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96-634: It crosses the central part of the country, from the coal mines and steelworks of Upper Silesia in the South to the Baltic Sea port of Gdynia in the North. The line is used mostly by freight trains: passenger connections on it are few. Constructed in the late 1920s and early 1930s, it was one of the biggest investments of the Second Polish Republic . The Coal Trunk-Line starts at the station Chorzów Batory, in

192-571: A branch of the Częstochowa Museum. According to archaeological findings, the first medieval settlement in the location of Częstochowa was established in the late 11th century within Piast -ruled Poland . It was first mentioned in historical documents from 1220, when Bishop of Kraków Iwo Odrowąż made a list of properties of the Mstów monastery. Two villages, Częstochowa and Częstochówka were mentioned in

288-655: A general strike action was declared in the city, with workers demanding pay rises. In June 1905 street clashes took place in Częstochowa, in which 20 people were killed by Russian forces. Further protests took place in 1909 and 1912. In early August 1914, Częstochowa was abandoned by the Imperial Russian Army , and the first units of the German Army entered the city on August 3. Four days later drunken German soldiers shot at each other; an unknown number died. Residents of

384-600: A museum devoted to this. The ruins of a medieval Royal Castle stand in Olsztyn , approximately 25 kilometres (16 miles ) from the city centre (see also Trail of the Eagles' Nests ). The name of Częstochowa means 'Częstoch's place' and comes from a personal name of Częstoch, mentioned in the medieval documents also as Częstobor and Częstomir . Variations of the name include Czanstochowa used in 1220, and Częstochow used in 1382 and 1558. A part of today's city called Częstochówka

480-430: A new settlement was built there, with several condominiums for rail workers and their families. Apart from the line itself, numerous stations along the way were built. Most of them resemble traditional Polish manor houses, with very interesting architecture. The Herby Nowe – Karsznice connection was completed by 1930, soon afterwards the route reached Inowrocław. As the line between Inowrocław and Bydgoszcz already existed,

576-534: A patriotic rally took place in the city, in front of St. Sigismund church. As a reprisal, Russian military authorities destroyed app. 65% of Częstochowa's Old Town, and introduced martial law . During the January Uprising , several skirmishes took place in the area of Częstochowa, with the last one taking place on 4 July 1864 near Chorzenice . In 1846 the Warsaw-Vienna Railway line was opened, linking

672-792: Is a city in southern Poland on the Warta River with 214,342 inhabitants, making it the thirteenth-largest city in Poland. It is situated in the Silesian Voivodeship . However, Częstochowa is historically part of the Lesser Poland region, not of Silesia , and before 1795 , it belonged to the Kraków Voivodeship . Częstochowa is located in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland . It is the largest economic, cultural and administrative hub in

768-640: Is a major railroad hub, located at the intersection of two important lines - west-east (from Lubliniec to Kielce ) and north–south (from Warsaw to Katowice ). Also, an additional northbound line stems from Częstochowa, which goes to Chorzew Siemkowice , where it joins the Polish Coal Trunk-Line . There are six railway stations in the city, the biggest ones being Częstochowa Osobowa and Częstochowa Stradom . The city has direct connections to many Polish cities as Warsaw , Kraków , Katowice , Wrocław and Szczecin , proteza koniecpolska makes some of

864-661: Is currently split into a larger Polish and the smaller Czech Silesian part, which is located within the Czech regions of Moravia-Silesia and Olomouc . The Polish Upper Silesian territory covers most of the Opole Voivodeship , except for the Lower Silesian counties of Brzeg and Namysłów , and the western half of the Silesian Voivodeship (except for the Lesser Polish counties of Będzin , Bielsko-Biała , Częstochowa with

960-582: Is depicted in the Pulitzer Prize -winning graphic novel Maus , by Art Spiegelman , the son of a Jewish Częstochowa resident. Before the Holocaust , Częstochowa was considered a great Jewish centre in Poland. By the end of World War II, nearly all Jews had been killed or deported to extermination camps to be killed, making Częstochowa what Nazi Germany called judenfrei . There are known cases of local Polish men and women, who were captured and persecuted by

1056-577: Is in one of the hottest summer regions in Poland; although its winters are not the most rigorous, they are colder than the more moderate climates of the west and the Baltic Sea . On average, there are four hours a day with direct solar radiation . In the course of the year, the best insolation is observed in June, due to the greatest length of the day. There are few windless days in Częstochowa. Lull periods on an annual scale account for an average of 9.2%. Western winds prevail here - 18% and south-west - 18.2%. At

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1152-530: Is located in the city centre on Wilson Street, in the building erected between 1955 and 1965 on foundations of New Synagogue, which had been burnt down on 25 December 1939. The Philharmonic has at its disposal two concert halls and one rehearsal hall. The large concert hall can accommodate 825 people, whilst the small hall has 156 seats. The concert hall of the Philharmonic of Częstochowa is a place where concerts of symphonic orchestra take place. The building itself

1248-598: Is the Jasna Góra Monastery . The main representative artery in the city centre is the Najświętszej Maryi Panny Avenue (The Holy Virgin Mary Avenue). It was first built in the beginning of the 19th century, as a road linking Częstochowa with New Częstochowa, cities which were administratively merged in 1826. The most characteristic feature of the avenue is its layout, whereby the lanes are separated by

1344-676: Is the main city in the Częstochowa Industrial District, which is the third biggest in the Silesian Voivodship . Since the medieval times, the metal industry has been developing, thanks to the iron ore deposits. The main factories in the city include: Currently, the city is one of the main tourist attractions of the area and is sometimes called the little Nuremberg because of the number of souvenir shops. It attracts millions (4.5 mln – 2005) of tourists and pilgrims every year. The Black Madonna of Częstochowa , housed at

1440-617: Is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia , located today mostly in Poland , with small parts in the Czech Republic . The area is predominantly known for its heavy industry (mining and metallurgy). Upper Silesia is situated on the upper Oder River, north of the Eastern Sudetes mountain range and the Moravian Gate , which form the southern border with

1536-506: Is younger than the history of symphonic concerts in Częstochowa, as the first concert took place in March 1945. The mixed choir has been functioning since the Philharmonic was set up. The choir was professionalized in September 2012 and it was named The Częstochowa Philharmonic Choir "Collegium Cantorum". The Philharmonic is also a co-organiser and a co-performer of operas, operettas and ballets. It

1632-617: The AB-Aktion , the Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles in March, June and August 1940, and also imprisoned 60 Poles from Radomsko and the Radomsko County in the local prison in March 1940. Arrested Poles were then either deported to the Sachsenhausen , Buchenwald and Ravensbrück concentration camps or massacred in the nearby forests of Olsztyn and Apolonka . Among the victims of

1728-568: The Battle of Mokra and other battles, Polish forces withdrew, and the Wehrmacht entered the city on Sunday 3 September 1939. Częstochowa was renamed by the Germans as Tschenstochau , and incorporated into the General Government . Monday 4 September 1939 became known as Bloody Monday or also Częstochowa massacre . The Germans killed 227 people (205 ethnic Poles and 22 Jews) in various places in

1824-739: The Bohemian kingdom . During the re-establishment of Poland under King Casimir III the Great , all Silesia was specifically excluded as non-Polish land by the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin becoming a land of the Bohemian Crown and — indirectly — of the Holy Roman Empire. By the mid-14th century, the influx of German settlers into Upper Silesia was stopped by the Black Death pandemic. Unlike in Lower Silesia,

1920-622: The Duchy of Opava was established on adjacent Moravian territory, ruled by the Přemyslid duke Nicholas I , whose descendants inherited the Duchy of Racibórz in 1336. As they ruled both duchies in personal union , Opava grew into the Upper Silesian territory. In 1327 the Upper Silesian dukes, like most of their Lower Silesian cousins, had sworn allegiance to King John of Bohemia , thereby becoming vassals of

2016-558: The Duchy of Warsaw . In 1815 it came under Russian-controlled Congress Poland , in which it remained until World War I . Old Częstochowa remained the seat of a county in 1807–1830. In 1809, the monastery was unsuccessfully besieged by Austrians (see Polish–Austrian War ). On 2 April 1813 Jasna Góra was seized by the Russians (see War of the Sixth Coalition ), after a two-week siege, and the fortifications were razed that year. In 1821,

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2112-588: The Germanization process was halted; still a majority of the population spoke Polish and Silesian as their native language, often together with German ( Silesian German ) as a second language. In the southernmost areas, also Lach dialects were spoken. While Latin, Czech and German language were used as official languages in towns and cities, only in the 1550s (during the Protestant Reformation ) did records with Polish names start to appear. Upper Silesia

2208-638: The Great Northern War , Częstochowa was captured by the Swedish army on 11 August 1702. In February 1703 Swedes besieged the monastery, but failed to seize it. In April 1705 the Swedes returned, and appeared at the monastery again in September 1709. Unable to capture the fortified stronghold, they looted villages in the area, set Częstochowa on fire, and left towards Wieluń . At that time, a village of Częstochówka also existed next to Częstochowa. The village belonged to

2304-468: The Jasna Góra Monastery , is a particularly popular attraction. Throughout the centuries, many buildings have been erected, most of them now have the status of tourist attractions and historical monuments since Częstochowa was established already in the Middle Ages. Among those attractions are old townhouses and the urban core of the city centre. The most popular with religious tourism as mentioned above

2400-560: The Royal Castle at Olsztyn . Częstochowa developed along a busy merchant road from Lesser Poland to Greater Poland . The village was ruled by a starosta , who stayed at the Olsztyn Castle. It is not known when Częstochowa was granted a town charter, as no documents have been preserved. It happened sometime between 1356 and 1377. In 1502, King Alexander Jagiellon granted a new charter, based on Magdeburg rights to Częstochowa. In 1382

2496-546: The gord of Opole . It is possible that during the times of Prince Svatopluk I (871–894), Silesia was a part of his Great Moravian realm. Upon its dissolution after 906, the region fell under the influence of the Přemyslid rulers of Bohemia , Duke Spytihněv I (894–915) and his brother Vratislaus I (915–921), possibly the founder and name giver of the Silesian capital Wrocław ( Czech : Vratislav ). By 990

2592-539: The "Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia", colloquially called Austrian Silesia . Incorporated into the Prussian Silesia Province from 1815, Upper Silesia became an industrial area taking advantage of its plentiful coal and iron ore . Prussian Upper Silesia became a part of the German Empire in 1871. The earliest exact census figures on ethnolinguistic or national structure (Nationalverschiedenheit) of

2688-854: The 1620 Battle of White Mountain , the Catholic Emperors of the Habsburg dynasty forcibly re-introduced Catholicism, led by the Jesuits . Lower Silesia and most of Upper Silesia were occupied by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1742 during the First Silesian War and annexed by the terms of the Treaty of Breslau . A small part south of the Opava River remained within the Habsburg-ruled Bohemian Crown as

2784-594: The 1680s there still were ruined houses in the town. At the same time, the Jasna Góra Monastery prospered. On 27 February 1670 the wedding of King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki to Princess Eleonore of Austria took place here. In 1682 the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa brought thousands of pilgrims from both Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Silesia . The Jewish community in Częstochowa developed by about 1700. During

2880-638: The Baltic Sea was virtually impossible. As coal was one of the main Polish exports, and transit through Germany was not allowed (due to the German–Polish customs war in the late 1920s and early 1930s), construction of the new line was necessary. On 17 February 1928 the President of Poland Ignacy Mościcki signed a bill which ordered the construction of the 255-kilometer line Herby Nowe – Inowrocław. For unknown reasons,

2976-602: The Baltic ports. The segment of the line from Bydgoszcz to Gdynia is today designated as PKP line 201 , the segment from Chorzów to Bydgoszcz is part of PKP line 131 which diverges from Bydgoszcz towards Tczew. The Coal Trunk-Line was constructed by order of the Polish Government by a private company, the French-Polish Rail Association (FPTK – Francusko-Polskie Towarzystwo Kolejowe). This company maintained

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3072-460: The Chair of Peter. The Pope made another visit to Our Lady of Częstochowa in 1983 and again in 1987, 1991, 1997 and 1999. On 15 August 1991 John Paul II was named Honorary Citizen of Częstochowa. On 26 May 2006 the city was visited by Pope Benedict XVI . The climate is humid continental ( Köppen : Dfb ), but still with some oceanic characteristics ( Cfb ), especially in recent normals. Częstochowa

3168-490: The Coal Trunk-Line reaches Inowrocław . From there it goes to Bydgoszcz , which had already been connected to Gdańsk and Gdynia (via Laskowice and Tczew ), but the creation of Free City of Danzig made it difficult to keep regular Polish freight movement in the interbellum. Thus, another part of the Coal Trunk-Line between Bydgoszcz and Gdynia was constructed in the early 1930s, via Wierzchucin and Kościerzyna and

3264-761: The Częstochowa region is operated by the Częstochowa Bus Transport Ltd. (PKS Częstochowa) as well as other private operators The closest airport is the Katowice International Airport , which is located 60 km (37 mi) from Częstochowa, and a small Częstochowa - Rudniki airport in Kościelec, Rędziny . In Częstochowa on top of the Jasna Góra Monastery serving the museum and exhibition functions, other similar institutions include: The Bronisław Huberman Philharmonic of Częstochowa

3360-478: The Germans for rescuing and aiding Jews . These Poles were sentenced to death, prison or concentration camps , in which some died, some survived, while the fate of many remains unknown. Poles who saved Jews in other places in the region were also either sentenced to death by the local German court or incarcerated in the local prison. The Germans also tried to obscure the Catholic shrine and pilgrim devotion by renaming

3456-402: The Germans, as these lands had belonged to Germany until 1921. Then, in 1926 a Kalety – Herby Nowe – Wieluń – Kępno line was constructed, thanks to which Upper Silesia and Poznań got a direct connection, without the necessity of using the then-German junction at Kreuzburg (Kluczbork). From Herby Nowe, crossing the strategic junctions of Chorzew Siemkowice and Zduńska Wola Karsznice ,

3552-672: The Jewish shops, killing fourteen Jews and one gendarme . Częstochowa entered the 20th century as one of the leading industrial centres of Russian Poland (together with Warsaw, Łódź , and Zagłębie Dąbrowskie ). The city was conveniently located on the Warta and other smaller rivers ( Kucelinka, Stradomka, Konopka ). Real estate and land prices were low, compared to Łódź. The monastery attracted numerous pilgrims, who also were customers of local businesses. In 1904, Częstochowa had 678 smaller workshops, which employed 2,000 workers. In 1902, rail connection to

3648-510: The Old , the future king of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . At that time, Sigismund ruled the Duchy of Głogów , and frequently visited Częstochowa on his way to the Duchies of Silesia (1498, 1502, 1502, 1503, 1505, 1505, 1506). In 1504, Częstochowa was granted the right to collect tolls on the Warta river bridge. In 1508, Częstochowa was allowed to organise one fair a year; in 1564, the number of fairs

3744-576: The Paulist monastery of Jasna Góra was founded by Vladislaus II of Opole – the Polish Piast prince of Upper Silesia . Two years later the monastery received its now-famous Black Madonna icon of the Virgin Mary; in subsequent years became a centre of pilgrimage , contributing to the growth of the adjacent town. Częstochowa prospered in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, due to efforts of Sigismund I

3840-443: The Polish government announced plans to liquidate Kielce Voivodeship , and create Sandomierz Voivodeship , based on Central Industrial Area . According to these plans, Częstochowa was to be transferred either to Łódź Voivodeship , or Silesian Voivodeship , together with Zagłębie Dąbrowskie . In the Polish Defensive War of 1939, Częstochowa was defended by the 7th Infantry Division , part of northern wing of Kraków Army . After

3936-401: The Polish prince Bolesław III Wrymouth (1107–1138) came to terms with Duke Soběslav I of Bohemia , when a peace was made confirming the border along the Sudetes . However, this arrangement fell apart when upon the death of Bolesław III and his testament the fragmentation of Poland began, which decisively enfeebled its central authority. The newly established Duchy of Silesia became

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4032-405: The Prussian border crossing at Herby Stare was opened, and in 1911, the line to Kielce was completed. The Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907) began in Częstochowa as early as May 1904, when first patriotic rallies took place. On 25 December 1904 a man named Wincenty Makowski tried to blow up a monument of Tsar Alexander II , which stood in front of the monastery. In February 1905,

4128-434: The Prussian part of Upper Silesia, come from year 1819. The last pre-WW1 general census figures available, are from 1910 (if not including the 1911 census of school children - Sprachzählung unter den Schulkindern - which revealed a higher percent of Polish-speakers among school children than the 1910 census among the general populace). Figures ( Table 1. ) show that large demographic changes took place between 1819 and 1910, with

4224-435: The Radom District of the General Government. The Polish resistance movement was active in the city, and units of the Home Army and National Armed Forces ( NSZ ) operated in its area. A branch of the secret Polish University of the Western Lands was located in the city, and it secretly continued Polish education . The secret Polish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota" , established by the Polish resistance movement operated in

4320-523: The Upper Silesian Duchy of Racibórz as an allodium from the hands of his elder brother Duke Bolesław I the Tall of Silesia. In the struggle around the Polish throne, Mieszko additionally received the former Lesser Polish lands of Bytom , Oświęcim , Zator , Siewierz and Pszczyna from the new Polish High Duke Casimir II the Just in 1177. When in 1202 Mieszko Tanglefoot had annexed the Duchy of Opole of his deceased nephew Jarosław , he ruled over all Upper Silesia as Duke of Opole and Racibórz . In

4416-404: The Upper Silesian city of Chorzów , heading north. After crossing almost 30 kilometers it reaches Tarnowskie Góry – a very important freight station located on the northern outskirts of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin . Then, the line goes towards Kalety and Herby Nowe . In Herby Nowe, the Coal Trunk-Line proper begins. The connection Chorzów Batory – Kalety had been built before the 1920s, by

4512-504: The ancestral homeland of the Silesian Piasts , descendants of Bolesław's eldest son Władysław II the Exile , who nevertheless saw themselves barred from the succession to the Polish throne and only were able to regain their Silesian home territory with the aid of the Holy Roman Emperor . The failure of the Agnatic seniority principle of inheritance also led to the split-up of the Silesian province itself: in 1172 Władysław's second son Mieszko IV Tanglefoot claimed his rights and received

4608-400: The army. Altogether, some 20,000 left for Upper Silesia and other provinces of the German Empire . On 2 February 1915 Częstochowa was visited by Charles I of Austria . Four days later Emperor Wilhelm II came to the city, and on 17 May 1915 Częstochowa hosted King of Saxony Frederick Augustus III . Unlike the city of Częstochowa, since 26 April 1915 the Jasna Góra Monastery had been under

4704-404: The autumn 1944, Germans fortified the city, preparing for a lengthy defence. On January 16, 1945, however, the Wehrmacht retreated after just one day of fighting. The city was restored to Poland, however, with a Soviet -installed communist regime, which remained in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. Due to the communist idea of fast industrialisation , the inefficient steel mill

4800-480: The city already had a desperate food situation and was obliged to house and feed the Ukrainians. In the Second Polish Republic , Częstochowa belonged to Kielce Voivodeship (Kieleckie), where from 1928 it constituted the City County of Częstochowa . In the 1920s, local industry still suffered from World War I losses, and having been cut off from Russian markets. Unemployment remained high, and thousands of workers left for France in search of work. The Great Depression

4896-410: The city centre, on the slope of Jasna Góra Hill. The parks were established in 1843. The total area of both parks is 11.8 ha. The parks are a popular leisure place and a spot for those enjoying short walks. In 1909, the Great Exhibition of Agriculture and Industry took place in the park, it was attended by 660 exhibitors and 500,000 visitors. In Staszic Park, one can find an astronomical observatory, which

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4992-429: The city of Częstochowa , Kłobuck , Myszków , Zawiercie and Żywiec , as well as the cities of Dąbrowa Górnicza , Jaworzno and Sosnowiec ). Divided Cieszyn Silesia as well as former Austrian Silesia are historical parts of Upper Silesia. According to the 9th century Bavarian Geographer , the West Slavic Opolanie tribe had settled on the upper Oder River since the days of the Migration Period , centered on

5088-409: The city were accused of killing Germans, and as a punishment, a number of civilians were executed. During the German occupation (1914–1918), Częstochowa was cut off from its prior Russian markets, which resulted in widespread poverty and unemployment. Furthermore, German authorities closed down several factories, urging unemployed workers to migrate to Upper Silesia , where they replaced men drafted into

5184-419: The city with the rest of Europe. After 1870 iron ore started to be developed in the area, which gave a boost to the local industry. Among the most notable investments of the epoch was the Huta Częstochowa steel mill built by Bernard Hantke, as well as several textile mills and paper factories. In 1900, the traveling cinema of brothers Władysław and Antoni Krzemiński came to the city for the first time, after it

5280-451: The city, including the town hall courtyard, town squares and at a local factory (some estimates of victims put the number at more than 1,000; 990 ethnic Poles and 110 Jews). From the beginning of the occupation, the Germans initiated a plan of cultural and physical extermination of the Polish nation (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation ). By a decision of 5 September 1939, one of the first three German special courts in occupied Poland

5376-422: The city. On 20 April 1943 a NZS unit attacked the local office of the Bank Emisyjny w Polsce . After the collapse of the Warsaw Uprising , Częstochowa was briefly the capital of the Polish Underground State . On 9 April 1941 the Nazis created a ghetto for Jews in the city. Approximately 45,000 of Częstochowa's Jews, almost the entire community, were killed by the Germans. Life in German-occupied Częstochowa

5472-447: The city. Frank had promised the Russians that he would convince Jews to convert to Orthodox Christianity . During the Second Partition of Poland , Częstochowa was seized by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1793, and incorporated into the newly formed province of South Prussia , Department of Kalisz . The Old Częstochowa became the seat of a county (see Districts of Prussia ). During the Napoleonic Wars , in 1807 Częstochowa became part of

5568-504: The connections more comfortable. The public transport is managed by the Częstochowa City Council of Roads and Transport. The public transport carriage is contracted to the City Public Transport Corporation (Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne). The public transport in Częstochowa comprises 3 tram lines, 28 city bus lines and 4 suburban lines connecting Częstochowa with Poczesna , Olsztyn , Zawodzie and Nierada . The bus transport connecting Częstochowa with other towns and villages in

5664-423: The construction of Aleja Najświętszej Panny Marii —the Holy Virgin Mary Avenue , which is the main arterial road of the modern city. It connected Old Częstochowa with New Częstochowa. Finally, the two towns were officially merged on 19 August 1826. The new city quickly emerged as the fourth-largest urban centre of Congress Poland; surpassed only by the cities of Warsaw , Lublin , and Kalisz . On 8 September 1862

5760-511: The control and protection of Austria-Hungary , after the personal intervention of Emperor Franz Joseph I , who was a pious Roman Catholic. The monastery was manned by soldiers under Austrian Army Captain Josef Klettinger and remained under Austrian control until 4 November 1918. In October 1917 the City Council of Częstochowa demanded permission to destroy the monument to Tsar Alexander II, to which General Governor of Warsaw Hans Hartwig von Beseler agreed. Polish authorities established control over

5856-409: The course of the Ostsiedlung , establishing numerous cities according to German town law . The plans to re-unify Silesia shattered upon the first Mongol invasion of Poland and the death of Duke Henry II the Pious at the 1241 Battle of Legnica . Upper Silesia further fragmented upon the death of Duke Władysław Opolski in 1281 into the duchies of Bytom , Opole, Racibórz and Cieszyn . About 1269

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5952-437: The document. Both of them belonged to the basic territorial unit of Slavic Polish tribes ( opole ), with its capital at Mstów. Częstochówka was located on a hill, where the Jasna Góra Monastery was later built. In the late 13th century Częstochowa became the seat of a Roman Catholic parish church, which was under the Lelów deanery . The village was located in the northwestern corner of Kraków Land , Lesser Poland , near

6048-402: The early 13th century the ties of the Silesian Piasts with the neighbouring Holy Roman Empire grew stronger as several dukes married scions of German nobility. Promoted by the Lower Silesian Duke Henry I the Bearded , from 1230 also regent over Upper Silesia for the minor sons of his late cousin Duke Casimir I of Opole , large parts of the Silesian lands were settled with German immigrants in

6144-416: The early 1940s, the Germans laid a second track on the routes Herby Nowe – Siemkowice (55 km) and Karsznice – Inowrocław (156 km). After the war, the Coal Trunk-Line again gained importance. Transports of Silesian coal to Gdansk and Gdynia were crucial for the Polish economy, so by 1966 electrification of the whole route was completed. However, the original connection Bydgoszcz – Kościerzyna – Gdynia

6240-439: The economic development and investments is the Agency of Regional Development. In 2007, in areas surrounding the ISD Częstochowa Steelworks, the Częstochowa Industry Park was established. In 2011, three industry clusters were established – The Cluster of Polymers Manufacturing "Plastosfera", Częstochowa Communal Cluster "Aglomeracja" and the Regional Cluster of Building Industry and Infrastructure "Budosfera". Industry Częstochowa

6336-465: The entire city on 11 November 1918, the day of the re-establishment of Poland's independence. On 12 November 1918, three companies of the freshly created Polish Army marched along the Holy Virgin Mary Avenue. In 1919–1921, Częstochowa was one of the centres of support of Silesian Poles fighting in the Silesian Uprisings . On 4 December 1920 Symon Petliura arrived, together with app. 2,000 Ukrainian soldiers. Their arrival spurred widespread protests, as

6432-425: The fact that it was moved to Częstochowa confirms the growing importance of the town. In 1760, Jacob Frank , the leader of a Jewish sect mixing Kabbalah, Catholicism and Islam, was imprisoned for heresy in the monastery by the church. His followers settled near him, later establishing a cult of his daughter Eve Frank . In August 1772, Frank was released by the Russian general Aleksandr Bibikov , who had occupied

6528-411: The government of Congress Poland carried out a census, according to which the population of New Częstochowa was 1,036, while the population of Old Częstochowa was 2,758. Furthermore, almost four hundred people lived in several settlements in the area (Zawodzie, Stradom , Kucelin). The idea of a merger of both towns was first brought up in 1815. In 1819, military architect Jan Bernhard planned and started

6624-399: The historic Moravia region. Within the adjacent Silesian Beskids to the east, the Vistula River rises and turns eastwards, the Biała and Przemsza tributaries mark the eastern border with Lesser Poland . In the north, Upper Silesia borders on Greater Poland , and in the west on the Lower Silesian lands (the adjacent region around Wrocław also referred to as Middle Silesia ). It

6720-423: The important industrial center of Łódź , located just a few kilometers east of the route, was not included in it. Instead, the Coal Trunk-Line crossed the main East-West route ( Warsaw – Łódź – Ostrów Wielkopolski – Poznań) in the vicinity of the town of Zduńska Wola . As a result, a huge nexus was built in Zduńska Wola-Karsznice, which until today is one of the most important junctions of the whole country. Also,

6816-631: The line is measured from the junction at Herby Nowe to the port of Gdynia (e.g. from South to North). Not included is the connection Chorzów Batory – Herby Nowe (65 km.) Dates of construction of the route: The total length of the connection constructed between 1930 and 1933 – 448 km. Upper Silesia Upper Silesia ( Polish : Górny Śląsk [ˈɡurnɘ ˈɕlɔw̃sk]  ; Silesian : Gůrny Ślůnsk, Gōrny Ślōnsk ; Czech : Horní Slezsko ; German : Oberschlesien [ˈoːbɐˌʃleːzi̯ən]  ; Silesian German : Oberschläsing ; Latin : Silesia Superior )

6912-533: The massacres committed in Olsztyn were school principals, teachers, lawyers, policemen, merchants, craftsmen, pharmacists, engineers, students and local officials, and among the victims of the Apolonka massacres were 20 girl scouts. Further executions of local Poles were carried out by the Germans throughout the war. Under German occupation Częstochowa administratively was a city-county ( Stadkreis Tschenstochau ), part of

7008-586: The monastery and quickly developed. In 1717 it was granted town charter, and its name was changed into Nowa Częstochowa ( New Częstochowa ). The town was completely destroyed during the Bar Confederation . On 8 February 1769 the monastery was seized by rebels of the Bar Confederation, commanded by Kazimierz Pułaski . Soon the stronghold was besieged by Russians under German-born General Johann von Drewitz. The Russians gave up on 15 January 1771. In 1789,

7104-685: The newly installed Piast duke Mieszko I of the Polans had conquered large parts of Silesia. From the Middle Silesia fortress of Niemcza , his son and successor Bolesław I the Brave (992–1025), having established the Diocese of Wrocław , subdued the Upper Silesian lands of the pagan Opolanie, which for several hundred years were part of Poland , though contested by Bohemian dukes like Bretislaus I , who from 1025 invaded Silesia several times. Finally, in 1137,

7200-567: The next step was the construction of the last part – from Bydgoszcz to Gdynia, through the Polish Corridor , without entering the territory of the Free City of Danzig . The whole Coal Trunk-Line was completed by 1933, and in 1939 it was connected with Częstochowa , due to the Chorzew Siemkowice – Częstochowa route, which was finished on 23 April 1939. Also, on the same day, the second track

7296-534: The northern part of the Silesian Voivodeship . The city is known for the famous Pauline monastery of Jasna Góra , which is the home of the Black Madonna painting , a shrine to the Virgin Mary . Every year, millions of pilgrims from all over the world come to Częstochowa to see it. The city also was home to the Jewish Frankist movement in the late 18th and the 19th century. The city has undertaken excavation of an ancient site of Lusatian culture , and has

7392-556: The pedestrianised boulevard. During the pilgrimage period, the Avenues are used by pilgrims heading for Jasna Góra Monastery . The avenues are 1.5 km long and 44 m wide; primarily they perform trade, service, financial and cultural functions. The housing consists mostly of classicist, late-classicist houses, rarely eclectic. More modern buildings can also be noticed. The most interesting townhouses include: Jasna Góra Parks are two city parks (Stanisław Staszic Park and 3 May Park) located in

7488-576: The population of Częstochowa (also called Stara Częstochowa , Old Częstochowa ) was app. 1,600, which was less than in the 15th century. After the Great Sejm passed the Constitution of 3 May 1791 , local Sejmiks were obliged to legitimize it. On 14–15 February 1792, a sejmik of the szlachta of northern part of Kraków Voivodeship (counties of Lelów and Książ Wielki ) took place in Częstochowa. Traditionally, local sejmiks were organized in Żarnowiec ;

7584-1190: The region's total population quadrupling, the percent of German-speakers increasing significantly, and that of Polish-speakers declining considerably. Also, the total land area in which Polish language was spoken, as well as the land area in which it was spoken by the majority, declined between 1790 and 1890. Polish authors before 1918 estimated the number of Poles in Prussian Upper Silesia as slightly higher than according to official German censuses. (67.2%) (61.1%) (62.0%) (62.6%) (62.1%) (58.6%) (58.1%) (58.1%) (58.6%) (58.7%) (57.3%) (59.1%) (59.8%) or up to 1,560,000 together with bilinguals (29.0%) (37.3%) (36.1%) (35.6%) (36.3%) (36.8%) (37.4%) (37.2%) (36.5%) (36.5%) (38.1%) (36.3%) (36.8%) (3.8%) (1.6%) (1.9%) (1.8%) (1.6%) (4.6%) (4.5%) (4.7%) (4.9%) (4.8%) Cz%C4%99stochowa Częstochowa ( / ˌ tʃ ɛ n s t ə ˈ k oʊ v ə / CHEN -stə- KOH -və , Polish: [t͡ʂɛ̃stɔˈxɔva] , Silesian : Czynstochowy)

7680-481: The region. The city expanded, with the first tram lines opened in 1959. On 1 January 1977 several villages and settlements were included within Częstochowa city limits. As a result, the area of the city expanded from 90 to 160 square kilometres (35 to 62 sq mi). Pope John Paul II , prayed before the Black Madonna during his historic visit to his Polish homeland in 1979, several months after his election to

7776-876: The road leading to the pilgrimage church after Hitler, though they did allow some pilgrimage activity to continue. From 1941 to 1944, the Germans operated the Stalag 367 prisoner-of-war camp for Italian and Soviet POWs in the city. During and after the Warsaw Uprising , in August–October 1944, the Germans deported thousands of Varsovians from the Dulag 121 camp in Pruszków , where they were initially imprisoned, to Częstochowa. Those Poles were mainly old people, ill people and women with children. In late December 1944, there were 14,671 registered Poles, who were expelled from Warsaw. In

7872-689: The route Herby Nowe – Gdynia from 24 April 1931 until 1 September 1939. During that time, the line was not under the authority of the Polish State Railways ( PKP ), the FPTK directed it from its headquarters in Bydgoszcz. After the war, the whole line was nationalized. The most important stations on the original route are Chorzów , Tarnowskie Góry , Kalety , Herby Nowe , Chorzew Siemkowice , Zduńska Wola Karsznice , Inowrocław , Bydgoszcz , Wierzchucin , Kościerzyna , Somonino and Gdynia . The length of

7968-558: The same time, they achieve the highest speeds from these directions - 2.2 m/s. The northern winds are least common - 7.7% and north-eastern winds - 7.4%. There are about 26,000 companies registered in Częstochowa. They are represented by the Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Częstochowa. The investment areas form part of the Katowice Special Economic Zone. The main initiator of activities pertaining to

8064-576: The sparsely populated forests and hills of Kashubia . The Coal Trunk-Line ends in the Baltic Sea port of Gdynia, after crossing all of Poland from south to north (appr. 550 kilometers). In 1921–1922 the borders of the Second Polish Republic were finally established. Upper Silesia was divided (see: Silesian Uprisings ) and the boundary left in German hands several crucial junctions, including Kluczbork (Kreuzburg) and Fosowskie (Vossowska). Without these centers, rail communication between Polish Silesia and

8160-593: The territory of the Free City of Danzig. During the Second World War German occupiers did not regard the Coal Trunk-Line as a strategic one. For them, the West – East routes were most important, along which military transports were carried. Besides, since the pre-1939 borders were voided, part of the line between Bydgoszcz and Gdynia was replaced by the Bydgoszcz – Tczew – Danzig – Gdynia connection. In spite of this, in

8256-558: Was a separate municipality mentioned in the 14th century as the Old Częstochowa ( Antiquo Czanstochowa , 1382) and Częstochówka in 1470–80. The city was also known in German as Tschenstochau and in Russian as Ченстохов ( Chenstokhov ). A Lusatian culture cemetery from around 750 BC–550 BC is located in the present-day district of Raków and it is now an Archaeological Reserve,

8352-453: Was abandoned by freight trains which go on the route Bydgoszcz – Tczew – Gdansk – Gdynia, and today is used only by local traffic. Today, the Coal Trunk-Line is one of the most prosperous rail routes in Poland. Passenger trains are few (many passenger trains on Tczew - Inowrocław part of this line), but freight trains are very numerous, as this is the fastest way from the industrial areas of Upper Silesia, Zagłębie Dąbrowskie and Częstochowa to

8448-426: Was completed on the sector between Zduńska Wola Karsznice and Chorzew Siemkowice. Among the guests, invited for a celebration of the opening of the Częstochowa – Siemkowice connection, were the Polish minister of transportation, Juliusz Ulrich and the minister of public works of France, Anatole de Monzie . Between the wars, long-distance passenger trains still used the Bydgoszcz – Danzig – Gdynia connection, crossing

8544-538: Was established in the city. On 6 September 1939 the Einsatzgruppe II entered the city to commit atrocities against the population. On 14–15 September 1939 the Germans arrested around 200 inhabitants of the district of Stradom . In order to terrorize the Polish population, on 9–11 November 1939 the Germans carried out mass arrests of dozens of Poles, including the mayor, vice-mayor, teachers, students, activists and local officials, but they were soon released. During

8640-569: Was founded in Łódź in 1899 as the oldest Polish cinema. In 1909, they settled in Częstochowa and founded Kino Odeon, the first permanent cinema in the city. Up to the Second World War, like many other cities in Europe, Częstochowa had a significant Jewish population: according to Russian census of 1897 , out of the total population of 45,130, Jews constituted 12,000 (so around 26% percent). An anti-Semitic pogrom occurred in 1902. A mob attacked

8736-782: Was hit by the Hussite Wars and in 1469 was conquered by King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary , while the Duchies of Oświęcim and Zator fell back to the Polish Crown as a part of Lesser Poland . Upon the death of the Jagiellonian king Louis II in 1526, the Bohemian crown lands were inherited by the Austrian House of Habsburg . In the 16th century, large parts of Silesia had turned Protestant , promoted by reformers like Caspar Schwenckfeld . After

8832-496: Was increased to three annually, and in 1639 to six. In the year 1631, Częstochowa had 399 houses, but at the same time, several residents died in a plague , after which 78 houses were abandoned. In the first half of the 17th century, kings of the House of Vasa turned the Jasna Góra Monastery into a modern Dutch-style fortress. During the Swedish invasion of Poland in 1655, the monastery

8928-476: Was one of the pockets of Polish resistance against the Swedish armies (for more information, see Siege of Jasna Góra ). The town of Częstochowa was almost completely destroyed by Swedish soldiers. It has been estimated that the town lost 50% of the population, and 60% of houses. But the town suffered less severe destruction than nearby towns like Przyrów , Olsztyn and Mstów . It took several years for Częstochowa to recover from these extensive losses. As late as in

9024-704: Was opened in 1909. The parks also accommodate the Iron Ore Museum. There are also several other parks in various parts of the city, including Park Lisiniec  [ pl ] , Las Aniołowski, Park Parkitka  [ pl ] . Main road connections from Częstochowa include a connection with Warsaw (to the north-east) and Katowice (to the south) via the European route E75 (Motorway [REDACTED] ). There are also three other national roads: [REDACTED] to Wieluń , [REDACTED] to Opole and [REDACTED] to Piotrków Trybunalski . Furthermore, Częstochowa

9120-469: Was particularly difficult, resulting in strikes and workers' street clashes with the police. In 1925, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Częstochowa was created. The city grew in size, when between 1928 and 1934, several local settlements and villages were incorporated into city limits. In 1939, the population of Częstochowa was 138,000, which made it the eighth-largest city of Poland. In 1938,

9216-553: Was significantly expanded and named after Bolesław Bierut . This, combined with the growing tourist movement, led to yet another period of fast city growth, concluded in 1975 with the creation of a separate Częstochowa Voivodeship . In the immediate post-war period, Częstochowa belonged to Kielce Voivodeship (1945–1950), and then the city was transferred to Katowice Voivodeship . In the Polish People's Republic , Częstochowa emerged not only as an industrial, but also academic centre of

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