now seen regularly and in increasing numbers. On 23 April 2022, ospreys nesting in Poole Harbour produced an egg,

1520-446: Was the Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan . The following are large natural harbors: River Piddle The River Piddle or Trent or North River is a small rural Dorset river which rises in the Dorset Downs and flows into Poole Harbour near Wareham . The river's name has Germanic origins and has had various spellings over the years. In AD 966 it was called the 'Pidelen', and on

1560-419: Was the 151-metre Bretagne , which arrived in the port for the first time on 27 February 2007. On 26 March 2023, an oil spill occurred in the harbour, originating from the oil field at Wytch Farm , run by Perenco . The Poole Harbour Commissioners reported that around 200 barrels of "reservoir fluid" had leaked into Poole Harbour from one of the oil field's pipelines. The Environment Agency described it as

1600-403: Was the principal British port trading with North America. At the start of the 19th century, 90% of Poole's population's employment was directly dependent on the harbour, but this dropped to 20% during the century as the railways reached the town, and deep-hulled boats moved up the coast to Southampton , which had a deeper harbour and is closer to London. With regular dredging of a channel through

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