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37-538: The Pocdol Mountains form part of the boundary between the provinces of Albay and Sorsogon , in Region V, on the island of Luzon , in the Philippines. The group is located south-east of Mayon Volcano , between Albay Gulf and Sorsogon Bay , at 13°3'0"N, 123°57'30"E. The mountains have a triangular footprint of about 225 km (87 sq mi). There are several peaks above 1,000 m in elevation. The highest point

74-583: A barangay government is the mandate of the mayor and the Sanggunian of the component city or municipality of which the barangay in question is a part. Provinces are classified according to average annual income based on the previous 4 calendar years. Effective July 29, 2008, the thresholds for the income classes for cities are: A province's income class determines the size of the membership of its Sangguniang Panlalawigan , and also how much it can spend on certain items, or procure through certain means. When

111-555: A term of three years and limited to three consecutive terms and appoint the directors of each provincial department which include the office of administration, engineering office, information office, legal office, and treasury office. The vice governor acts as the president for each Sangguniang Panlalawigan ( SP ; "Provincial Board"), the province's legislative body. Every SP is composed of regularly elected members from provincial districts, as well as ex officio members. The number of regularly elected SP members allotted to each province

148-463: A tie. Regularly elected members are elected from Sangguniang Panlalawigan districts. The total number of SP members to be elected within the province, and the number within each SP district, varies depending on several factors, including the province's income class and the population count within districts. Ex officio members in the Sanggunian include: Reserved seats in the Sanggunian include: The Local Government Code of 1991 also provides for

185-506: Is autonomous of other provinces within the republic. Each province is governed by two main elected branches of the government: executive and legislative. Judicial affairs are separated from provincial governance and are administered by the Supreme Court of the Philippines . Each province has at least one branch of a Regional Trial Court . The provincial governor is chief executive and head of each province. Provincial governors are elected to

222-498: Is based on the income of the province as classified by the Department of Finance . The Commission on Elections issues resolutions allocating the number of regular members of the Sanggunian a province may elect should a province's income classification change. First-class and second-class provinces are entitled to 10 regularly elected members, 8 for third- and fourth-class provinces and 6 for fifth- and sixth-class provinces. Exceptions to

259-465: Is determined by its income class. First- and second-class provinces are provided ten regular SP members; third- and fourth-class provinces have eight, while fifth- and sixth-class provinces have six. Exceptions are provinces with more than five congressional districts, such as Cavite with 16 regularly elected SP members, and Cebu , Negros Occidental and Pangasinan which have twelve each. Every SP has designated seats for ex officio members, given to

296-522: Is elected at an at-large basis and not apportioned through territory-based districts. Those classified as either "highly urbanized" or "independent component" cities are independent from the province, as provided for in Section 29 of the Local Government Code of 1991. Although such a city is a self-governing second-level entity, in many cases it is often presented as part of the province in which it

333-402: Is geographically located, or in the case of Zamboanga City , the province it last formed part the congressional representation of . Local government units classified as "component" cities and municipalities are under the jurisdiction of the provincial government. In order to make sure that all component city or municipal governments act within the scope of their prescribed powers and functions,

370-582: Is limited by the Philippine Constitution. The President of the Philippines however coordinates with provincial administrators through the Department of the Interior and Local Government . For purposes of national representation, each province is guaranteed its own congressional district . One congressional representative represents each district in the House of Representatives . Senatorial representation

407-571: Is mainly lowland forest, much of which has been previously logged, with some patches of montane forest around the highest peaks. Provinces of the Philippines In the Philippines , provinces ( Filipino : lalawigan or probinsiya ) are one of its primary political and administrative divisions . There are 82 provinces at present, which are further subdivided into component cities and municipalities . The local government units in

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444-472: Is reported to be 1,102 m (3,615 ft) above sea level. The volcanic cones in the western part of the complex are dissected, but those in the eastern part are morphologically youthful. The group is described by the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program as fumarolic . A fumarole field that contains solfataras and chloride hot springs, is reported to be located near the summit of

481-551: Is tasked in general to "enact ordinances, approve resolutions and appropriate funds for the general welfare of the province and its inhabitants... in the proper exercise of the corporate powers of the province." Its powers, duties and functions are outlined into five broad mandates: The Sangguniang Panlalawigan is composed of regularly elected members, ex officio members , and members representing reserved seats for certain sectors. The provincial vice-governor serves as its presiding officer, who does not vote except in cases to break

518-558: The National Capital Region , as well as independent cities , are independent of any provincial government. Each province is governed by an elected legislature called the Sangguniang Panlalawigan and an elected governor . The provinces are grouped into eighteen regions based on geographical, cultural, and ethnological characteristics. Thirteen of these regions are numerically designated from north to south, while

555-678: The Provincial Board , are the legislatures in Philippine provinces . They are the legislative branches of the provinces, and their powers and responsibilities are defined by the Local Government Code of 1991. Along with the provincial governor , the executive branch of the province, they form the province's government. Members are either called "board members" (BM) or "Sangguniang Panlalawigan members" (SPM). In Tagalog-speaking provinces, they are informally called "bokal". During

592-406: The 1987 Constitution and the Local Government Code of 1991. However, unlike the old Provincial Boards or the pre-1992 Sanggunian, which included in their memberships provincial executives, under current laws the governor is not considered as a Sanggunian member (although the governor retains the power to veto SP legislation, which can still be overridden by a two-thirds vote of all voting members), and

629-497: The Local Government Code mandates the provincial governor to review executive orders issued by mayors, and the Sangguniang Panlalawigan to review legislation by the Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Council) or Sangguniang Bayan (Municipal Council), of all component cities and municipalities under the province's jurisdiction. The provincial government does not have direct relations with individual barangays. Supervision over

666-405: The Local Government Code of 1983. The governor served as an ex officio member, who did not vote except only to break a tie, but had the power to veto items within, or entire, Sanggunian ordinances and resolutions. However the veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote of all voting SP members. The Sangguniang Panlalawigan was retained as the legislative branch of all provincial governments under

703-894: The National Capital Region, the Cordillera Administrative Region , the Southwestern Tagalog Region (Mimaropa), the Negros Island Region , and the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao are only designated by acronyms. Each province is a member of the League of Provinces of the Philippines , an organization that aims to address issues affecting provincial and metropolitan government administrations. A provincial government

740-702: The President, who also happened to be the Prime Minister . Other members of the new Sanggunian were the governor and the vice governor, both elected by popular vote, and the president of the provincial federation of the Kabataang Barangay, appointed by the President/Prime Minister. The powers and duties of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan was codified under Batas Pambansa Blg. 337, also known as

777-626: The United States acquired the Philippines from Spain in 1898, the islands were divided into four gobiernos (governments), which were further subdivided into provinces and districts. The American administration initially inherited the Spanish divisions and placed them under military government. As insurgencies were pacified, civil government was gradually organized. Sangguniang Panlalawigan Sangguniang Panlalawigan (abbreviated as SP ; lit.   ' provincial council ' ), commonly known as

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814-493: The apportionment of the Sanggunian members among the districts. Provinces comprising a single congressional district are divided into two sanggunian districts by the COMELEC for purposes of electing SP members. A majority of Sangguniang Panlalawigan districts are contiguous to existing congressional districts . The exceptions are the following: The following is a table with the number of members elected from each SP district, showing

851-527: The composition of the Provincial Board by creating a new elective office, the vice-governorship, as well as providing for provinces of the first, second and third income class to have one additional elected board member. However, the Board still had limited real legislative powers, as the provincial government was merely serving as an extension of national government. Republic Act No. 5185 was enacted in 1967 with

888-413: The designation of "province" ( provincia ) were led by an appointed alcalde who performed judicial, fiscal and executive functions. This system of government lasted for almost three hundred years until 1886 when a governor ( gobernador ) was first appointed in each of the eighteen existing provinces, relegating the alcalde to carry out only judicial functions. American rule brought radical changes to

925-543: The early period of Spanish colonization , newly conquered areas were designated as encomiendas which were headed by an encomendero chosen by the Spanish from among the ranks of the powerful local nobles. Encomiendas were organized only for the purposes of collecting tribute that went in part to the Roman Catholic Church , the Spanish army, and to the Royal Treasury. Later on areas which were organized and given

962-453: The election of 3 "sectoral representatives," which are supposed to come from: Although several attempts have been made in the past to provide for the election of these sectoral representatives, the lack of a more concrete enabling law upon which the manner of election of these sectoral representatives can be legally based continues to prevent this feature of local governments from being fully realized. The number of regular Sanggunian members

999-415: The intention of decentralizing authority and further empowering local governments to address the needs of their constituents more effectively. By virtue of Presidential Decree No. 826 issued by President Ferdinand Marcos on November 14, 1975 all existing governing boards and councils in each province, city and municipality were renamed Sangguniang Bayan. The province-level Sangguniang Bayan (later given

1036-407: The membership of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. All provinces were entitled to 6 elective SP members, unless they had more than one million residents (8 members) or less than 100,000 residents (4 members). Direct municipal representation was eliminated, and in its place was indirect "grassroots" representation through the president of the provincial association of barangay chairmen who was appointed by

1073-505: The name Sangguniang Panlalawigan, commonly abbreviated to SP) consisted of all the incumbent provincial board members (including the governor and vice-governor), plus a representative from each municipality within the province, and the provincial president of the Katipunan ng Mga Kabataang Barangay or Association of Barangay Youth. Batas Pambansa Blg. 51, enacted in 1979, standardized the composition of all provincial legislatures by reducing

1110-486: The number of Sanggunian members among the SP districts into which the province is divided. As much as possible, the members are equally divided among the legislative districts. If such equal division is impossible the remaining numbers are assigned to the districts with a bigger population count than the others. The COMELEC likewise factors out the population of independent cities which do not elect provincial officials in determining

1147-470: The respective local presidents of the Association of Barangay Captains (ABC), Philippine Councilors' League (PCL), and Sangguniang Kabataan ( SK ; "Youth Council"). The vice governor and regular members of an SP are elected by the voters within the province. Ex officio members are elected by members of their respective organizations. National intrusion into the affairs of each provincial government

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1184-510: The rule are provinces which are divided into more than five congressional districts . Each Sangguniang Panlalawigan district in the provinces of Batangas , Cavite , Cebu , Negros Occidental and Pangasinan elect two members to the Sanggunian, resulting in a total number of 16 regularly elected SP members in Cavite, 14 in Cebu, and 12 in the three other provinces. The Commission on Elections apportions

1221-662: The same type of government. Officials in specially organized provinces (those termed "Non-Christian provinces") were appointed by the Governor-General with the approval of the Philippine Commission until legislation gradually brought each of them in line with regularly organized provinces, that by the time of independence in 1946 all provinces had largely similar governments. The passage of Republic Act No. 2264 (the "Local Autonomy Act") on June 19, 1959, not only granted greater autonomy to local governments, but also expanded

1258-537: The system of local government in the country. In 1901 the Philippine Commission enacted Act No. 83, known as the Provincial Government Act, which outlined the powers, responsibilities and composition of the provincial government. Each regularly organized province was provided a Provincial Board composed of three provincial officials: the governor, the treasurer, and a "third member" who in most cases

1295-446: The vice-governor, who has now become the presiding officer, only participates in breaking ties in voting. Since 1992 SP members are elected from districts to ensure geographical representation, and the size of the province's Sanggunian was dependent on its income classification rather than population. The powers, duties, and functions of the Sanggunian are outlined in Section 468 of the Local Government Code of 1991. The legislative body

1332-719: The volcanic group. Several Pleistocene K-Ar dates have been obtained from the volcanic complex . Most igneous rocks in the Pocdol Mountains consist of pyroxene andesites with minor amounts of dacite and basalts. The area is traversed by the San Vicente-Linao Fault, a splay of the Philippine Fault. The mountains have been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because they support significant populations of cream-bellied fruit-doves , Philippine cockatoos and white-fronted tits . Habitat

1369-516: Was known as the supervisor. The governor in regularly organized provinces under civilian control were initially elected by municipal vice-presidents and councilors within the province through a convention held in the provincial capital every even-numbered year. As civil government took hold, the governorship was made elective. The composition of provincial boards were also later modified, with the treasurer and "third member" taken out and replaced by two members elected by popular vote. Not all provinces had

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