Misplaced Pages

#576423

103-577: Ford police vehicles are sold to, and are popular among, law enforcement in the United States , Canada , and Mexico , though they have also seen limited success outside North America. The Ford Police Interceptor and Ford Police Responder are intended to compete with the Chevrolet 9C1 and the Dodge Charger Pursuit and Durango Pursuit . As of 2024, the only Ford Police Interceptor in production

206-518: A Ford AOD/AOD-E or Ford 4R70W 4-speed automatic transmission. For almost the entirety of its first generation production run from 1992 to 1997, the CVPI closely resembled the civilian market Crown Victoria, including its 1995 facelift. In 1998, the CVPI received a second generation redesign alongside the civilian Crown Victoria. Though the second generation CVPI initially continued to closely resemble its civilian market version, significant model redesigns in

309-472: A citizen's arrest if they have probable cause to do so. Private police officers are generally required to be licensed the same as a regular police officer and have the same powers as a regular law enforcement officer (even if sometimes limited to the properties they are assigned to protect). A specific type of private police is company police , such as railroad police . In some cases, private police are sworn in as government employees to ensure compliance with

412-1710: A "lack of coolant circulation". There were 29 fires in the U.S. and Canada reported to Ford. The recall partly contributed to a charge of US$ 300 million by Ford. Type -turbocharged, direct gasoline-injected inline four-cylinder engine with twin independent variable-camshaft timing Displacement -1,596 cc (1.6 L; 97 cu in) Turbocharged, direct gasoline-injected inline four-cylinder engine with twin independent variable-camshaft timing Displacement 1,596 cc (1.6 L; 97 cu in) Bore 79.0 mm (3.1 in) Stroke 81.4 mm (3.20 in) Compression ratio 10.0:1 Valve gear DOHC with four valves per cylinder, twin independent variable-cam timing Cylinder head Cast aluminium Cylinder block Cast aluminium Camshaft drive Timing belt with dynamic tensioner Crankshaft Cast iron, four counterweights, five main bearings Engine management Bosch MED17 with CAN-Bus and individual cylinder knock control Fuel injection High-pressure direct fuel injection with six-hole injectors Emission control Close-coupled three-way catalyst system with heated oxygen sensors and catalyst monitor sensors after catalyst Emission level Euro Stage 5 Turbocharger Borg Warner KP39 low-inertia turbo Lubrication system Pressure-fed lubrication system with variable-displacement pump and full-flow oil filter System capacity with filter 4.1 L (4.3 US qt) 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp) 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) 160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp) 180 PS (132 kW; 178 hp) 185 PS (136 kW; 182 hp) 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp) A 2.0 L version

515-638: A 160 hp (119 kW; 162 PS) version is used in the Ford Mondeo . The 1.6 L EcoBoost engine is raced in the British Formula Ford Championship . The units have replaced the original N/A 1.6 L Duratec units, which in turn replaced the 1.8 L Zetec-engined cars. The engine has also been used for the past few seasons in the WRC in the Ford Fiesta. The 1.6 L EcoBoost engine is also produced at

618-591: A 2.3 L used in high-performance applications. All four engines are turbocharged and direct injected. The production engine family was officially announced at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show. A 1.5 L version of the EcoBoost engine family was first unveiled in the 2014 Ford Fusion as a downsized version of the 1.6 L EcoBoost engine. The downsized displacement is a result of Chinese vehicle tax regulations which tax vehicles with engine displacements of 1.5 L or less at lower rates. The 1.5 L EcoBoost adds new technology compared to

721-621: A Special Service trim designed for detective and administrative uses. The FPIS was available with newer Ford safety technology such as the Blind Spot Information System, rear view camera, reverse sensing system, and electronic stability control. In 2015, Ford considered ending production of the Taurus in the United States; however, the FPIS was a major reason for continuing production. In 2018, Ford announced that it would be ending production of

824-527: A broad torque curve when compared to a naturally aspirated gasoline engine. A 140 PS (103 kW; 138 hp) version has also been released in the Fiesta Red Edition and Black Edition (some markets), as well as the Focus ST-Line, with 210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) of torque. The engine block is cast iron, which offers, in addition to the required strength, up to 50% faster warm-up than aluminum, at

927-807: A combination of paid and unpaid, full and part-time law enforcement officers, including auxiliary officers who typically serve as part-time, unpaid volunteers. If present, independent city sheriff's offices usually follow the restrictive model shown above for sheriff's departments, with limited law enforcement authority including warrant service, jail bailiff, etc. Mutual assistance compacts may exist where neighboring law enforcement agencies will assist each other, however, in addition to state (commonwealth) law enforcement resources. Like most states, Virginia also has campus police officers. Under Virginia State Code 23.1-809 and 23.1-810, public and private colleges and universities can maintain their own armed police force and employ sworn campus police officers. These sworn officers have

1030-569: A crime but short of probable cause to arrest. Merely lawfully detaining a person—in and of itself—does not deprive a person of their Fourth Amendment right against unlawful searches. Federal, state, and local laws, and individual law enforcement departmental policies govern when, where, how, and upon whom a law enforcement officer may perform a "pat down," "protective search," or "Terry frisk," based on several U.S. Supreme Court decisions (including Terry v. Ohio (1968), Michigan v. Long (1983), and Maryland v. Buie (1990)): In Terry v. Ohio ,

1133-646: A higher-output alternator, and a vinyl rear interior. The Ford F-150 Lightning Pro SSV was introduced for the 2023 model year, based on the Ford F-150 Lightning . It is currently the only electric vehicle in the Ford police vehicle lineup and is the first fully-electric vehicle to be certified for police use. It is largely similar to the standard F-150 Lightning, with some upgrades from the F-150 Police Responder, including front seatback steel intrusion plates,

SECTION 10

#1732847470577

1236-504: A higher-output alternator, upgraded brakes, underbody skid plates, and a vinyl rear interior. 2021 tests by the Michigan State Police and Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (who perform fleet vehicle performance testing to ensure police suitability before market release) found that the F-150 Police Responder was the "quickest" police vehicle available at the time, with 0–60 mph acceleration tests recorded at below 6 seconds and

1339-413: A historical separation of police models between small towns and larger cities. The distinction has also been defined between rural and urban policing models, which tended to function differently with separate hierarchical systems supporting each. Three styles of policing develop from a jurisdiction's socioeconomic characteristics, government organization, and choice of police administrators. According to

1442-486: A judicial bail determination or an arraignment . In 2010, the FBI estimated that law enforcement agencies made 13,120,947 arrests (excluding traffic violations). Of those persons arrested, 74.5% were male and 69.4 percent of all persons arrested were white, 28.0 percent were black, and the remaining 2.6 percent were of other races. A law enforcement officer may briefly detain a person upon reasonable suspicion of involvement in

1545-527: A modular dashboard for installing equipment, and a vinyl rear interior. It also features the F-150 Lightning's Pro Power Onboard electric generator feature, which Ford advertises as a mobile power source for crime scenes. The Ford Expedition SSV was introduced for the 2018 model year, based on the fourth generation Ford Expedition . Designed for heavy-duty and tactical applications, the Expedition SSV

1648-587: A non-partisan police board to help govern the police force, a strict merit system for promotions within the department, and an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries to attract professionally qualified officers. Despite such reforms, police agencies were led by highly autocratic leaders, and there remained a lack of respect between police and the community. During the professionalism era of policing, law enforcement agencies concentrated on dealing with felonies and other serious crime, rather than focusing on crime prevention . Following urban unrest in

1751-442: A state line, he violates the federal law of interstate flight and is subject to federal jurisdiction, at which time federal law enforcement agencies may become involved. Most states operate statewide law enforcement agencies that provide law enforcement duties, including investigations and state patrols. They may be called state police or highway patrol ( state troopers ), but there is no gendarmerie , and are normally part of

1854-464: A study in a book by James Q. Wilson ( Varieties of Police Behavior , 1968, 1978, Harvard University Press), there were three distinct types of policing developed in his study of eight communities. Each style emphasized different police functions and was linked to specific characteristics of the community the department served. Wilson's study applies to police behavior for the entire department over time. At any given time, police officers may be acting in

1957-413: A top speed of approximately 150 mph. The Ford F-150 SSV was introduced for the 2018 model year, based on the thirteenth generation Ford F-Series. It is the utility towing-focused equivalent to the F-150 Police Responder, and is available in standard, XL CrewCab, and FX4 off-road packages. It features either a 5-liter V8, twin-turbo 3.5-liter V6, or 3.5-liter hybrid engine, a 10-speed automatic transmission,

2060-430: A watchman, service, or legalistic function by the nature of what they are doing at the time, their temperament, or their mood at the time. Individual officers may also be inclined to one style or another, regardless of the supervisor or citizen demands. Community policing is a shift in policing practices in the U.S. that moved away from standardization and towards a more preventive model where police actively partner with

2163-597: A wide area, and typically share geographical boundaries within one or more cities or counties. Metropolitan departments have usually been formed by a merger between local agencies, typically several local police departments and often the local sheriff's department or office, in efforts to provide greater efficiency by centralizing command and resources and to resolve jurisdictional problems, often in communities experiencing rapid population growth and urban sprawl , or in neighboring communities too small to afford individual police departments. Some county sheriff's departments, such as

SECTION 20

#1732847470577

2266-413: Is "nearly a foot longer than the standard model" and is available in standard and MAX configurations. It features a twin-turbo 3.5-liter V6, a 10-speed automatic transmission, a higher-output alternator, an electronic limited-slip rear differential, police transport rear bench seats, and a vinyl rear interior. The Ford Transit Prisoner Transport Vehicle (PTV) was introduced for the 2015 model year, based on

2369-443: Is a series of turbocharged , direct-injection gasoline engines produced by Ford and originally co-developed by FEV Inc. (now FEV North America Inc.). EcoBoost engines are designed to deliver power and torque consistent with those of larger- displacement (cylinder volume) naturally aspirated engines , while achieving up to 20% better fuel efficiency and 15% fewer greenhouse emissions , according to Ford. The manufacturer sees

2472-462: Is cited from The American System of Criminal Justice , by George F. Cole and Christopher E. Smith, 2004, 10th edition, Wadsworth/Thomson Learning: Given the broad mandates of police work and the limited resources they have, police administrators must develop policies to prioritize and focus their activities. Some of the more controversial policies restrict, or even forbid, high-speed vehicular pursuits. Researchers Falcone, Wells, & Weisheit describe

2575-465: Is equipped with cylinder deactivation technology , implemented by stopping fuel delivery and valve operation for one of the engine's cylinders in conditions where full capacity is not needed. Four versions of EcoBoost I4 engines are in production. A 1.5 L downsized version of the 1.6 L, the 1.6 L which replaces larger-displacement, naturally aspirated I4 engines in Ford vehicles, a 2.0 L which replaces small-displacement, naturally aspirated V6 engines, and

2678-640: Is expected to be 700,000–1,500,000 units per year. The 1.0 L EcoBoost engine was introduced to the American market with the 2014 Ford Fiesta sedan and hatchback , although cars with this engine did not sell particularly well. It was announced at the 2012 Los Angeles Auto Show , when the Fiesta was introduced. The 123-hp version debuted in the North American market Focus in the 2015 model year. The engine accounted for less than 5 percent of Fiesta and Focus sales in

2781-400: Is given to each of the United States' 50 federated states . The Constitution gives the federal government the power to deal with foreign affairs and interstate affairs (affairs between the states). For police, this means that if a non-federal crime is committed in a U.S. state and the fugitive does not flee the state, the federal government has no jurisdiction. However, once the fugitive crosses

2884-634: Is produced both at Ford Germany in Cologne and at Ford Romania in Craiova . By 2012, the company planned to produce 750,000 EcoBoost units annually in the US and 1.3 million globally in the world market. Ford expected over 90% of its global vehicle lineup (includes North America) to offer EcoBoost engine technology by 2013. From the engine's beginning to November 2012, 500,000 Ford EcoBoost vehicles have been sold. During Ford's ownership of Volvo (until 2010), it used

2987-589: Is raised to 12.0:1. It is built at Ford's Bridgend Engine Plant in the UK. 69 hp (51 kW; 70 PS) at 5000-6500 rpm, 81 lb⋅ft (110 N⋅m) at 3500 rpm 84 hp (63 kW; 85 PS) at 6300 rpm, 81 lb⋅ft (110 N⋅m) at 3500 rpm On 24 February 2017, as part of the unveiling of the seventh generation (Mk8 - UK) derived Fiesta ST, Ford announced an all-new aluminum inline 3-cylinder 1.5 L EcoBoost engine with cylinder deactivation technology. The version of this engine announced for

3090-751: Is the Ford Police Interceptor Utility , a variant of the Ford Explorer . The Ford Police Responder line consists of variants of the Ford F-150 , Ford Expedition , and Ford Transit . Sedans have not been part of the Ford police vehicle lineup since 2020, but historically included the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor , Ford Police Interceptor Sedan , and Ford Fusion Hybrid . Police variants of Ford's electric vehicles have reportedly been considered, including variants of

3193-535: Is to provide contract based security services to private entities, and may be considered private police. For example, in Washington, D.C., special police officers from the Metro Special Police Department have full law enforcement authority and contract their services to private organizations. Private police officers are different from security guards, who generally do not have arrest powers beyond

Ford police vehicles - Misplaced Pages Continue

3296-479: Is typically done through an interstate compact approved by Congress, but some departments have consolidated without Congressional approval. Town police departments are usually consolidated without Congressional approval. This is done through state and local laws, usually by certifying officers in both states. Railroad police departments are granted this privilege without interstate compacts thanks to various federal and state laws. Officers are typically bound to

3399-622: The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF), the United States Marshals Service , and the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP). The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is another branch with numerous federal law enforcement agencies reporting to it. The United States Border Patrol (USBP), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), United States Secret Service (USSS), United States Coast Guard (USCG), and

3502-475: The Department of Justice 's Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) revealed that this constitutes: At the federal level, there exists both federal law enforcement agencies , which possess full federal authority as given to them under United States Code (U.S.C.), and federal law enforcement agencies, who are authorized to enforce various laws at the federal level. Both police and law enforcement agencies operate at

3605-408: The Department of Revenue has its own investigative branch. Also known as parishes and boroughs , county law enforcement is provided by sheriffs' departments or offices , constables and county police . County police tend to exist only in metropolitan counties and have countywide jurisdiction. For places that have both county police and county sheriff , responsibilities are given to each:

3708-579: The Ford Bridgend Engine Plant in Bridgend, Wales . In 2013, Ford has recalled certain Ford Escapes equipped with this engine due to the potential for them to catch fire after overheating. In 2017, Ford recalled over 360,000 Ford Escape , Ford Fiesta ST , Ford Fusion , Ford Transit Connect , Ford Focus and C-Max hybrid with 1.6 ecoboost engines because of a risk of engine fires caused by

3811-516: The Ford Mustang , became available shortly after as an upgrade. Ford also offered an EcoBoost version, the SHO 's 3.5-liter V6, which produces 365 hp (272 kW; 370 PS). All versions came with all-wheel drive, though front-wheel drive was available for the naturally-aspirated 3.5-liter version. In 2014, Ford began offering the 4-cylinder engine from its civilian counterpart in the FPIS as part of

3914-525: The Ford Mustang Mach-E and Ford F-150 Lightning . Ford vehicles have been popular with police since the company's infancy, and Ford often sold directly to police departments; however, these did not use the "Police Interceptor" name. In 1951, Ford named the optional flathead V-8 for the 1949 Ford the "Interceptor"; this engine was available in the model's Police Package. The practice of naming Ford's Police Package motors "Interceptor" continued through

4017-565: The Ford Police Interceptor Sedan and Ford Police Interceptor Utility , respectively. The Ford Police Interceptor Sedan (FPIS) was introduced as the sedan of the Ford Police Interceptor range for the 2013 model year, based on the sixth generation Ford Taurus . The FPIS's standard engine was a naturally-aspirated 3.5-liter V6 engine, shared with the regular Taurus. A 3.7-liter aluminum -block V6 engine, shared with

4120-954: The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department , are contracted to provide full police services to local cities within their counties. Likewise, in Florida, the Duval County Road Patrol and the Jacksonville Police Department consolidated in 1968 to form the "Office of the Sheriff – Jacksonville Police," commonly known as the Jacksonville Sheriff's Office , policing all of Duval County. The Puerto Rico Police Bureau (PRPB) traces back to 1837, when Spanish governor Francisco Javier de Moreda y Prieto created La Guardia Civil de Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico Civil Guard) to protect

4223-639: The Peelian principles . The first organized, publicly funded professional full-time police services were established in Boston in 1838, New York in 1844, and Philadelphia in 1854. Slave patrols in the south were abolished upon the abolition of slavery in the 1860s. The legal tactics of the slave patrols are reflected in the vigilante tactics of the Ku Klux Klan . In the late 19th and early 20th century, there were few specialized units in police departments. In 1905,

Ford police vehicles - Misplaced Pages Continue

4326-477: The Pennsylvania State Police became the first state police agency established in the United States, as recommended by President Theodore Roosevelt's Anthracite Strike Commission and Governor Samuel Pennypacker . The advent of the police car, two-way radio , and telephone in the early 20th century transformed policing into a reactive strategy that focused on responding to calls for service . In

4429-746: The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) are some of the agencies that report to the DHS. The United States Coast Guard in particular is also a military branch of the United States Armed Forces and is assigned to the United States Department of Defense in the event of war. At a crime or disaster scene affecting large numbers of people, multiple jurisdictions, or broad geographic areas, many police agencies may be involved by mutual aid agreements. For example,

4532-662: The United States Federal Protective Service responded to the Hurricane Katrina natural disaster. The command in such situations remains a complex and flexible issue. In accordance with the federal structure of the United States government , the national (federal) government is not authorized to execute general police powers by the Constitution of the United States . The power to have a police force

4635-690: The $ 5.9 billion Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program of the Department of Energy . The V6 EcoBoost engines are being assembled at Cleveland Engine Plant No. 1 in Brook Park, Ohio. The 2.0-liter I4 EcoBoost engines were produced at the Ford Valencia Plant in Spain in 2009. The 1.6-liter I4 EcoBoost engines are assembled at the Ford Bridgend Engine Plant in the United Kingdom. The smaller 1000cc-displacement 3 cylinder EcoBoost engine

4738-512: The 1.6 L on which it is based, including an integrated exhaust manifold and a computer-controlled water pump clutch to decrease warm up time. In the 2015 Fusion, the engine produces 181 hp (135 kW; 184 PS) and 185 lb ft . 184 PS (135 kW; 181 hp) 181 PS (133 kW; 179 hp) 162 PS (119 kW; 160 hp) 160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp) 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) 190 PS (140 kW; 187 hp) The 1.6-litre version

4841-678: The 1920s, led by Berkeley, California police chief August Vollmer , police began to professionalize, adopt new technologies, and place emphasis on training. With this transformation, police command and control became more centralized. Orlando Winfield Wilson , a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas , and later in the Chicago Police Department . Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotating officers from community to community to reduce their vulnerability to corruption, establishing

4944-435: The 1950s. The Ford LTD Crown Victoria , produced from 1979 to 1991, used the "P72" production code designation for fleet models. However, none used the name "Police Interceptor". The Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor (CVPI) was the first Ford vehicle to use the "Police Interceptor" name, and was introduced in 1992, based on the first generation Ford Crown Victoria . It featured a 4.6-liter Modular V8 engine and either

5047-447: The 1960s, police placed more emphasis on community relations, and enacted reforms such as increased diversity in hiring. The Kansas City Preventive Patrol study in the 1970s found the reactive approach to policing to be ineffective. The cost of policing rapidly expanded during the 1960s. In 1951, American cities spent $ 82 per person on policing. Adjusting for inflation, police spending increased over 300% by 2016, to $ 286 per person. In

5150-539: The 1990s, many law enforcement agencies began to adopt community policing strategies, and others adopted problem-oriented policing . In the 1990s, CompStat was developed by the New York Police Department as an information-based system for tracking and mapping crime patterns and trends, and holding police accountable for dealing with crime problems. CompStat, and other forms of information-led policing, have since been replicated in police departments across

5253-514: The 2020 model year, the second generation FPIU was introduced with a new rear wheel drive platform, based on the sixth-generation Ford Explorer . With the discontinuation of the FPIS in 2019, the FPIU is the only vehicle produced under the Ford Police Interceptor nameplate. Ford Police Responder is a nameplate applied to Ford police vehicles that can be used as patrol vehicles, but are not intended to be used in "frontline" situations that are more suited for

SECTION 50

#1732847470577

5356-575: The 2021 model year, is used by several police forces in the United States and Canada and was offered to British police by Ford of Europe in 2021, but is not formally offered as a fleet vehicle. However, a Mustang Mach-E passed the 2021 fleet tests by the Michigan State Police, and 2024 fleet tests included a Mustang Mach-E alongside the Chevrolet Blazer EV PPV , suggesting Ford may be considering an official police variant to compete with

5459-920: The Blazer EV. While all of the Big Three automakers have offered police vehicles and had market shares proportionate to their overall market share, since the late 1990s Ford has had a near-monopoly on such vehicles in the United States , following General Motors discontinuing the B platform in 1996 and Chrysler discontinuing the M body vehicles in 1989. While GM (through Chevrolet ) and Chrysler (through Dodge ) continued to offer police vehicles after ending production of their last non-truck body-on-frame vehicles, and continue to do so today (Dodge as part of Chrysler successor Stellantis ), many police forces continued to order from Ford due to their commitment to traditional body on frame construction and its ease of maintenance as opposed to vehicles with unibody construction. By

5562-587: The Carolinas to prevent slave rebellions and enslaved people from escaping. By 1785 the Charleston Guard and Watch had "a distinct chain of command , uniforms , sole responsibility for policing, salary, authorized use of force , and a focus on preventing 'crime' ." Modern policing began to emerge in the U.S. in the mid-nineteenth century, influenced by the British model of policing established in 1829 based on

5665-523: The EcoBoost engine from the SHO in 2014, producing 365 hp (272 kW; 370 PS). It comes with an all-wheel drive powertrain, larger brake rotors, advanced ABS and traction control systems, a more efficient cooling system, emergency equipment fitments, and other standard equipment. To free up interior space on the center console for equipment, the transmission is fitted with a column-mounted shifter. Other fleet-specific options are also included. In 2019, for

5768-458: The EcoBoost technology as less costly and more versatile than further developing or expanding the use of hybrid and diesel engine technologies. EcoBoost engines are broadly available across the Ford vehicle lineup. EcoBoost gasoline direct-injection turbocharged engine technology adds 128 patents and patent applications to Ford's 4,618 active and thousands of pending US patents. Some of the costs of US development and production were assisted by

5871-476: The Ecoboost 1.0. Although thermodynamically similar to the old Ecoboost 1.0, the new engine features cylinder deactivation under low-load conditions. A new dual-mass flywheel and a vibration-damping clutch disc (in manual-transmission vehicles) help neutralise engine oscillations when running on two cylinders. Production started in 2018. In 2019, Ford launched an mHEV version of the 1.0 EcoBoost engine first fitted to

5974-594: The Fiesta ST produces 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp) at 6,000 rpm and delivers 290 N⋅m (214 lbf⋅ft) of torque from 1,600 to 4,000 rpm. The engine is based on an expansion of the 1.0 EcoBoost, taking the capacity per cylinder up to 500cc which Ford consider is likely to be the maximum for optimum thermal efficiency . The engine is an all-aluminum design with integrated exhaust manifold, low inertia mixed flow turbocharger and combines both port fuel injection and direct fuel injection . The engine

6077-669: The Ford Police Interceptor line has seen popular use in Europe and the Middle East . Other Ford vehicles have historically been popular in those regions as well. Law enforcement in the United States As of 2024 , more than 1,280,000 sworn law enforcement officers are serving in the United States. About 137,000 of those officers work for federal law enforcement agencies . Law enforcement operates primarily through governmental police agencies. There are 17,985 police agencies in

6180-413: The Ford Police Interceptor range, such as highway patrol . It is often used alongside their Special Service Vehicle ( SSV ) designation, used for support-oriented vehicles that are designed for specific applications (such as prisoner transport or off-roading ) or are not intended to take part in pursuits . The Ford Police Responder Hybrid Sedan (FPRHS) was introduced for the 2019 model year, based on

6283-538: The Puma SUV, which uses a belt-driven integrated starter/generator-motor (BiSG); which is in essence a starter motor, alternator , and propulsion motor in one. Fundamentally, the engine is identical to the 2018–present 1.0 EcoBoost, but features the electric starter/generator and its battery system. The motor itself is not used to propel the vehicle on its own, and is mainly used to increase efficiency by reducing engine load, provide extra power during acceleration, and to reduce

SECTION 60

#1732847470577

6386-607: The Taurus, on which the FPIS was based. In March 2019, both the Taurus and FPIS were discontinued. The FPIS was replaced by the Ford Police Interceptor Utility and the Ford Police Responder Hybrid Sedan. The Ford Police Interceptor Utility (FPIU) nameplate was introduced as the SUV of the Ford Police Interceptor range for the 2013 model year, based on the fifth generation Ford Explorer . The FPIU used

6489-704: The U.S., according to a 2017 report. The 1.0 L engine was awarded the International Engine of Year Award 2016, making it the Best Engine Under 1.0 L for the fifth time in a row. After the discontinuation of the Focus and Fiesta in North America, the 1.0 L is only available there in the EcoSport. In 2017 Ford was again awarded International Engine of Year (for Engines Under 1.0 L) with a largely reconfigured version of

6592-456: The United States which include local police departments , county sheriff's offices , state troopers , and federal law enforcement agencies . The law enforcement purposes of these agencies are the investigation of suspected criminal activity, referral of the results of investigations to state or federal prosecutors , and the temporary detention of suspected criminals pending judicial action. Law enforcement agencies, are also commonly charged with

6695-410: The United States. Law enforcement officers are granted certain powers to enable them to carry out their duties. When there exists probable cause to believe that a person has committed a serious crime , a misdemeanor in their presence, or a select-few misdemeanors not in their presence, a law enforcement officer can handcuff and arrest a person, who will be held in a police station or jail pending

6798-458: The car decelerates, at a maximum speed of about 15 mph. The new, electrified engines are available in either 125 hp (93 kW; 127 PS) or 154 hp (115 kW; 156 PS) outputs. In 2024, 139,730 US-market Fox engines are subject to a safety recall. The oil pump belt tensioner may fail and/or the belt may fail resulting in a loss of oil pressure causing severe engine damage and/or lockup and loss of power braking assist. Before

6901-544: The community it serves. Policing in what would become the United States of America arose from the law enforcement systems in European countries, particularly the ancient English common law system . This relied heavily on citizen volunteers, as well as watch groups, constables, sheriffs, and a conscription system known as posse comitatus similar to the militia system . An early night watch formed in Boston in 1631, and in 1634

7004-635: The country for engine checks. Ford produces a 1.0 L turbocharged in-line three-cylinder engine for the EcoBoost family developed at Ford's Dunton Technical Centre in the UK. Production started in April 2012. The 1.0 was built initially in two versions: 74 kW (101 PS; 99 hp) and 88 to 92 kW (120 to 125 PS; 118 to 123 hp). Both versions deliver a maximum of 170 N⋅m (125 lbf⋅ft) from 1,400 to 4,500 rpm, whereas higher performing versions can provide up to 200 N⋅m (148 lbf⋅ft) on overboost for 30 seconds, which makes for

7107-416: The county police are in charge of typical police duties such as patrol and investigations, whereas the sheriffs' department in this situation takes care of serving papers and providing security to the courts. County police tend to fall into three broad categories, full service, limited service, and restrictive service. Full service provides full police services to the entire county. Limited service provides to

7210-435: The courts, and may have jurisdiction to enforce laws in the entire county. They have more responsibilities such as transporting prisoners, running crime labs, and collecting taxes. In Texas, the sheriff's office is normally the agency responsible for handling mental health calls. If the situation is dangerous, a sheriff's deputy has the power to take a person to a hospital on a mental health commitment immediately. However, if

7313-477: The early 2000s, including the removal of chrome trim and the replacement of its civilian slatted grille in favor of a unique honeycomb grille, gave the CVPI an increasingly distinct appearance. To continue to provide a civilian appearance for unmarked police cars, the "Street Appearance Package" was introduced as an option, designed to closely resemble the civilian Crown Victoria. When the Ford Crown Victoria

7416-401: The expense of additional weight. To quell the natural vibrations of a three-cylinder design, unspecified efforts have been made in the flywheel design to ensure satisfactorily smooth running without the use of energy sapping balance shafts. The 1.0L EcoBoost GTDI engine uses an oil-bathed timing belt, commonly known as a "wet belt". The engine is packaged in an engine block with a footprint

7519-542: The first U.S. constable on record was Joshua Pratt, in the Plymouth Colony . Constables were tasked with surveying land, serving warrants, and enforcing punishments. A rattlewatch was formed in New Amsterdam , later to become New York City, in 1651. The New York rattlewatch "strolled the streets to discourage crime and search for lawbreakers" and also served as town criers. In 1658, they began drawing pay, making them

7622-581: The first municipally funded police organization. When the English captured New Amsterdam in 1664, they installed a constable whose duties included keeping the peace, suppressing excessive drinking, gambling, prostitution, and preventing disturbances during church services. A night watch was formed in Philadelphia in 1700. In the Southern Colonies , formal slave patrols were created as early as 1704 in

7725-532: The fourth generation Ford Transit . Per its name, it is designed as a prisoner transport vehicle and is available in three roof heights, three lengths, and two wheelbases, as well as options for single, double, or triple prisoner inserts. It features a twin-turbo 3.5-liter V6 and intelligent all-wheel drive. As of June 2024, the only electric vehicle in the Ford police vehicle lineup is the F-150 Lightning Pro SSV. The Ford Mustang Mach-E , introduced for

7828-541: The highest level and are endowed with police roles; each may maintain a small component of the other (for example, the FBI Police ). The agencies have jurisdiction in all states, U.S. territories, and U.S. possessions for enforcement of federal law. Most federal agencies are limited by the U.S. Code to investigating only matters that are explicitly within the power of the federal government. However, federal investigative powers have become very broad in practice, especially since

7931-410: The individual for a crime. The officer need not be absolutely certain that the individual is armed; the issue is whether a reasonably prudent man in the circumstances would be warranted in the belief that his safety or that of others was in danger . In most states, law enforcement officers operate under the same self-defense laws as the general public. Generally, when the first responder or a member of

8034-487: The landmark decision introducing the term "Terry frisk", or "frisk", to the broader public (italics added): Our evaluation of the proper balance that has to be struck in this type of case leads us to conclude that there must be a narrowly drawn authority to permit a reasonable search for weapons for the protection of the police officer, where he has reason to believe that he is dealing with an armed and dangerous individual , regardless of whether he has probable cause to arrest

8137-498: The law, as in the Kalamazoo , Michigan -Charles Services contract, which lasted 3 1 ⁄ 2 years. Private police services are sometimes called "Subscription-Based Patrol." The largest private police forces in the United States are the railroad police employed by the major Class I railroads . A bi-state police department is a state-level police agency that carries full police authority and jurisdiction in two or more states. This

8240-744: The laws of the jurisdiction(state) that they are currently in. Delmar's enforcement of Maryland's Automated Speed Enforcement Program is an example of this, as it can only be set up on the Maryland side of the town. Some bi-state police departments include: Keep in mind that mutual aid agreements often give officers/departments from "State A" limited police powers in "State B" & vice versa, even though they aren't certified in both states like bi-state police departments. Twin city departments such as Lookout Mountain, Georgia and Lookout Mountain, Tennessee are examples of this. Textbooks and scholars have identified three primary police agency functions. The following

8343-514: The lives and property of Puerto Ricans who at the time were Spanish subjects, and provide police services to the entire island, even though many municipalities maintained their own police force. The United States invaded and took possession of Puerto Rico in July 1898 as a result of the Spanish–American War and has controlled the island as a US territory since then. The Insular Police of Puerto Rico

8446-433: The maintenance of public order; the protection of public officials; and the operation of some detention facilities (usually at the local level). Policing in the United States is conducted by "around 18,000 federal, state and local law enforcement agencies, all with their own rules". Every state has its own nomenclature for agencies, and their powers, responsibilities and funding vary from state to state. 2008 census data from

8549-638: The passage of the Patriot Act . There are also federal law enforcement agencies, such as the National Park Service Law Enforcement Rangers , that are granted state arrest authority off primary federal jurisdiction. The Department of Justice (DOJ) is responsible for most law enforcement duties at the federal level. It includes the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA),

8652-457: The perceived ‘turbo-lag’ at certain engine speeds while accelerating. The starter/generator makes use of a 48-volt battery system in the car, although vehicles fitted with these engines are not plug-in hybrids or full hybrids. Further developments introduced include a more comprehensive ‘start-stop’ functionality, which was previously available but did not cut the engine off until the vehicle was completely stopped. The new engines can turn off while

8755-592: The public is at risk of serious bodily injury and/or death, lethal force is justified. Most law enforcement agencies establish a use of force continuum and list deadly force as a force of last resort. With this model, agencies try to control excessive uses of force. Nonetheless, some question the number of killings by law enforcement officers, including killings of people who are unarmed, raising questions about alleged widespread and ongoing excessive use of force. Other non-fatal incidents and arrests have raised similar concerns. Ford EcoBoost engine EcoBoost

8858-449: The recall there were 2,099 allegedly-related warranty claims. This is a decontented version of the 1.0L Ecoboost Fox engine intended to provide a more affordable powertrain option. It shares most components with the Fox including the block, oil bathed timing belt, valvetrain, and ECU, but is port injected, lacks cylinder deactivation, and is naturally aspirated; as a result, its compression ratio

8961-442: The responsibilities of deterring criminal activity and preventing the successful commission of crimes in progress. Other duties may include the service and enforcement of warrants , writs , and other orders of the courts . Law enforcement agencies are also involved in providing first response to emergencies and other threats to public safety ; the protection of certain public facilities and infrastructure, such as private property;

9064-492: The same authority as local police and are required to complete police academy training mandated by the Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services. Virginia campus police officers have jurisdiction on and immediately around the campus, but police departments may petition to the local circuit court for concurrent jurisdiction with the local police. Local police range from one-officer agencies (sometimes still called

9167-601: The second generation Ford Fusion Hybrid . Unlike the Ford Police Interceptor range, the FPRHS was intended for urban police departments that are less likely to be involved in high speed collisions compared to highway patrol. The FPRHS is the first pursuit-rated hybrid electric vehicle . Reception to the FPRHS was mixed. The Salt Lake City Police Department purchased 110 units, but controversy arose when officers complained about its "unsafe" cramped seating space and lack of all-wheel drive capabilities, with several officers claiming it

9270-531: The situation is not actively dangerous, a warrant must be sought. With the rise in mental health units across the state, the Texas CIT Association was formed. The Commonwealth of Virginia does not have overlapping county and city jurisdictions, whereas in most other states, municipalities generally fall within (and share jurisdiction and many other governmental responsibilities with) one (or more) county(ies). In Virginia, governmental power flows down from

9373-491: The size of an A4 sheet of paper. With the introduction of the face-lifted 2013 Ford Fiesta, Ford introduced a naturally aspirated version of 1.0 Fox engine. The two versions produce 65 hp (48 kW; 66 PS) and 80 hp (60 kW; 81 PS), and both engines use direct injection and Ti-VCT like the turbocharged versions. Start-stop technology is also available. The engines are produced in Cologne (Germany), Craiova (Romania) and Chongqing (China). Production

9476-917: The state Department of public safety . In addition, the Attorney General 's office of each state has its own state bureau of investigation , such as in California with the California Department of Justice . The Texas Ranger Division fulfills this role in Texas , although they were founded in the period before Texas became a state. Various departments of state governments may have their own enforcement divisions, such as capitol police , campus police , water police , environmental (fish and game/wildlife) conservation officers , or game wardens (with full police powers and statewide jurisdiction). For example, in Colorado ,

9579-543: The state (or in Virginia's case, commonwealth) directly to either a county or an independent city. Thus, policing in Virginia is more streamlined: the county sheriff's office/department or county police department does not overlap with an independent city police department. Unincorporated townships remain part of their parent county, but incorporated townships may have town police departments to augment their county law enforcement. Town police departments are often small and may deploy

9682-516: The term PTDi (petrol turbocharged direct injection) for the 1.6 L I4 engine when introducing Volvo S60 concept and for the 2.0 L I4 engine when introducing Volvo XC60. Ford has had to refund hundreds of customers worldwide because Ford EcoBoost engines in their vehicles have overheated and, in some cases, caused engine fires. In 2015, a South African man died after becoming trapped in his Ford Kuga after its 1.6-litre EcoBoost engine burst into flames. In 2017, Ford South Africa recalled all Kugas in

9785-510: The time Ford retired the Panther platform in 2011 without a body-on-frame replacement, they had gained such a significant market share from law enforcement agencies that they continued to order from Ford out of brand loyalty . Additionally, foreign automakers with major North American operations such as Toyota have never offered police vehicles in the United States, reducing the competition they face. Though mostly intended for use in North America,

9888-502: The town marshals ) to the 40,000 person-strong New York City Police Department , which has its own counterterrorism division . Most city agencies take the form (Municipality Name) Police Department. Most municipalities have their own police departments. Metropolitan departments, such as the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department , have jurisdiction covering multiple communities and municipalities, often over

9991-426: The unincorporated and special districts. Restricted service provide security to the county-owned parts of the county. Sheriffs are Law Enforcement officers who have many different responsibilities and functions from state to state. Sheriffs are elected officials who are appointed or hired in. Sheriffs are responsible for all three parts of the criminal justice system. They uphold the county jail, ensure safety within

10094-526: Was "not suitable for patrol" and urging the city to purchase FPIUs instead. However, other police departments such as the New York City Police Department —which had already been using Fusions before the FPRHS's release—favored it for its fuel efficiency and maneuverability in dense city traffic. The FPRHS was discontinued alongside the Ford Fusion in 2020. The Ford F-150 Police Responder

10197-512: Was created on February 21, 1899, under the command of Colonel Frank Thacher ( U.S. Marine officer during the Spanish–American War), with an authorized strength of 313 sworn officers. As of 2009, the PRPB had over 17,292 officers. Some law enforcement agencies may be owned, operated, or otherwise controlled by a private entity (such as a corporation) or is a police agency whose primary function

10300-482: Was discontinued in the civilian market in 2008, the CVPI remained in production. 2011 was the final model year for the CVPI. The last CVPI was sold to the Kansas Highway Patrol , which they outfitted as a retro style parade car. To replace the CVPI, Ford introduced police variants of the sixth generation Taurus and fifth generation Ford Explorer in 2012 for the 2013 model year. The names for both cars were

10403-422: Was first seen in the 2008 Ford Explorer America concept. The engine was rated at 275 hp (205 kW; 279 PS) and 280 lb⋅ft (380 N⋅m). It is the first EcoBoost engine to include twin independent variable cam timing (Ti-VCT), with advertised 10–20% better fuel economy while maintaining the performance of 3.0 L V6s. This engine is derived from the 2.0 L Mazda L engine block used by Ford in

10506-435: Was first unveiled in the 2009 Lincoln C concept. The engine is rated at 197 hp (147 kW; 200 PS) and 207 lb⋅ft (280.7 N⋅m). This was also installed in many Volvos during the years of Ford's ownership of that company; Volvo badged the engine B4164T# (with # being different number for different iterations). The European market version of the 1.6 L provides 150 hp (112 kW; 152 PS), although

10609-465: Was introduced for the 2018 model year, based on the thirteenth generation Ford F-Series , specifically a four-door SuperCrew cab with the FX4 off-road package. According to Ford, it is "the industry's first pursuit-rated pickup" and is designed to perform as an all-terrain patrol vehicle that is also capable of towing up to 7,000 pounds. It features a twin-turbo 3.5-liter V6, a 10-speed automatic transmission,

#576423